Kringle domain
Encyclopedia
Kringle Domains are autonomous protein domain
s that fold into large loops stabilized by 3 disulfide linkages. These are important in protein
-protein interactions with blood
coagulation
factors. The name Kringle
comes from the Scandinavia
n pastry that these structures resemble.
Kringle domains have been found in plasminogen, hepatocyte
growth factor
s, prothrombin, and apolipoprotein(a)
.
Kringles are found throughout the blood clotting and fibrinolytic proteins. Kringle domains are believed to play a role in binding mediators (e.g., membranes, other proteins or phospholipids), and in the regulation of proteolytic activity. Kringle domains are characterised by a triple loop, 3-disulfide bridge structure, whose conformation is defined by a number of hydrogen bonds and small pieces of anti-parallel beta-sheet. They are found in a varying number of copies in some plasma proteins including prothrombin and urokinase-type plasminogen
activator, which are serine proteases belonging to MEROPS peptidase family S1A.
; F12
; F2
; HABP2
; HGF
; HGFAC
; KREMEN1
; KREMEN2;
LPA
; LPAL2; MST1
; PIK3IP1
; PLAT
; PLAU
; PLG; PRSS12;
ROR1
; ROR2
;
Protein domain
A protein domain is a part of protein sequence and structure that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain. Each domain forms a compact three-dimensional structure and often can be independently stable and folded. Many proteins consist of several structural...
s that fold into large loops stabilized by 3 disulfide linkages. These are important in protein
Protein
Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...
-protein interactions with blood
Blood
Blood is a specialized bodily fluid in animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells....
coagulation
Coagulation
Coagulation is a complex process by which blood forms clots. It is an important part of hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, wherein a damaged blood vessel wall is covered by a platelet and fibrin-containing clot to stop bleeding and begin repair of the damaged vessel...
factors. The name Kringle
Kringle
Kringle is a Scandinavian pastry, a Nordic variety of pretzel, which arrived with Roman Catholic monks in the 13th century, especially in Denmark...
comes from the Scandinavia
Scandinavia
Scandinavia is a cultural, historical and ethno-linguistic region in northern Europe that includes the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, characterized by their common ethno-cultural heritage and language. Modern Norway and Sweden proper are situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula,...
n pastry that these structures resemble.
Kringle domains have been found in plasminogen, hepatocyte
Hepatocyte
A hepatocyte is a cell of the main tissue of the liver. Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the liver's cytoplasmic mass.These cells are involved in:* Protein synthesis* Protein storage* Transformation of carbohydrates...
growth factor
Growth factor
A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation and cellular differentiation. Usually it is a protein or a steroid hormone. Growth factors are important for regulating a variety of cellular processes....
s, prothrombin, and apolipoprotein(a)
Lipoprotein(a)
Lipoprotein is a lipoprotein subclass. Studies have identified Lp as a putative risk factor for atherosclerotic diseases such as coronary heart disease and stroke....
.
Kringles are found throughout the blood clotting and fibrinolytic proteins. Kringle domains are believed to play a role in binding mediators (e.g., membranes, other proteins or phospholipids), and in the regulation of proteolytic activity. Kringle domains are characterised by a triple loop, 3-disulfide bridge structure, whose conformation is defined by a number of hydrogen bonds and small pieces of anti-parallel beta-sheet. They are found in a varying number of copies in some plasma proteins including prothrombin and urokinase-type plasminogen
activator, which are serine proteases belonging to MEROPS peptidase family S1A.
Human proteins containing this domain
ATFActivating transcription factor 2
Activating transcription factor 2, also known as ATF2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATF2 gene.-Function:This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins. This protein binds to the cAMP-responsive element , an octameric...
; F12
Factor XII
Coagulation factor XII also known as Hageman factor is a plasma protein. It is the zymogen form of factor XIIa, an enzyme of the serine protease class. In humans, factor XII is encoded by the F12 gene.- Function :...
; F2
F2
-Science and Mathematics:* F2, the chemical formula for Fluorine gas* F2, a layer of the ionosphere* F2 hybrid, a type of crossing in classical genetics* F-2 mycotoxin, a chemical compound* F2 tornado, a rating of tornado on the Fujita scale...
; HABP2
HABP2
Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HABP2 gene.-Further reading:...
; HGF
Hepatocyte growth factor
Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor is a paracrine cellular growth, motility and morphogenic factor. It is secreted by mesenchymal cells and targets and acts primarily upon epithelial cells and endothelial cells, but also acts on haemopoietic progenitor cells...
; HGFAC
HGFAC
Hepatocyte growth factor activator is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HGFAC gene.-Further reading:...
; KREMEN1
KREMEN1
Kremen protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KREMEN1 gene.-Further reading:...
; KREMEN2;
LPA
Lipoprotein(a)
Lipoprotein is a lipoprotein subclass. Studies have identified Lp as a putative risk factor for atherosclerotic diseases such as coronary heart disease and stroke....
; LPAL2; MST1
MST1
Hepatocyte growth factor-like protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MST1 gene.-Further reading:...
; PIK3IP1
PIK3IP1
Phosphoinositide-3-kinase-interacting protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIK3IP1 gene.-Further reading:...
; PLAT
Plat
A plat in the U.S. is a map, drawn to scale, showing the divisions of a piece of land. Other English-speaking countries generally call such documents a cadastral map or plan....
; PLAU
PLAU
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLAU gene.-Interactions:PLAU has been shown to interact with Protein C inhibitor.-Further reading:...
; PLG; PRSS12;
ROR1
ROR1
Tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor ROR1, also known as neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor-related 1 , is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ROR1 gene...
; ROR2
ROR2
Tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor ROR2 also known as neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor-related 2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ROR2 gene located on position 9 of the long arm of chromosome 9. This protein is responsible for aspects of bone and cartilage growth. It...
;
External links
- Kringle domain in PROSITEPROSITEPROSITE is a protein database. It consists of entries describing the protein families, domains and functional sites as well as amino acid patterns, signatures, and profiles in them. These are manually curated by a team of the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and tightly integrated into Swiss-Prot...
- KR domain entry in the SMART database