Para rubber tree

Para Rubber Tree

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Para rubber tree

The Pará rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), often simply called rubber tree , is a tree
TREE

TREE was a Boston hardcore punk band formed in the summer of 1990. They were active in the Boston music scene until disbanding in 2002....
belonging to the family
Family (biology)

In biological classification, family is a taxonomic rank. Exact details of formal nomenclature depend on the Nomenclature Codes which applies....
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae

The Spurge family is a large family of flowering plants with 300 genera and around 7,500 species. Most are herbs, but some, especially in the tropics, are also shrubs or trees....
and the most economically important member of the genus Hevea. It is of major economic importance because its sap-like extract (known as latex
LaTeX

LaTeX is a document markup language and Word processor for the TeX typesetting program. Within the typesetting system, its name is styled as ....
) can be collected and is the primary source of natural rubber
Rubber

Natural rubber is an elastomer?an Elasticity_ hydrocarbon polymer?that was originally derived from a milky colloidal suspension, or latex , found in the sap of some plants....
.

he wild, the tree can reach a height of up to 144ft (44m).

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Morphology of para rubber tree

Encyclopedia

The Pará rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), often simply called rubber tree , is a tree
TREE

TREE was a Boston hardcore punk band formed in the summer of 1990. They were active in the Boston music scene until disbanding in 2002....
belonging to the family
Family (biology)

In biological classification, family is a taxonomic rank. Exact details of formal nomenclature depend on the Nomenclature Codes which applies....
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae

The Spurge family is a large family of flowering plants with 300 genera and around 7,500 species. Most are herbs, but some, especially in the tropics, are also shrubs or trees....
and the most economically important member of the genus Hevea. It is of major economic importance because its sap-like extract (known as latex
LaTeX

LaTeX is a document markup language and Word processor for the TeX typesetting program. Within the typesetting system, its name is styled as ....
) can be collected and is the primary source of natural rubber
Rubber

Natural rubber is an elastomer?an Elasticity_ hydrocarbon polymer?that was originally derived from a milky colloidal suspension, or latex , found in the sap of some plants....
.

Description
In the wild, the tree can reach a height of up to 144ft (44m). The white or yellow latex occurs in latex vessels in the bark
BARK

BARK was an early Electromechanics. BARK was built using standard phone relays, implementing a 32-bit binary machine and could perform addition in 150 ms and multiplication in 250 ms....
, mostly outside the phloem
Phloem

In vascular plants, phloem is the living Biological tissue that carries organic nutrients , particularly sucrose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed....
. These vessels spiral up the tree in a right-handed helix
Helix

A helix is a special kind of space curve, i.e. a Differentiable manifold curve in three-space. As a mental image of a helix one may take the spring ....
which forms an angle
Angle

In geometry and trigonometry, an angle is the figure formed by two Ray sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle . The magnitude of the angle is the "amount of rotation" that separates the two rays, and can be measured by considering the length of circular arc swept out when one ray is rotated about the vertex to coincide...
of about 30 degrees with the horizontal. Can grow as high as 45 ft.

In plantations, the trees are kept smaller, up to 78ft (24m) tall, so as to use most of the available carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state....
for latex production.

The tree requires a climate with heavy rainfall and without frost. you can buy these type of trees in most of countries especially in the Phillipines.

Harvest of latex

Once the trees are 5-6 years old, the harvest can begin: incisions are made orthogonal to the latex vessels, just deep enough to tap the vessels without harming the tree's growth, and the sap is collected in small buckets. This process is known as rubber tapping
Rubber tapping

Rubber tapping is the process by which rubber is gathered. An incision is made in the bark of a rubber tree, which cuts through the latex vessels that flow between the bark and the cambium....
. Older trees yield more latex. The wood from this tree, referred to as parawood or rubberwood, is used in the manufacture of furniture. It is valued for its dense grain, minimal shrinkage, attractive color and acceptance of different finishes. It is also prized as an "environmentally friendly" wood, as it makes use of trees that have been cut at the end of their latex-producing cycle.

