Manuel Candamo
Encyclopedia
Manuel Cándamo Iriarte (14 July 1841 – May 7, 1904) was President of Peru
from September 8, 1903 until May 7, the following year, when he died in office.
, where he obtained a bachelor's degree on Jurisprudence
.
", one of the oldest newspapers in the capital. From there, he was a harsh critic of President Juan Antonio Pezet
and the "Vivanco-Pareja Treaty", specifically for the way of how the government was handling the diplomatic crisis with Spain. For his actions, he was exiled to Chile, returning only after Mariano Ignacio Prado
's successfully launched a coup against Pezet.
After the revolution, he was an active supporter of Prado during the Chincha Islands War
. When the Peruvian Congress refused to recognize Prado's government, Cándamo traveled to Chile as part of the Peruvian diplomatic mission. He did not stay on Chile
, and left that country for Europe and Asia.
, was among the founding members of the Civilista Party
. The party itself achieved public notoriety for being the first organized political party in Peru, and because it was also the first one to be composed primarily of civilians. During this period, Cándamo successfully started once again his political career and several economic businesses.
, Cándamo took part in the defense of the city, fighting in the Battles of San Juan and Miraflores. When the city is occupied by the Chilean Army, Cándamo and several other prominent politicians are deported to Chile due to their opposition to any peace proposal that involved ceding Tarapacá
, Tacna
and Arica
to the Chileans.
Candamo returned to Peru after the Treaty of Ancón
was signed and the war over, and is once again deported for his opposition to President Miguel Iglesias
and support to Andrés Avelino Cáceres
. Once Iglesias is overthrown and Cáceres is in power, Candamo was elected to the Senate, reaching its presidency in 1888, 1890 and 1892.
, Candamo served as mayor of Lima. After Andrés Avelino Cáceres
was forced to resign from the Presidency in 1894, Candamo was selected to head a "Provisional Government Junta" and to call for new elections. Nicolás de Piérola
, allied with the Civilista Party
, won the election.
, he was elected President of the Peruvian Senate. This was done after the Civilista
and Democratic parties reached a compromise and divided their political influence in the government.
For the Election of 1903, Cándamo was regarded as a moderate candidate and the more trusted political figure in the Civilista Party. After being elected President, Cándamo became ill and died in office. He was married to Teresa Alvarez-Calderón.
Following a brief interim government headed by Serapio Calderón
, Cándamo was succeeded by his foreign minister José Pardo
.
in 1981 by the Catholic Church, which means her life is being studied in order to eventually grant her the title of Saint
.
Peru
Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....
from September 8, 1903 until May 7, the following year, when he died in office.
Early life
Born in a wealthy family (Manuel was the illegitimate son of Pedro Gonzales de Candomo - then the richest man in Peru), Manuel Cándamo spend his early years in the "Colegio de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe". After graduating from High School, he was accepted in the National University of San MarcosNational University of San Marcos
The National University of San Marcos is the most important and respected higher-education institution in Peru. Its main campus, the University City, is located in Lima...
, where he obtained a bachelor's degree on Jurisprudence
Jurisprudence
Jurisprudence is the theory and philosophy of law. Scholars of jurisprudence, or legal theorists , hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, legal systems and of legal institutions...
.
Pezet and the Chinchan Islands War
In 1863, Cándamo started to work for "El ComercioEl Comercio
El Comercio is a Peruvian newspaper based in Lima. It has a circulation of more than 120,000 copies. It was founded in 1839, making it the oldest newspaper of Peru and one of the oldest in the Spanish language....
", one of the oldest newspapers in the capital. From there, he was a harsh critic of President Juan Antonio Pezet
Juan Antonio Pezet
Juan Antonio Pezet was a Peruvian military officer and politician who served in the positions of Secretary of War, Vice President and President of Peru during his life...
and the "Vivanco-Pareja Treaty", specifically for the way of how the government was handling the diplomatic crisis with Spain. For his actions, he was exiled to Chile, returning only after Mariano Ignacio Prado
Mariano Ignacio Prado
Mariano Ignacio Prado Ochoa was twice the President of Peru, from 1865 to 1868 and 1876 to 1879).-Biography:Born in Huánuco in 1826, he entered the army at an early age and served in the provinces of Southern Peru....
's successfully launched a coup against Pezet.
After the revolution, he was an active supporter of Prado during the Chincha Islands War
Chincha Islands War
The Chincha Islands War was a series of coastal and naval battles between Spain and its former colonies of Peru and Chile from 1864 to 1866, that began with Spain's seizure of the guano-rich Chincha Islands, part of a series of attempts by Isabel II of Spain to reassert her country's lost...
. When the Peruvian Congress refused to recognize Prado's government, Cándamo traveled to Chile as part of the Peruvian diplomatic mission. He did not stay on Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
, and left that country for Europe and Asia.
Civilista Party
Manuel Cándamo, together with Manuel PardoManuel Pardo
Manuel Pardo y Lavalle was a Peruvian politician and the first civilian President of Peru.Born in Lima, Peru, he was the founder of the most important political party of the era...
, was among the founding members of the Civilista Party
Civilista Party
The Civilista Party was a conservative political party in Peru.Founded as a counter measure against the growing power of the military in Peru during the first half of the Republic, the party's sole purpose was to establish a civilian rule in the country...
. The party itself achieved public notoriety for being the first organized political party in Peru, and because it was also the first one to be composed primarily of civilians. During this period, Cándamo successfully started once again his political career and several economic businesses.
