Nayagan
Encyclopedia
Nayagan is a Indian film, written, directed, and co-produced by Mani Ratnam
which released on 21 October 1987 coinciding with Diwali
. Upon release, the film got rave reviews across India
. Kamal Hassan's performance as Velu Naiker earned him a National Film Award for Best Actor
. The film also earned the National Award for Best Cinematography
(P. C. Sriram
) and Best Art Direction
(Thotta Tharani
).
Nayagan is based on the real-life Bombay underworld
don
Varada or Varadarajan Mudaliar
, and sympathetically depicts the struggle of South India
ns living in Bombay
(now Mumbai). The film also stars Saranya
, Karthika, Nassar
, Delhi Ganesh
and Janagaraj. The soundtrack of the film was composed by Ilaiyaraaja
.
The film was nominated by India as its entry for the Best Foreign Language Film for the Academy Awards
in 1987. In 2005, Time Magazine
included Nayagan in its "All-Time 100 Best Films" list.
The film was dubbed in Telugu
under the title Nayakudu. It was remade in Hindi cinema as Dayavan
in 1988, with Vinod Khanna
playing the part of Saktivelu and with Feroz Khan
and Madhuri Dixit
the roles of Selvam and Neela. A Hindi dubbed version of the film was released as Velu Nayakan in 1999.
), the protagonist, is born to an anti-government union leader. The child, Velu, is tricked by the police into locating his father, and then witnesses his father's death in a police shootout. Then after doing the final rites for his father, he kills the person who was the cause for his father's death. Orphaned, he escapes to Bombay
.
Stranded and homeless in the big city, he is rescued by a kind-hearted Muslim fisherman who takes him into his home in the sprawling suburban slums of Dharavi
. His foster-father is also a small-time smuggler known for his generosity in the slum. Upon his running afoul of a senior crime lord, the corrupt local police officer Inspector Kelkar arrests the fisherman on smuggling charges; the fisherman is subsequently murdered. Velu Naiker, now a young man who has come into his own, goes in search of the officer and bludgeons him to death.
With this act, he is seen at once a saviour and a man to be feared amongst the slum residents. As their godfather
and protector, he flourishes by resuming his dead foster-father's local smuggling activities. He marries a destitute school-girl-turned-prostitute (Saranya) and has two children. Conflicts and power struggles occur in the competitive web of the smuggling world, in which Velu's wife becomes a casualty. Velu's kids are sent away to Chennai
as a result and return years later to their father's home, as young adults.
The son, Surya (Nizhalgal Ravi
), is eager to join his father in his activities, despite his father's reluctance. For his first real test, he is required to eliminate a potential witness against his father; he does this by hiring outside thugs. They succeed in eliminating the witness, but their failure to cover their tracks leads police to him at a petrol bunk and an accident costs him his life. Velu is heartbroken. Velu's daughter (Karthika) is at odds with her father over his form of justice and killings. To this he replies Ellariyum nirutha sollu, appuram naan niruthuran [Ask everyboy to stop, after that I will stop]. The death of her brother was the last straw for her and she cuts off her relationship with her father and leaves him.
A newly appointed Assistant Police Commissioner (Nassar
) starts afresh the hunt to bring Velu Nayakar to justice over his alleged activities and manages to secure an arrest warrant. This Commissioner is unknowingly Velu's son-in-law, as his daughter had secretly married him. After continued pursuit resulting in the beatings by police and self-immolation of slum dwellers, Velu surrenders to the police to spare the lives of the residents of his slum. He is tried in court but is released due to the lack of adequate evidence for his alleged nefarious activities. A supportive and emotional crowd gathers at the courthouse, awaiting Velu's release. Velu emerges to greet the tumultuous crowd but unexpectedly gets shot by Inspector Kelkar's retarded son, whom Velu had adopted, after he learns that Velu had killed his father long ago.
. However, it was not among the five films shortlisted for the award.
The film won the following awards:
1988 National Film Awards
In 2005, Time Magazine included Nayagan in its "All-Time 100 Best Films" list.
