List of Israeli television channels
Encyclopedia
Television in Israel refers to television
Television
Television is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored, with accompanying sound...

 broadcasting
Broadcasting
Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video content to a dispersed audience via any audio visual medium. Receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively large subset of thereof...

 services in the State of Israel, inaugurated on March 24, 1966. Initially, there was one state-owned channel. In 1986, a second state-regulated channel was launched. This channel became a state-regulated commercial channel in 1993. An additional commercial channel was introduced in 2002, followed by the introduction of two commercial niche channels: an Israeli Russian-speaking channel (in 2002) and a channel of Israeli popular music
Music of Israel
The music of Israel is a combination of Jewish and non-Jewish music traditions that have come together over the course of a century to create a distinctive musical culture. For more than 100 years, musicians have sought original stylistic elements that would define the emerging national spirit...

 (in 2003). Colour transmissions were introduced gradually around 1980. Satellite-based multichannel service has been available since 2000.

The Early days IETV & Channel One

Television in Israel was introduced in 1966 with the first transmission of the Israeli Educational Television
Israeli Educational Television
The Israeli Educational Television is a state-owned public television network which used to concentrate on producing and broadcasting programs for schoolchildren. The first Israeli children's show, featuring Kishkashta, aired on Channel 1 in the 1970s and '80s...

, using black-and-white television technology, intended to be received by 32 schools, in attempt to use television as an instructional tool. The Israeli Broadcasting Authority launched regular public transmissions on 2 May 1968, on the occasion of Israeli Independence Day. Until 1986 Israel had only one television channel shared by IETV and IBA. Experimental transmissions on a second channel started in October 1986 and expanded gradually.

Colour transmissions

Israeli television started to operate when American and European stations started to switch to full-scale colour transmissions. Nevertheless, the new state-controlled Israeli stations were equipped with black and white facilities as they were cheaper, and as colour productions were deemed unnecessary. Arnon Zuckerman, the IBA director general from 1973 to March 1979, cites Golda Meir
Golda Meir
Golda Meir ; May 3, 1898 – December 8, 1978) was a teacher, kibbutznik and politician who became the fourth Prime Minister of the State of Israel....

 (Isrel's Prime Minister 1969-1974) saying about colour television, "It is so artificial, I know it from America. There is no need for this". During the mid-seventies black and white equipment became rare, so any damaged piece of equipment (VCRs, telecine
Telecine
Telecine is transferring motion picture film into video and is performed in a color suite. The term is also used to refer to the equipment used in the post-production process....

s etc.) had to be replaced with a colour-enabled facility.

According to Yair Lapid
Yair Lapid
Yair Lapid is an Israeli journalist, author, TV presenter, and news anchor.-Biography:He is the son of politician Yosef Lapid and author...

's biographical book about his father, Tommy Lapid, who was the IBA director general from April 1979 to March 1984, the IBA had the necessary equipment for filming and broadcasting in colour for nearly a decade before putting it into use; however the introduction of colour transmissions was halted due to political pressure and threats of industrial action
Industrial action
Industrial action or job action refers collectively to any measure taken by trade unions or other organised labour meant to reduce productivity in a workplace. Quite often it is used and interpreted as a euphemism for strike, but the scope is much wider...

s.

Owing to this state of affairs, newscasts and other regular productions were filmed using black and white cameras; however many special productions ordered from private Israeli studios (in particular the Herzliya Studios) were filmed and taped in colour. Furthermore, the Israeli television used to buy many TV series and movies from American and British TV stations (broadcast with Hebrew-Arabic subtitles). The result was a mixture of colour and black and white broadcasts, which encouraged traders to import colour TV sets, especially as TV stations in neighbouring Jordan and Egypt started colour transmissions in 1974.

The mekhikon

The Israeli government frowned upon the increasing import of colour TV sets, which it considered a threat to Israeli economic stability and an improper pursuit of luxury, which allegedly increased social gaps. Therefore, the government ordered IBA and IETV to broadcast entirely in black and white and erase the colour from any colour-taped telecast. Technically, this was done by erasing the "burst phase
Burst phase
Burst phase is the first ten cycles of colour burst in the "porch" of the synchronising pulse in the PAL broadcast television systems format...

" signal. The "damaged" signal triggered the "colour killer" mechanism, which is installed in colour TV sets in order to prevent the appearance of incidental colour spots on the screen when black-and-white films are broadcast or when the reception is disturbed.

