Leibniz integral rule - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

Mathematics

Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity...

, Leibniz's rule for differentiation under the integral sign, named after Gottfried Leibniz

Gottfried Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German philosopher and mathematician. He wrote in different languages, primarily in Latin , French and German ....

, tells us that if we have an integral

Integral

Integration is an important concept in mathematics and, together with its inverse, differentiation, is one of the two main operations in calculus...

of the form

then for

the derivative of this integral is thus expressible

provided that

and

are both continuous over a region in the form

Variable limits

A more general result, applicable when the limits of integration a and b and the integrand ƒ( x, α ) all are functions of the parameter α is:

where the partial derivative of f indicates that inside the integral only the variation of ƒ ( x, α ) with α is considered in taking the derivative.

Three-dimensional, time-dependent case

A Leibniz integral rule for three dimensions is:

where:

F ( r, t ) is a vector field at the spatial position r at time t

Σ is a moving surface in three-space bounded by the closed curve ∂Σ

d A is a vector element of the surface Σ

d s is a vector element of the curve ∂Σ

v is the velocity of movement of the region Σ

∇• is the vector divergence

Divergence

In vector calculus, divergence is a vector operator that measures the magnitude of a vector field's source or sink at a given point, in terms of a signed scalar. More technically, the divergence represents the volume density of the outward flux of a vector field from an infinitesimal volume around...

× is the vector cross product

The double integrals are surface integral

Surface integral

In mathematics, a surface integral is a definite integral taken over a surface ; it can be thought of as the double integral analog of the line integral...

s over the surface Σ, and the line integral

Line integral

In mathematics, a line integral is an integral where the function to be integrated is evaluated along a curve.The function to be integrated may be a scalar field or a vector field...

is over the bounding curve ∂Σ.

Proof of basic form

Let:

So that, using difference quotient

Difference quotient

The primary vehicle of calculus and other higher mathematics is the function. Its "input value" is its argument, usually a point expressible on a graph...

Substitute equation (1) into equation (2), and combine the integrals (since the difference of two integrals equals the integral of the difference).

The

term is constant, so can be included in the integrand.

Provided that the limit can be passed under the integral sign, we obtain

and therefore

We claim that the passage of the limit under the integral sign is valid. Indeed, the bounded convergence theorem (a corollary of the dominated convergence theorem

Dominated convergence theorem

In measure theory, Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem provides sufficient conditions under which two limit processes commute, namely Lebesgue integration and almost everywhere convergence of a sequence of functions...

) of real analysis states that if a sequence of functions on a set of finite measure is uniformly bounded and converges pointwise, then passage of the limit under the integral is valid. To complete the proof, we show that these hypotheses are satisfied by the family of difference quotients

. Continuity of

and compactness implies that

is uniformly bounded. Uniform boundedness of the difference quotients follows from uniform boundedness of

and the Mean Value Theorem

Mean value theorem

In calculus, the mean value theorem states, roughly, that given an arc of a differentiable curve, there is at least one point on that arc at which the derivative of the curve is equal to the "average" derivative of the arc. Briefly, a suitable infinitesimal element of the arc is parallel to the...

, since for all y and n, there exists z in the interval

such that

. The difference quotients converge pointwise to

since

exists. This completes the proof.

For a simpler proof using Fubini's theorem

Fubini's theorem

In mathematical analysis Fubini's theorem, named after Guido Fubini, is a result which gives conditions under which it is possible to compute a double integral using iterated integrals. As a consequence it allows the order of integration to be changed in iterated integrals.-Theorem...

, see the references.

Variable limits form

For a monovariant function

This follows from the chain rule

Chain rule

In calculus, the chain rule is a formula for computing the derivative of the composition of two or more functions. That is, if f is a function and g is a function, then the chain rule expresses the derivative of the composite function in terms of the derivatives of f and g.In integration, the...

General form with variable limits

Now, suppose

, where a and b are functions of α that exhibit increments Δa and Δb, respectively, when α is increased by Δα.

Then,

A form of the mean value theorem

Mean value theorem

, where

, may be applied to the first and last integrals of the formula for

above, resulting in

Dividing by

, and letting

, and noticing

and

and using the result

yields the general form of the Leibniz integral rule below:

Three-dimensional, time-dependent form

At time t the surface Σ in Figure 1 contains a set of points arranged about a centroid R ( t ) and function F ( r, t) can be written as F ( R ( t ) + r − R(t), t ) = F ( R ( t ) + ρ, t ), with ρ independent of time. Variables are shifted to a new frame of reference attached to the moving surface, with origin at R ( t ). For a rigidly translating surface, the limits of integration are then independent of time, so:

where the limits of integration confining the integral to the region Σ no longer are time dependent so differentiation passes through the integration to act on the integrand only:

with the velocity of motion of the surface defined by:

This equation expresses the material derivative of the field, that is, the derivative with respect to a coordinate system attached to the moving surface. Having found the derivative, variables can be switched back to the original frame of reference. We notice that (see article on curl ):

and that Stokes theorem allows the surface integral of the curl over Σ to be made a line integral over ∂Σ:

The sign of the line integral is based on the right-hand rule

Right-hand rule

In mathematics and physics, the right-hand rule is a common mnemonic for understanding notation conventions for vectors in 3 dimensions. It was invented for use in electromagnetism by British physicist John Ambrose Fleming in the late 19th century....

for the choice of direction of line element ds. To establish this sign, for example, suppose the field F points in the positive z-direction, and the surface Σ is a portion of the xy-plane with perimeter ∂Σ. We adopt the normal to Σ to be in the positive z-direction. Positive traversal of ∂Σ is then counterclockwise (right-hand rule with thumb along z-axis). Then the integral on the left-hand side determines a positive flux of F through Σ. Suppose Σ translates in the positive x-direction at velocity v. An element of the boundary of Σ parallel to the y-axis, say ds, sweeps out an area vt × ds in time t. If we integrate around the boundary ∂Σ in a counterclockwise sense, vt × ds points in the negative z-direction on the left side of ∂Σ (where ds points downward), and in the positive z-direction on the right side of ∂Σ (where ds points upward), which makes sense because Σ is moving to the right, adding area on the right and losing it on the left. On that basis, the flux of F is increasing on the right of ∂Σ and decreasing on the left. However, the dot-product v × F • ds = −F × v• ds = −F • v × ds. Consequently, the sign of the line integral is taken as negative.

If v is a constant,