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Metrosideros robusta
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Northern rata (Metrosideros robusta), is a huge forest tree endemic to New Zealand. It grows up to 25 m. or more tall, and usually begins its life as a hemi-epiphyte high in the branches of a mature forest tree; over centuries the young tree sends descending and girdling roots down and around the trunk of its host, eventually forming a massive, frequently hollow pseudotrunk composed of fused roots.
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Encyclopedia
Northern rata (Metrosideros robusta), is a huge forest tree endemic to New Zealand. It grows up to 25 m. or more tall, and usually begins its life as a hemi-epiphyte high in the branches of a mature forest tree; over centuries the young tree sends descending and girdling roots down and around the trunk of its host, eventually forming a massive, frequently hollow pseudotrunk composed of fused roots. In disturbed ground, or where there are gaps in the forest cover, Northern rata will grow on the ground with a normal but short trunk.
Distribution
Northern rata is found in the North Island from Te Paki in the north to Wellington in the south. Formerly widespread, it is now uncommon over large parts of its former range, and is no longer found in Hawkes Bay. In the South Island, Northern rata is common from Nelson to Greymouth and Hokitika. It reaches its southern limit near Lake Mahinapua at 42°4' South latitude. The natural habitat is forest along the coasts and in the lowlands. In some parts of its range Northern rata occurs in montane forest. Formerly, with rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum) it was a dominant tree in a forest type known as rimu/rata forest.
Description
Northern rata is a massive tree, easily distinguished from other Metrosideros species by its small, leathery, dark green leaves which are 25-50mm long by 15-25mm wide, and have a distinct notch at the tip. Young growth is generally pink and covered in fine rust-coloured hairs that are gradually shed as the foliage ages but tends to persist at the midrib and in the vicinity of the leaf base. The flowers, borne in sprays on the tips of branches, are a mass of dark scarlet stamens. Flowering peaks between November and January, and seeds take a year or slightly more to ripen. The bark is usually brown or grey-brown and rather corky and provides an ideal stratum for the roots of epiphytic plants such as Astelia species and Freycinetia banksii (kiekie). The wood is reddish brown, and the manner of its growth results in a twisted grain.
Hemi-epiphytic growth habit
Northern rata often begins life as hemi-epiphyte, and the resultant tree has a hollow trunk up to 4 m in diameter made up of interlocking roots which enclose the space left by the former host tree. In former times, the tree was described as a 'strangler', however it may be that rata can only establish in trees that are already in decline. The host tree of epiphytic Northern rata is usually rimu. Northern rata usually occurs in hardwood, podocarp, and southern beech forests. It is often associated with such species as rewarewa, tawa, hinau, kanuka, kahikatea, kamahi, kohekohe, pukatea and mahoe.
Conservation
The greatest threat to Northern rata is browsing by possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) which cause severe damage by eating the leaves, buds, flowers and young shoots of the tree. In severe cases this can lead to the death of the tree within two years. In some districts, this has resulted in the local loss of the species. The situation of the species has been improved through the efforts of Project Crimson. Hybridisation with pohutukawa is another threat to the survival of Northern rata. Pohutukawa has naturalised in areas south of its natural range, and poses a problem in localities where the Northern or Southern rata species are present. Other threats include cutting for firewood, and forest clearance for roading or construction.
Cultivation
Northern rata may be propagated readily from fresh seed. Viability of the seed drops quickly after a few weeks or if it is allowed to dry out. Cuttings do not strike readily, although better results are obtained from using water shoots.
See also
External links
- [https://www.projectcrimson.org.nz Project Crimson]
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