This method was named mekhikon ( "eraser"), and soon after its introduction, special TV sets with an anti-mekhikon ( "anti-eraser") device were offered. This device reinstalled the burst phase signal according to several known standards. The client had to turn a switch until the pictures on the screen appeared in natural colours. According to a report in Yediot Aharonoth from January 1979 The client had to manipulate the switch every 15 minutes on average in normal conditions, or up to 10 times an hour when special problems occurred, in order to restore natural colours or if the picture suddenly turned black and white.

Based on information retrieved from owners of electricity appliance stores, the aforementioned report estimated that 90% of those who bought colour TV sets also bought the anti-mekhikon device, whose price ranged between 2,500 and 4,000 Israeli lirot (the TV set itself cost 40-50 thousand lirot.

The Israeli government had to allow undisrupted colour transmissions by the IBA in two occasions. In November 1977 the IBA had to cover live and in colour the historical visit of the Egyptian president, Anwar El Sadat, to Israel, as this transmission was sent via satellite
Satellite
In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavour. Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as the Moon....

 to stations around the world. In March 1979 the IBA hosted the annual Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision Song Contest 1979
The Eurovision Song Contest 1979 was the 24th Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 31 March 1979 in Jerusalem, Israel. The presenters were Daniel Pe'er and Yardena Arazi, and the event was staged at the International Convention Center. Representing Israel, Gali Atari and Milk and Honey were the...

, and once again had to send the transmission live in colour to stations around the world.

Eventually, the mekhikon idea was proven futile, and the Israeli television abandoned its use gradually at the end of 1979, allowing more and more pre-taped colour transmissions to be received freely.

Public pressure on the issue of colour transmissions mounted, and in 1981 as the Israeli government sought to increase its popularity in light of the approaching general elections, IBA and IETV were allowed to start filming their own regular productions in colour. This process took more than two years and reached the last stretch on 16 February 1983 when the main daily newscast was broadcast in colour for the first time. According to Lapid's book, this first colour newscast was prepared secretly by some "enthusiastic workers" of IBA, in order to avoid industrial actions by the technicians' trade union, who demanded higher salaries for operating colour equipment. Lapid also mentions that the anti-mekhikon system cost IBA 180 million Israeli lira yearly (approximately 64 million Israeli new shekels in 2011 prices).

The IBA stopped filming in black and white on 10 May 1983.

Channel Two

In 1978 the Israeli government appointed a special committee to explore the establishment of a second channel that would not be under the IBA supervision and would be financed by advertising, however the idea of commercial television was rejected by some parties in the ruling coalition. In 7 October 1986, the Israeli minister of Communication ordered the beginning of "experimental transmissions" on a second channel, claiming that unless these transmissions had started, the frequencies would have been used by TV networks in neighbouring countries. These transmissions, which initially included 2–3 hours of video clips every evening, expanded gradually to include a full program lineup. At this stage the IBA was legally responsible for the channel, but in fact it saw it as an unexpected competition, tried to prevent its inauguration, and was reluctant to take responsibility for its broadcasts. In 1986 the Knesset started discussing the law forming the Second Israeli Broadcasting Authority
Second Israeli Broadcasting Authority
The Second Authority for Television and Radio law was passed by the Knesset in 1990. Its purpose was to establish a new governing-body whose purpose is to facilitate and regulate commercially-operated television and radio broadcasts in Israel...

, which was finally approved in 1990. This new body took responsibility for the second channel from this year onwards. From 1990 to 1993 the Second Broadcasting Authority reviewed bids from commercial companies to establish the regular commercial broadcasts of the second channel, which started on 4 November 1993. The second channel was officially handed to three concessionaires, starting the first commercial broadcasts in Israel. Pirated television broadcasts via cables became very popular in the major cities of Israel during the late 80s. These were usually local cable television stations broadcasting illegally from private houses to subscribers, mainly films released on video tapes. These local stations vanished with the introduction of regulated cable television in 1989.

Technical Standards

Generally speaking, most television distribution channels in Israel utilize the European Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) family of standards.
  • The Israeli cable TV provider, HOT
    Hot (Israel)
    HOT Telecommunication Systems Ltd. is a company that provides cable television, last-mile Internet access, broadband and telecommunication services in Israel. It also provides various data transmission services and network services at different rates, services to the business sector and other...