, with lyrics by Ilaiyaraja and Pulavar Pulamaipithan. This is Ilayaraja's 400th film.(as credited in the main title sequence) The songs and the background score are still popular today.
Mani Ratnam
Mani Ratnam is an Indian filmmaker, screenwriter and producer. He made his directorial debut with the Kannada film Pallavi Anu Pallavi starring Anil Kapoor in 1983...
which released on 21 October 1987 coinciding with Diwali
Diwali
Diwali or DeepavaliThe name of the festival in various regional languages include:, , , , , , , , , , , , , popularly known as the "festival of lights," is a festival celebrated between mid-October and mid-December for different reasons...
. Upon release, the film got rave reviews across India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
. Kamal Hassan's performance as Velu Naiker earned him a National Film Award for Best Actor
National Film Award for Best Actor
The National Film Award for Best Actor is an honor presented annually at the National Film Awards of India to an actor who has delivered the best performance in a leading role within the Indian film industry.-Background:The Directorate of Film Festivals makes awards annually in several categories...
. The film also earned the National Award for Best Cinematography
National Film Award for Best Cinematography
The National Film Award for Best Cinematography are given annually. The only female who has won this award is Anjuli Shukla, who won the award for her debut film, Kutty Srank . The most time winners are Santosh Sivan & K.K. Mahajan - 4 awards each for best cinematography category....
(P. C. Sriram
P. C. Sriram
P. C. Sreeram is a cinematographer and film director, educated at the Film and Television Institute of Tamil nadu . P.C. Sreeram is fondly called as PC sir. P.C. Sreeram won appreciations for his various cinematographic works and his directorial venture Kurruthipunal was selected as India's...
) and Best Art Direction
National Film Award for Best Art Direction
The National Film Award for Best Art Direction winners:...
(Thotta Tharani
Thotta Tharani
- Film career :Thota Tharani has been involved in the art of set design since he was just twelve when he helped his father. Be it the creation of a realistic set of the Dharavi Slums or the colourful transparent bus of Kaadhalan, Tharani succeeds in creating the right ambience and the right...
).
Nayagan is based on the real-life Bombay underworld
Indian mafia
The term Indian mafia refers to certain criminal organizations found in some of India's major cities. The "Indian Mafia" also refer to powerful families that have criminal aspects to it.- Mumbai underworld :...
don
Don (honorific)
Don, from Latin dominus, is an honorific in Spanish , Portuguese , and Italian . The female equivalent is Doña , Dona , and Donna , abbreviated "Dª" or simply "D."-Usage:...
Varada or Varadarajan Mudaliar
Varadarajan Mudaliar
Varadarajan Muniswami Mudaliar, also known as Vardhabhai was a Tamil from Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, who rose to be a mafia don in Mumbai, India. Most active in the 1970s, he was the link in the underworld history between old time mafia men such as Haji Mastan.Varadarajan started as a porter in...
, and sympathetically depicts the struggle of South India
South India
South India is the area encompassing India's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union territories of Lakshadweep and Pondicherry, occupying 19.31% of India's area...
ns living in Bombay
Mumbai
Mumbai , formerly known as Bombay in English, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million...
(now Mumbai). The film also stars Saranya
Saranya Ponvannan
Saranya Ponvannan, is an Indian film actress, who has predominantly appeared in Tamil language films. Saranya made her debut in a lead role in Mani Ratnam's Nayagan and went on to play lead roles in a few films during the late 1980s...
, Karthika, Nassar
Nassar
Nassar is a Tamil actor, producer, writer, director, lyricist, and singer. He has appeared in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Hindi and English films. He is often cited as part of India's specialist character actors, along with the likes of Naseeruddin Shah, Om Puri and Nana Patekar...
, Delhi Ganesh
Delhi Ganesh
Delhi Ganesh born in Tirunelveli as a veteran Tamil film actor, who mostly acts in supporting roles and is perhaps best known for his role in Kamal Hassan comedies and films like Nayagan and Michael Madana Kama Rajan. He has acted in more than 400 films from 1980 to present...
and Janagaraj. The soundtrack of the film was composed by Ilaiyaraaja
Ilaiyaraaja
Ilaiyaraaja is an Indian film composer, singer, and lyricist mainly in the Tamil film Industry. He is regarded as one of the finest music composers in India. Ilaiyaraaja is also an instrumentalist, conductor, and a songwriter...