History
The Pará rubber tree initially grew in west africa and the seed was brought to the amazons by the west africans. Increasing demand and the discovery of the vulcanization
Vulcanization

Vulcanization refers to a specific curing process of rubber involving high heat and the addition of sulfur or other equivalent curatives. It is a chemical process in which polymer molecules are linked to other polymer molecules by atomic bridges composed of sulfur atoms or carbon to carbon bonds....
procedure in 1839 led to the rubber boom
Rubber boom

The rubber boom was an important part of the economic and social history of Brazil, being related with the extraction and commercialization of rubber....
in that region, enriching the cities of Belém
Belém

Bel?m is a city on the banks of the Amazon estuary, in the northern part of Brazil. It is the capital of the state of Par?. It is the entrance gate to the Amazon with a busy port, airport and coach station....
and Manaus
Manaus

Manaus is a city in Brazil, the capital of Amazonas state. It is situated at the confluence of the Rio Negro and River Solim?es rivers. It is the most populous city of Amazonas, according to the statistics of Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and is a popular tourism destination....
. The name of the tree derives from Pará
Pará

Par? is one of the States of Brazil of Brazil, located in the northern part of the country.Neighboring states are Amap?, Maranh?o, Tocantins , Mato Grosso, Amazonas, Brazil and Roraima....
, the second largest Brazilian state, whose capital is Belém.

There had been an attempt made, in 1873, to grow rubber outside Brazil
Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
. After some effort, twelve seedlings were germinated at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, usually referred to simply as Kew Gardens, are extensive gardens and Greenhouses between Richmond, London and Kew in southwest London, England....
. These were sent to India
India

India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
for cultivation, but died. A second attempt was then made, some 70,000 seeds being sent to Kew in 1875. About 4% of these germinated, and in 1876 about 2000 seedlings were sent, in Wardian case
Wardian case

The Wardian case, the direct forerunner of the modern terrarium was invented by Dr Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward , of London, in about 1829 after an accidental discovery inspired him....
s, to Ceylon, and 22 sent to the Botanic Gardens in Singapore
Singapore

Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country microstate located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. It lies 137 kilometres north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands....
. Once established outside its native country, rubber was extensively propagated in the British colonies. Rubber trees were brought to the botanical gardens at Buitenzorg
Bogor

Bogor Indonesian: Kota Bogor is a Cities of Indonesia in West Java with a population of approximately 800,000 people in the CBD area and 2,000,000 in suburban area, bringing a total of 3 million population....
, Java in 1883. By 1898, a rubber plantation had been established in Malaya
British Malaya

British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the United Kingdom from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century....
, and today most rubber tree plantations are in South
South Asia

South Asia, also known as Southern Asia, is the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan countries and, for some authorities , also includes the adjoining countries on the west and the east....
and Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India and north of Australia....
and some also in tropical West Africa
West Africa

West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. Geopolitically, the United Nations subregion of Western Africa includes the following 16 countries distributed over an area of approximately 5 million square km:...
. Efforts to cultivate the tree in South America were unsatisfactory, because of blight
Blight

Blight refers to a specific symptom affecting plants in response to infection by a pathogenic organism. It is simply a rapid and complete chlorosis, browning, then death of plant Tissue s such as leaves, branches, twigs, or floral organs....
.

Synonyms
The genus Hevea is also known as:
Caoutchoua J.F.Gmel.
Micrandra Benn. & R.Br.
Robert Brown (botanist)

Robert Brown Fellow of the Royal Society was a Scottish scientist who is acknowledged as the leading botany to collect in Australia during the first half of the 19th century....
Siphonanthus Schreb. ex Baill.
Henri Ernest Baillon

Henri Ernest Baillon was a France botanist and physician. He was born in Calais on November 30, 1827 and died in Paris on July 19, 1895.Baillon spent his professional life as a professor of natural history, and he published numerous works on botany....
Siphonia D.Richard ex Schreb.

See also

Castilla elastica
Castilla elastica

Castilla elastica, the Panama rubber tree, is a tree native to the tropical areas of Mexico and Central America which was, in pre-Columbian times, the principal source of latex among the Mesoamerican peoples....
- the principal source of latex rubber among the pre-Columbian MesoAmerican
Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica or Meso-America is a region and cultural area in the Americas, extending approximately from central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua, within which a number of pre-Columbian society flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries....
peoples
List of plants of Amazon Rainforest vegetation of Brazil
List of plants of Amazon Rainforest vegetation of Brazil

This is a list of plants found in the wild in Amazon Rainforest vegetation of Brazil. The estimates from useful plants suggested that there are 800 plant species of economic or social value in this forest, according to Giacometti ....

Gallery

Further references

Zhang, J., Huss, V.A.R., Sun, X., Chang, K. and Pan, D. 2008. Morphology and phylogenetic position of a trebouxiophycean green algae (Chlorophyta) growing on the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, with the description of a new genus and species. Eur. J. Phycol. 43(2): 185 - 193.