    , uses ???????
  • The Israeli satellite TV provider, Yes, uses DVB-S2
    DVB-S2
    Digital Video Broadcasting - Satellite - Second Generation is a digital television broadcast standard that has been designed as a successor for the popular DVB-S system. It was developed in 2003 by the , an international industry consortium, and ratified by ETSI in March 2005...

    .
  • Digital terrestrial television is transmitted using DVB-T
    DVB-T
    DVB-T is an abbreviation for Digital Video Broadcasting — Terrestrial; it is the DVB European-based consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television that was first published in 1997 and first broadcast in the UK in 1998...

     (with MPEG-4
    H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
    H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10 or AVC is a standard for video compression, and is currently one of the most commonly used formats for the recording, compression, and distribution of high definition video...

     compression).
  • Analog terrestrial television is no longer broadcast. PAL transmitter shutdown started 30.3.2011 and completed 13.6.2011.

Languages

Israeli television broadcasts mainly in Hebrew and English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...

. While Hebrew is the common language of communication
Languages of Israel
The Israeli population is a linguistically and culturally diverse community. The 15th edition of Ethnologue lists spoken in local communities. The main language used for communication among Israeli citizens is Modern Hebrew, a language that emerged in the late 19th century, based on different...

, numerous shows and series of different genres are bought from English-speaking countries. Unless the target audience is preschool
Preschool education
Preschool education is the provision of learning to children before the commencement of statutory and obligatory education, usually between the ages of zero and three or five, depending on the jurisdiction....

 children, subtitle translation
Subtitle (captioning)
Subtitles are textual versions of the dialog in films and television programs, usually displayed at the bottom of the screen. They can either be a form of written translation of a dialog in a foreign language, or a written rendering of the dialog in the same language, with or without added...

 is preferred over dubbing
Dubbing (filmmaking)
Dubbing is the post-production process of recording and replacing voices on a motion picture or television soundtrack subsequent to the original shooting. The term most commonly refers to the substitution of the voices of the actors shown on the screen by those of different performers, who may be...

, not only for economic considerations. Subtitle translation is often bilingual, the secondary language being either Arabic or Russian. The state-owned Israel Broadcasting Authority
Israel Broadcasting Authority
Israel Broadcasting Authority is Israel's state broadcasting network.It grew out of the radio station Kol Yisrael, which made its first broadcast as an independent station on . The name of the organisation operating Kol Yisrael was changed to Israel Broadcasting Service in 1951...

 (IBA) has an Arabic department which broadcasts news, talk show
Talk show
A talk show or chat show is a television program or radio program where one person discuss various topics put forth by a talk show host....

s, educational programs for children and Egyptian films on IBA's satellite channel (Channel 33). IBA's English department broadcasts a daily locally produced newscast. Commercial channels are obligated to broadcast a portion of their programs in Arabic and Russian, or alternatively translate programs into these languages. There is also a legal obligation on all channels to translate some of their newscasts into the Israeli Sign Language
Israeli Sign Language
Israeli Sign Language, or ISL, is the most commonly used sign language in the deaf community of Israel. Some other sign languages are also used in Israel, among them Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language....

.

In 2002, an Israeli Russian-speaking commercial channel was launched, named Israel Plus
Israel Plus
Israel Plus is a television station in Israel. It primarily broadcasts in the Russian language, with or without Hebrew subtitles, but also broadcasts some shows in Hebrew with Russian subtitles....

. A similar Arabic-speaking channel is due to start broadcasting in January 2012, after several attempts to establish it earlier failed The first bid for the establishment of this channel was published in 1995, but canceled for formal legal problems. In January 2003, a new bid was published, but the winning company failed to fulfill its financial obligations. A final modified bid was published on 14 April 2010, for which eight companies competed. The Halla TV Company was selected in September 2011 and promised to start broadcasting in January 2012.

Digital terrestrial television

In August 2009, Israel launched experimental digital broadcast with the intention to phase out the analogue broadcast. Israel saw the official shutdown of the analogue broadcast in June 2011.
Currently 5 channels are broadcast.

State-managed stations

  • Channel 1
    Channel 1 (Israel)
    Channel 1 is one of the oldest television channels in Israel and one of five terrestrial channels in the country...