.
The film was nominated by India as its entry for the Best Foreign Language Film for the Academy Awards
Academy Awards
An Academy Award, also known as an Oscar, is an accolade bestowed by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to recognize excellence of professionals in the film industry, including directors, actors, and writers...
in 1987. In 2005, Time Magazine
Time (magazine)
Time is an American news magazine. A European edition is published from London. Time Europe covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong...
included Nayagan in its "All-Time 100 Best Films" list.
The film was dubbed in Telugu
Telugu cinema
The Cinema of Andhra Pradesh, also referred to as Telugu Cinema or Tollywood, is the Telugu film industry in India. The Telugu language film industry is known for being one of the three largest in terms of no.of films produced yearly in India. The Prasads IMAX theatre in Hyderabad is one of the...
under the title Nayakudu. It was remade in Hindi cinema as Dayavan
Dayavan
Dayavan is a September 1988 Hindi remake of the very famous Tamil movie called Nayagan, which starred Kamal Hasan. The movie starred Vinod Khanna, Feroz Khan and Madhuri Dixit in lead roles and was directed by Feroz Khan...
in 1988, with Vinod Khanna
Vinod Khanna
-Early life:Khanna was born to Kamla and Kishanchand Khanna, a textiles, dyes and chemicals businessman of Hindu Punjabi Khatri origin, on 6 October 1946, in Peshawar, British India . He has three sisters and one brother...
playing the part of Saktivelu and with Feroz Khan
Feroz Khan
Feroz Khan was an Indian actor, film editor, producer and director in the Hindi film industry...
and Madhuri Dixit
Madhuri Dixit
Madhuri Dixit is an Indian film actress who has appeared in Hindi films. Throughout the late 1980s and 1990s, she established herself as one of Hindi cinema's leading actresses and most accomplished dancers. She appeared in numerous commercially successful films and was recognised for several of...
the roles of Selvam and Neela. A Hindi dubbed version of the film was released as Velu Nayakan in 1999.
Plot
Sakthivelu Nayakar (Kamal HaasanKamal Haasan
Kamal Haasan is an Indian film actor, screenwriter and director, considered to be one of the leading method actors of Indian cinema. He is widely acclaimed as an actor and is well known for his versatility in acting...
), the protagonist, is born to an anti-government union leader. The child, Velu, is tricked by the police into locating his father, and then witnesses his father's death in a police shootout. Then after doing the final rites for his father, he kills the person who was the cause for his father's death. Orphaned, he escapes to Bombay
Mumbai
Mumbai , formerly known as Bombay in English, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million...
.
Stranded and homeless in the big city, he is rescued by a kind-hearted Muslim fisherman who takes him into his home in the sprawling suburban slums of Dharavi
Dharavi
Dharavi is a slum and administrative ward, over parts of Sion, Bandra, Kurla and Kalina suburbs of Mumbai, India. It is sandwiched between Mahim in the west and Sion in the east, and spread over an area of 175 hectares, or...
. His foster-father is also a small-time smuggler known for his generosity in the slum. Upon his running afoul of a senior crime lord, the corrupt local police officer Inspector Kelkar arrests the fisherman on smuggling charges; the fisherman is subsequently murdered. Velu Naiker, now a young man who has come into his own, goes in search of the officer and bludgeons him to death.
With this act, he is seen at once a saviour and a man to be feared amongst the slum residents. As their godfather
Crime boss
A crime boss or boss is a person in charge of a criminal organization. A boss typically has absolute or near-absolute control over his subordinates, is greatly feared by his subordinates for his ruthlessness and willingness to take lives in order to exert his influence, and profits come from the...
and protector, he flourishes by resuming his dead foster-father's local smuggling activities. He marries a destitute school-girl-turned-prostitute (Saranya) and has two children. Conflicts and power struggles occur in the competitive web of the smuggling world, in which Velu's wife becomes a casualty. Velu's kids are sent away to Chennai
Chennai
Chennai , formerly known as Madras or Madarasapatinam , is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal. Chennai is the fourth most populous metropolitan area and the sixth most populous city in India...
as a result and return years later to their father's home, as young adults.