War of the Pacific and Reconstruction
After the collapse of the Peruvian Southern Armies and the imminent invasion of LimaLima
Lima is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the central part of the country, on a desert coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima...
, Cándamo took part in the defense of the city, fighting in the Battles of San Juan and Miraflores. When the city is occupied by the Chilean Army, Cándamo and several other prominent politicians are deported to Chile due to their opposition to any peace proposal that involved ceding Tarapacá
Tarapacá
Tarapacá may refer to:*Tarapacá Province, Chile, a former province, now divided into**Tarapacá Region**Arica-Parinacota Region*Tarapacá Department , a former department of Peru...
, Tacna
Tacna Region
Tacna is the southernmost region in Peru. Its name originates from the Quechua words taka and na , which would mean "a place to hit". This expression is thought to be related to the Quechua conquest of the Aymara people...
and Arica
Arica
Arica is a city in northern Chile. "Arica" may also refer to:Places* Arica and Parinacota Region, Chile* Arica Airport , Chile* Arica, Amazonas, town in Colombia* Rio Aricá-açu, tributary of the Cuiabá River south of Cuiabá, BrazilOther...
to the Chileans.
Candamo returned to Peru after the Treaty of Ancón
Treaty of Ancón
The Treaty of Ancón was signed by Chile and Peru on 20 October 1883, in the Ancón District near Lima. It was intended to settle the two nations' remaining territorial differences at the conclusion of their involvement in the War of the Pacific and to stabilise post-bellum relations between...
was signed and the war over, and is once again deported for his opposition to President Miguel Iglesias
Miguel Iglesias
Miguel Iglesias Pino de Arce was a Peruvian soldier and politician who held the presidency of Peru in 1883-5....
and support to Andrés Avelino Cáceres
Andrés Avelino Cáceres
Andrés Avelino Cáceres Dorregaray was three times President of Peru during the 19th century, from 1884 to 1885, then from 1886 to 1890, and again from 1894 to 1895...
. Once Iglesias is overthrown and Cáceres is in power, Candamo was elected to the Senate, reaching its presidency in 1888, 1890 and 1892.
President of the Junta
A member of the Civilista PartyCivilista Party
The Civilista Party was a conservative political party in Peru.Founded as a counter measure against the growing power of the military in Peru during the first half of the Republic, the party's sole purpose was to establish a civilian rule in the country...
, Candamo served as mayor of Lima. After Andrés Avelino Cáceres
Andrés Avelino Cáceres
Andrés Avelino Cáceres Dorregaray was three times President of Peru during the 19th century, from 1884 to 1885, then from 1886 to 1890, and again from 1894 to 1895...
was forced to resign from the Presidency in 1894, Candamo was selected to head a "Provisional Government Junta" and to call for new elections. Nicolás de Piérola
Nicolás de Piérola
H.E. Don Jose Nicolás Baltasar Fernández de Piérola y Villena was a prominent Peruvian politician, the Finance Minister and twice President of the Republic of Peru .-Early years:Nicolás de Piérola was born and educated in the southern Peruvian city of Arequipa...
, allied with the Civilista Party
Civilista Party
The Civilista Party was a conservative political party in Peru.Founded as a counter measure against the growing power of the military in Peru during the first half of the Republic, the party's sole purpose was to establish a civilian rule in the country...
, won the election.
President of the Senate
During the administion of Eduardo López de RomañaEduardo López de Romaña
Eduardo López de Romaña y Alvizuri was President of Peru from 1899 to 1903. A respected member of the Peruvian Elite and López de Romaña Family, he was the first engineer to become President of the Republic, and one of several Presidents from the Civilista Party during the era of the "Aristocratic...
, he was elected President of the Peruvian Senate. This was done after the Civilista
Civilista Party
The Civilista Party was a conservative political party in Peru.Founded as a counter measure against the growing power of the military in Peru during the first half of the Republic, the party's sole purpose was to establish a civilian rule in the country...
and Democratic parties reached a compromise and divided their political influence in the government.
For the Election of 1903, Cándamo was regarded as a moderate candidate and the more trusted political figure in the Civilista Party. After being elected President, Cándamo became ill and died in office. He was married to Teresa Alvarez-Calderón.
Following a brief interim government headed by Serapio Calderón
Serapio Calderón
Serapio Calderón was President of Peru for a brief period during 1904.Calderón was born in Paucartambo in 1843. He was elected second vice president with Manuel Candamo. The first vice president was Lino Alarco, who had died before his investiture...
, Cándamo was succeeded by his foreign minister José Pardo
José Pardo y Barreda
José Simón Pardo y Barreda was a Peruvian politician who twice occupied the Presidency of Peru, from 1904 to 1908 and 1915 to 1919....
.
Personal life
Manuel Candamo married Teresa Alvarez-Calderón, and had two daughters. One of them, Teresa De La Cruz, founded the convent Canonesas de La Cruz, and was given the title of Servant of GodServant of God
Servant of God is a title given to individuals by various religions, but in general the phrase is used to describe a person believed to be pious in his or her faith tradition. In the Catholic Church, it designates someone who is being investigated by the Church for possibly being recognized as a...
in 1981 by the Catholic Church, which means her life is being studied in order to eventually grant her the title of Saint
Saint
A saint is a holy person. In various religions, saints are people who are believed to have exceptional holiness.In Christian usage, "saint" refers to any believer who is "in Christ", and in whom Christ dwells, whether in heaven or in earth...
.