Maternalist Reforms in the United States were experiments in public policy that took the form of laws providing for state assistance for mothers with young children that did not have the financial support of a male member of the household. This assistance took the form of financial reimbursements, as well as limits on the maximum working hours for women. These reforms arose from the belief that government has an obligation and interest in protecting and improving the living standards of women and children.
Maternalism

Maternalism

Maternalism refers to an attitude or a policy reminiscent of the non-hierarchic pattern of a family based on matriarchy.In this form of system, women use society in order to protect children from unnecessary harm. This system is the opposite of paternalism; which refers to a policy that resembles...

 is defined by Koven and Michel as a variety of ideologies that "exalted womens capacities to mother and extended to society as a whole the values of care, nurturance and morality", and was intended to improve the quality of life of women and children. To improve the conditions of women and children these policies attempted to reconcile the conflicting roles placed on women during this time period. As single mothers were responsible for both supporting their families and raising children, government assistance would reduce the probability that they could be charged with neglecting their "home duties".

Emergence

Maternal public policy emerged in the United States following the landmark United States Supreme Court decision Muller v. Oregon

Muller v. Oregon

Muller v. Oregon, , was a landmark decision in United States Supreme Court history, as it justifies both sex discrimination and usage of labor laws during the time period...

, 208 U.S. 412 (1908). This case upheld the constitutionality of a law that limited the maximum working hours of women, reversing the previous Lochner v. New York

Lochner v. New York

Lochner vs. New York, , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that held a "liberty of contract" was implicit in the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The case involved a New York law that limited the number of hours that a baker could work each day to ten, and limited the...

, 198 U.S. 45 (1905), in which setting maximum working hours for men was held to be unconstitutional. The decision in Muller was based on a scientific and sociological study that demonstrated that the government has a legitimate interest in the working conditions of women as they have the unique ability to bear children.

Successes and limitations

While maternalist reforms won protection for working people during a time in which labour movements enjoyed few gains and asserted the right of women to participate in the public realm, they also perpetuated ideas harmful to the advancement of women to a point of equality with men. Some of these ideas include the belief that women ought to be mothers and that ideally men should be financially supporting the family.

Significance to later reforms

Related Entries

Individual reformers who were advocates of maternalist policies include:

• Julia Lathrop
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• Jane Addams
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• Ellen Gates Starr
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• Sophonisba Breckinridge
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• Josephine Clara Goldmark
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• Florence Kelley
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Organizations and institutions who supported maternalist reforms:

• United States Children's Bureau
  United States Children's Bureau
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• General Federation of Women's Clubs
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• Hull House
  Hull House
  Hull House is a settlement house in the United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Located in the Near West Side of , Hull House opened its doors to the recently arrived European immigrants. By 1911, Hull House had grown to 13 buildings. In 1912 the Hull...