The son, Surya (Nizhalgal Ravi
Nizhalgal Ravi
Nizhalgal Ravi is an Indian actor who has performed in Tamil, Malayalam and Telugu films. He started his career in 1980 with the film Nizhalgal.-Career:...
), is eager to join his father in his activities, despite his father's reluctance. For his first real test, he is required to eliminate a potential witness against his father; he does this by hiring outside thugs. They succeed in eliminating the witness, but their failure to cover their tracks leads police to him at a petrol bunk and an accident costs him his life. Velu is heartbroken. Velu's daughter (Karthika) is at odds with her father over his form of justice and killings. To this he replies Ellariyum nirutha sollu, appuram naan niruthuran [Ask everyboy to stop, after that I will stop]. The death of her brother was the last straw for her and she cuts off her relationship with her father and leaves him.
A newly appointed Assistant Police Commissioner (Nassar
Nassar
Nassar is a Tamil actor, producer, writer, director, lyricist, and singer. He has appeared in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Hindi and English films. He is often cited as part of India's specialist character actors, along with the likes of Naseeruddin Shah, Om Puri and Nana Patekar...
) starts afresh the hunt to bring Velu Nayakar to justice over his alleged activities and manages to secure an arrest warrant. This Commissioner is unknowingly Velu's son-in-law, as his daughter had secretly married him. After continued pursuit resulting in the beatings by police and self-immolation of slum dwellers, Velu surrenders to the police to spare the lives of the residents of his slum. He is tried in court but is released due to the lack of adequate evidence for his alleged nefarious activities. A supportive and emotional crowd gathers at the courthouse, awaiting Velu's release. Velu emerges to greet the tumultuous crowd but unexpectedly gets shot by Inspector Kelkar's retarded son, whom Velu had adopted, after he learns that Velu had killed his father long ago.
Cast
- Kamal HaasanKamal HaasanKamal Haasan is an Indian film actor, screenwriter and director, considered to be one of the leading method actors of Indian cinema. He is widely acclaimed as an actor and is well known for his versatility in acting...
, Manikandan (child role) as Shaktivelu / Velu Naiker - Saranya PonvannanSaranya PonvannanSaranya Ponvannan, is an Indian film actress, who has predominantly appeared in Tamil language films. Saranya made her debut in a lead role in Mani Ratnam's Nayagan and went on to play lead roles in a few films during the late 1980s...
as Neela - JanagarajJanagaraj (actor)Janagaraj is a veteran Tamil film actor who has generally played a comedian in his films, and provided stiff competition to the comic duo of Goundamani and Senthil. He has acted in over 100 Tamil films as a comedian or in supporting roles.-Early life:...
as Selvam - Tinnu AnandTinnu AnandTinnu Anand is an Indian actor and director from Bollywood, who is most known as the director of Amitabh Bachchan's movies including, Kaalia , Shahenshah , Main Azaad Hoon and Major Saab .He is the son of veteran writer Inder Raj Anand and uncle of director Siddharth Anand.Anand recently...
as Ajith Kelkar - Delhi GaneshDelhi GaneshDelhi Ganesh born in Tirunelveli as a veteran Tamil film actor, who mostly acts in supporting roles and is perhaps best known for his role in Kamal Hassan comedies and films like Nayagan and Michael Madana Kama Rajan. He has acted in more than 400 films from 1980 to present...
as Aiyyer - Nizhalgal RaviNizhalgal RaviNizhalgal Ravi is an Indian actor who has performed in Tamil, Malayalam and Telugu films. He started his career in 1980 with the film Nizhalgal.-Career:...
as Surya - Karthika as Charumati / Charu
- Nasser as Assistant Commissioner / Charu's husband
- Kitty as Shaktivelu's father
- M. V. Vasudeva Rao as Hussain Bai
- Tara as Shyla
- VijayanVijayan (actor)Vijayan was an Indian actor, primarily concentrated in Malayalam and Tamil films. He was a saleable hero of late 1970's. Later he was a much sought after character actor. Post 2000, most the films he appeared crossed 100 days. He died following a cardiac arrest at a private hospital in Chennai...