  • Channel 33
    Channel 33 (Israel)
    Channel 33 is an Israeli public terrestrial channel, operated by the Israel Broadcasting Authority , which is primarily designated for Arabic-speaking viewers.-Establishment – 1994:...

  • Israeli Educational Television
    Israeli Educational Television
    The Israeli Educational Television is a state-owned public television network which used to concentrate on producing and broadcasting programs for schoolchildren. The first Israeli children's show, featuring Kishkashta, aired on Channel 1 in the 1970s and '80s...

     (Channel 23, also broadcasts on Channel 1
    Channel 1 (Israel)
    Channel 1 is one of the oldest television channels in Israel and one of five terrestrial channels in the country...

     and Channel 2
    Channel 2 (Israel)
    Channel 2 is an Israeli commercial television channel.- History :In 1990, after 13 years of deliberations, the Knesset passed a law that paved the way for the establishment of commercial television in Israel. The goal was to enhance pluralism and create competition. Channel 2 began broadcasting on...

    ).

Public-commercial stations

  • Channel 2
    Channel 2 (Israel)
    Channel 2 is an Israeli commercial television channel.- History :In 1990, after 13 years of deliberations, the Knesset passed a law that paved the way for the establishment of commercial television in Israel. The goal was to enhance pluralism and create competition. Channel 2 began broadcasting on...

  • Channel 10
  • Knesset Channel
    The Knesset Channel
    The Knesset Channel is a public Israeli terrestrial channel that broadcasts the sessions of the Knesset as well as some other programs concerning the Israeli parliament....

     (non-commercial)
  • Music 24
    Music 24
    Music 24 is an Israeli popular music channel which was launched on July 20, 2003 and broadcasts music videos by Israeli musicians. Apart from music videos, the channel has different music-related shows, including interviews with musicians, live performances, music-oriented talk shows and programs...

     (Israeli music and video clips)
  • Israel Plus
    Israel Plus
    Israel Plus is a television station in Israel. It primarily broadcasts in the Russian language, with or without Hebrew subtitles, but also broadcasts some shows in Hebrew with Russian subtitles....

  • Israel Plus International

Cables and satellite regulated channels

  • Sport 5
    Sport 5
    Sport 5 , also known as the Sports Channel is an Israeli television company. Available on cable and satellite , the company have seven channels which are devoted to sport.-Sport 5:...

     (formerly known as Channel 5)
  • Sport +5
  • Sport +5 LIVE
  • Sport +5 GOLD
  • Sport 1
  • Sport 2
  • ESPN
    ESPN
    Entertainment and Sports Programming Network, commonly known as ESPN, is an American global cable television network focusing on sports-related programming including live and pre-taped event telecasts, sports talk shows, and other original programming....

     Israel
  • Fox Sports Israel
  • Arutz HaYeladim
    Arutz HaYeladim
    Arutz HaYeladim is an Israeli kids cable television channel. It was one of the first cable channels in Israel with Arutz HaMishpaha, Arutz Hasratim and Arutz Hasport.-History:...

     (formerly known as Channel 6)
  • Comedy Central
    Comedy Central
    Comedy Central is an American cable television and satellite television channel that carries comedy programming, both original and syndicated....

     Israel
  • Hop! (Ages 1-7)
  • Logi (A science channel for children)
  • MGM Israel
  • TCM
    Turner Classic Movies
    Turner Classic Movies is a movie-oriented cable television channel, owned by the Turner Broadcasting System subsidiary of Time Warner, featuring commercial-free classic movies, mostly from the Turner Entertainment and MGM, United Artists, RKO and Warner Bros. film libraries...

     Israel
  • Discovery Channel
    Discovery Channel
    Discovery Channel is an American satellite and cable specialty channel , founded by John Hendricks and distributed by Discovery Communications. It is a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav...

     Israel
  • Animal Planet
    Animal Planet
    Animal Planet is an American cable tv specialty channel that launched on October 1, 1996. It is distributed by Discovery Communications. A high-definition simulcast of the channel launched on September 1, 2007.-History:...

     Israel
  • National Geographic
    National Geographic Channel
    National Geographic Channel, also commercially abbreviated and trademarked as Nat Geo, is a subscription television channel that airs non-fiction television programs produced by the National Geographic Society. Like History and the Discovery Channel, the channel features documentaries with factual...

