|
|
|
|
Magnetic flux
|
| |
|
| |
Magnetic flux, represented by the Greek letter F (phi), is a measure of quantity of magnetism, taking into account the strength and the extent of a magnetic field. The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (in derived units: volt-seconds), and the unit of magnetic field is the weber per square meter, or tesla.
flux through an element of area perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field is given by the product of the magnetic field and the area element.
Discussion
Ask a question about 'Magnetic flux' Start a new discussion about 'Magnetic flux' Answer questions from other users |
Encyclopedia
Magnetic flux, represented by the Greek letter F (phi), is a measure of quantity of magnetism, taking into account the strength and the extent of a magnetic field. The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (in derived units: volt-seconds), and the unit of magnetic field is the weber per square meter, or tesla.
Description
The flux through an element of area perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field is given by the product of the magnetic field and the area element. More generally, magnetic flux is defined by a scalar product of the magnetic field and the area element vector.
The direction of the magnetic field vector is by definition from the south to the north pole of a magnet (within the magnet). Outside of the magnet, the field lines will go from north to south.
The magnetic flux through a surface is proportional to the number of magnetic field lines that pass through the surface. This is the net number, i.e. the number passing through in one direction, minus the number passing through in the other direction.
Quantitatively, the magnetic flux through a surface S is defined as the integral of the magnetic field over the area of the surface (See Figures 1 and 2):
where
is the magnetic flux
- B is the magnetic field,
- S is the surface (area),
denotes dot product,
- dS is an infinitesimal vector, whose magnitude is the area of a differential element of S, and whose direction is the surface normal. (See surface integral for more details.)
Magnetic flux through a closed surface
Gauss's law for magnetism, which is one of the four Maxwell's equations, states that the total magnetic flux through a closed surface is equal to zero. (A "closed surface" is a surface without boundaries, such as the surface of a sphere or a cube, but not like the surface of a disk.) This law is a consequence of the empirical observation that magnetic monopoles do not exist or are not measurable.
In other words, Gauss's law for magnetism is the statement:
for any closed surface S.
Magnetic flux through an open surface
While the magnetic flux through a closed surface is always zero, the magnetic flux through an open surface is an important quantity in electromagnetism. For example, a change in the magnetic flux passing through a loop of conductive wire will cause an electromotive force, and therefore an electric current, in the loop. The relationship is given by Faraday's law:
where (see Figure 3):
- E is the EMF,
- Fm is the flux through a surface with an opening bounded by a curve ?S(t),
- ?S(t) is a closed contour that can change with time; the EMF is found around this contour, and the contour is a boundary of the surface over which Fm is found,
- dl is an infinitesimal vector element of the contour ?S(t),
- v is the velocity of the segment dl,
- E is the electric field,
- B is the magnetic field.
The EMF is determined in this equation in two ways: first, as the work per unit charge done against the Lorentz force in moving a test charge around the (possibly moving) closed curve ?S(t), and second, as the magnetic flux thorough the open surface S(t).
This equation is the principle behind an electrical generator.
Comparison with electric flux
By way of contrast, Gauss's law for electric fields, another of Maxwell's equations, is
where
- E is the electric field,
- S is any closed surface,
- Q is the total electric charge inside the surface S,
is the electric constant (a universal constant, also called the "permittivity of free space").
Note that the flux of E through a closed surface is not always zero; this indicates the presence of electric "monopoles", that is, free positive or negative charges.
See also
- Magnetic field
- Maxwell's equations (sometimes called the Maxwell equations) are the set of four equations, attributed to James Clerk Maxwell, that describe the behavior of both the electric and magnetic fields, as well as their interactions with matter.
- Gauss's law gives the relation between the electric flux flowing out a closed surface and the electric charge enclosed in the surface.
- Magnetic monopole is a hypothetical particle that may be loosely described as "a magnet with only one pole".
- Magnetic flux quantum is the quantum of magnetic flux passing through a superconductor.
- Carl Friedrich Gauss developed a fruitful collaboration with the physics professor Wilhelm Weber; it led to new knowledge in the field of magnetism.
- James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces are two complementary aspects of electromagnetism.
External articles
Patents
|
| |
|
|