Crew
- Director - Maniratnam
- Producer - Maniratnam, G.Venkateswaran
- Screenplay - Maniratnam
- Story - Maniratnam
- Dialogue - Balakumaran
- Music - Ilaiyaraja
- Cinematography - P.C.Sriram
- Editing - B.Lenin, V.T.Vijayan
- Art - Thotta Tharani
- Choreography - Sundaram
- Stunt - Super Subbarayan
- Lyrics - Pulavar Pulaimaipithan, Ilaiyaraja
- Assistant Directors - K.M.Govindarajan, K.N.Lokchander
- Associate Directors - K.Suresh, Raja Krishnamoorthy
- Make-up - Saleem, Sambath, Dr. S.Ramachandran
- Costumes - Ravi
- Stills - Murali, Suresh
- Lalithkumar - As a hard core fan of Velu Nayaker
Awards
The film was nominated as India's official entry for the 1988 Academy Awards60th Academy Awards
The 60th Academy Awards were presented April 11, 1988 at the Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles, California. The ceremony was the first to be held there since the 20th Academy Awards...
. However, it was not among the five films shortlisted for the award.
The film won the following awards:
1988 National Film Awards
National Film Awards
The National Film Awards is the most prominent film award ceremony in India. Established in 1954, it is administered, along with the International Film Festival of India and the Indian Panorama, by the Indian government's Directorate of Film Festivals since 1973.Every year, a national panel...
- Best ActorNational Film Award for Best ActorThe National Film Award for Best Actor is an honor presented annually at the National Film Awards of India to an actor who has delivered the best performance in a leading role within the Indian film industry.-Background:The Directorate of Film Festivals makes awards annually in several categories...
- Kamal HaasanKamal HaasanKamal Haasan is an Indian film actor, screenwriter and director, considered to be one of the leading method actors of Indian cinema. He is widely acclaimed as an actor and is well known for his versatility in acting... - Best CinematographyNational Film Award for Best CinematographyThe National Film Award for Best Cinematography are given annually. The only female who has won this award is Anjuli Shukla, who won the award for her debut film, Kutty Srank . The most time winners are Santosh Sivan & K.K. Mahajan - 4 awards each for best cinematography category....
- P. C. SriramP. C. SriramP. C. Sreeram is a cinematographer and film director, educated at the Film and Television Institute of Tamil nadu . P.C. Sreeram is fondly called as PC sir. P.C. Sreeram won appreciations for his various cinematographic works and his directorial venture Kurruthipunal was selected as India's... - Best Art DirectionNational Film Award for Best Art DirectionThe National Film Award for Best Art Direction winners:...
- Thotta TharaniThotta Tharani- Film career :Thota Tharani has been involved in the art of set design since he was just twelve when he helped his father. Be it the creation of a realistic set of the Dharavi Slums or the colourful transparent bus of Kaadhalan, Tharani succeeds in creating the right ambience and the right...
In 2005, Time Magazine included Nayagan in its "All-Time 100 Best Films" list.
Soundtrack
The soundtrack features five songs composed by IlaiyaraajaIlaiyaraaja
Ilaiyaraaja is an Indian film composer, singer, and lyricist mainly in the Tamil film Industry. He is regarded as one of the finest music composers in India. Ilaiyaraaja is also an instrumentalist, conductor, and a songwriter...
, with lyrics by Ilaiyaraja and Pulavar Pulamaipithan. This is Ilayaraja's 400th film.(as credited in the main title sequence) The songs and the background score are still popular today.