     Israel
  • History Channel Israel
  • Junior Israel
  • Baby
  • Good Life Channel
  • E!
    E!
    E! Entertainment Television is an American basic cable and satellite television network, owned by NBCUniversal. It features entertainment-related programming, reality television, feature films and occasionally series and specials unrelated to the entertainment industry.E! has an audience reach of...

     Israel
  • Food Channel
  • Health Channel
  • Traveling Channel
  • Viva
  • Viva Platinum
  • Shopping Channel
  • Ego
    EGO Channel
    EGO Channel is an Israeli digital cable television channel that launched in 2002. EGO's programming is tailored to the "hot-blooded 18-45 male audience". EGO is owned by Ananey Communications.Programming occurs across four categories:...

  • Ego Total
  • BBC Entertainment
    BBC Entertainment
    BBC Entertainment is an international television channel showcasing comedy, drama, light entertainment and children's programming from the BBC and other UK production houses...

     Israel (formerly BBC Prime)
  • MTV Israel
    MTV Israel
    MTV Israel, is the Hebrew-speaking branch of MTV. A 24 hour music and general entertainment channel launched on January 17, 2011.-History:* Prior to the launch of a 24 hour MTV Israel, the territory was previously served by a localized version of MTV Europe...

  • Nickelodeon Israel
  • Disney Channel Israel

Exclusive channels

The following channels are exclusive to the respective cable or DBS company
  • Hot
    Hot (Israel)
    HOT Telecommunication Systems Ltd. is a company that provides cable television, last-mile Internet access, broadband and telecommunication services in Israel. It also provides various data transmission services and network services at different rates, services to the business sector and other...

    • HOT3
    • HOT Family
    • HOT Zone
      Hot zone
      Hot zone may refer to:* Hot zone refers to an area that is considered to be dangerous due to biological, chemical, or nuclear contamination.* "Hot Zone" , an episode of the TV series Stargate Atlantis...

    • Hot Drama
    • Hot Action
    • Hot Gold
    • Hot Fun
    • Hot Movies
    • Hot Kids
    • Hot Prime
    • Hot Bollywood
    • Hot Bombay
    • Hot Israeli Entertainment
    • Comedy Central Israel
      Comedy Central
      Comedy Central is an American cable television and satellite television channel that carries comedy programming, both original and syndicated....

    • Channel 8 (known as "The Science Channel")
    • Karma
    • House+ and Family
    • Hot Music
    • HOT Games

  • Yes
    D.B.S. Satellite Services (1998) Ltd.
    yes, formally incorporated as D.B.S. Satellite Services Ltd, was founded in 1998, and is the sole satellite television provider in Israel. It began broadcasting in July 2000 under the trademark "yes". The largest shareholder of the provider is the Bezeq corporation holding up to 49% of its shares...

     (Satellite
    Satellite television
    Satellite television is television programming delivered by the means of communications satellite and received by an outdoor antenna, usually a parabolic mirror generally referred to as a satellite dish, and as far as household usage is concerned, a satellite receiver either in the form of an...

    )
    • Yes 1
    • Yes 2
    • Yes 3
    • Yes 4
    • Yes 5 (formally called "Yesababa")
    • Yes Docu
    • Yes Teleclub
    • Yes Raduga
    • Yes Drama
    • Yes Action
    • Yes Comedy
    • Yes Base
    • Yes Real
    • Nat Geo Wild Israel
    • Disney Junior (Israel)
      Disney Junior (Israel)
      Disney Junior Israel is a Digital Israeli language television station for young children and their parents owned by The Walt Disney Company.That Channel Brands in July 18, 2011 on YES and later It will be in Hot.- Series :* Handy Manny* Jungle Junction...


See also

  • Timeline of the introduction of television in countries
    Timeline of the introduction of television in countries
    This is a list of when the first publicly announced television broadcasts occurred in the mentioned countries. Non-public field tests and closed circuit demonstrations are not included....

  • Haim Yavin
    Haim Yavin
    Haim Yavin , is an Israeli television anchor and documentary filmmaker. He was one of Israel's leading news presenters, associated with the job for so many decades that he was known as "Mr. Television."-Biography:...

  • Mabat LaHadashot
    Mabat LaHadashot
    Mabat LaHadashot , is the prime time news program on the Public Israeli Channel 1, owned by Israel Broadcasting Authority, which have been between 1968-1991 a monopoly broadcasting, along with its prime time news show....

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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