Tamil Track listing
| Title | Singer(s) |
|---|---|
| "Nee Oru Kaadhal Sangeetham" | Mano Mano (singer) Mano is an Indian playback singer. He sings in Telugu, Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Hindi.-Biography:Mano was born in a Muslim family and his original name is Nagoor Babu; he was rechristened Mano by Ilayaraja... and K. S. Chitra |
| "Thenpaandi Cheemayile" | Ilaiyaraaja Ilaiyaraaja Ilaiyaraaja is an Indian film composer, singer, and lyricist mainly in the Tamil film Industry. He is regarded as one of the finest music composers in India. Ilaiyaraaja is also an instrumentalist, conductor, and a songwriter... and Kamal Haasan Kamal Haasan Kamal Haasan is an Indian film actor, screenwriter and director, considered to be one of the leading method actors of Indian cinema. He is widely acclaimed as an actor and is well known for his versatility in acting... |
| "Nila Adhu Vaanathumele" | Ilaiyaraaja Ilaiyaraaja Ilaiyaraaja is an Indian film composer, singer, and lyricist mainly in the Tamil film Industry. He is regarded as one of the finest music composers in India. Ilaiyaraaja is also an instrumentalist, conductor, and a songwriter... |
| "Naan Sirithal Deepawali" | K. Jamuna Rani, M. S. Rajeswari and chorus |
| "Andhi Mazhai Megam" | T. L. Maharajan T. L. Maharajan T.L. Maharajan is a popular Tamil playback singer. He is also the eldest son of singer Trichi Loganathan.-Albums:Ayyappan ThunaiBhakthi Maalai GajamugaGananatha Om GananathaGanapathi SaranamGaneshaKandhaKumbeshwaraMurugan Arul... and chorus |
Hindi Dub
For the Hindi dub, composers Deepak-Santosh were approached to rescore 2 numbers. "Nee Oru Kaadhal Sangeetham" & "Thenpaandi Cheemayile" were re scored by the duo as "Chaha Humne Tujhe" & "Sitam Ki Aandhi Se". Yet, "Nee Oru Kaadhal Sangeetham" was dubbed and released in the film's dubbed soundtrack with lyrics by P.K Mishra and Nawab Arzoo. Actor Kamal Haasan participated in the Hindi version of the film. The film was released in 1999.| Title | Singer(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| •"Chaha Humne Tujhe" | Kumar Sanu Kumar Sanu Kumar Sanu Kumar Sanu Kumar Sanu (alias Kedarnath Bhattacharya , born in Kolkata, is a leading Indian Bollywood playback singer. He was awarded the Filmfare Best Male Playback Award over five consecutive years. The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri in 2009.... & Alka Yagnik Alka Yagnik Alka Yagnik is an Indian singer who is ranked among the best Hindi playback singers of all time. She is a seven-time winner of the Filmfare Best Female Playback Award as well as a two-time recipient of the prestigious National Film Awards... |
Replacement track for "Nee Oru Kaadhal" |
| "Haiya Ho Haiya Ho" | Leonara Issac & Sudesh Bhosle | "Nila Adhu Vaanathumele" dubbed |
| "Hazir Hai Dilber Mere Kadmon" | Anupama Deshpande & Mitali Chowdhury | "Naan Sirital Deepawali" dubbed |
| "Jeevan Ka Sangeet Ho Tum" | Suresh Wadekar & Anupama Deshpande | "Nee Oru Kadhal" dubbed. Not in film. |
| "Mastiyo Mein Dooba" | Udit Narayan Udit Narayan -Career:King of melody, Udit Narayan Jha was born on 1 December, 1955 in a village called Bhardaha in the Saptari district , Nepal. His father was Hare Krishna Jha and his mother was Bhuwaneshwari Devi.Narayan studied at P.B... & Sadhana Sargam Sadhana Sargam Sadhana Sargam is an acclaimed Indian playback singer. She is a recipient of the prestigious National Film Award and Filmfare Awards.Sargam has sung in many Indian languages for films, television serials and music albums. She is well known for her 90s Hindi songs and recent South Indian songs. She... |
"Andhi Mazhai Megham" dubbed |
| •"Sitam Ki Andhi Se" | Hariharan Hariharan Hariharan may refer to:* Hariharan , ghazal and playback singer from India* Hariharan , Malayalam film director* Githa Hariharan , Indian author and editor based in New Delhi... |
Replacement track for "Thenpaandi Cheemayile" |
- • indicates tracks composed by Deepak-Santosh.
See also
- List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
- Time's All-TIME 100 Movies