History of the IRT subway before 1918
Encyclopedia
The first regularly operated subway
Rapid transit
A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway, metro or metropolitan railway system is an electric passenger railway in an urban area with a high capacity and frequency, and grade separation from other traffic. Rapid transit systems are typically located either in underground tunnels or on...

 in New York City
New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...

 was built by the city and leased to the Interborough Rapid Transit Company
Interborough Rapid Transit Company
The Interborough Rapid Transit Company was the private operator of the original underground New York City Subway line that opened in 1904, as well as earlier elevated railways and additional rapid transit lines in New York City. The IRT was purchased by the City in June 1940...

 for operation under Contracts 1 and 2. Until 1918, when the new "H" system that is still operated - with separate East Side
IRT Lexington Avenue Line
The Lexington Avenue Line is one of the lines of the IRT division of the New York City Subway, stretching from Downtown Brooklyn or Lower Manhattan north to 125th Street in East Harlem. The portion in Lower and Midtown Manhattan was part of the first subway line in New York...

 and West Side lines - was placed in service, it consisted of a single trunk line below 96th Street with several northern branches. The system had four tracks between Brooklyn Bridge – City Hall and 96th Street, allowing for local and express service on that portion. Under the "H" system, the original line and early extensions are now as follows:
  • The IRT Eastern Parkway Line
    IRT Eastern Parkway Line
    IRT Eastern Parkway Line and New Lots Line can refer to:* IRT Eastern Parkway Line* IRT New Lots Line...

     from Atlantic Avenue to Borough Hall
  • The IRT Lexington Avenue Line
    IRT Lexington Avenue Line
    The Lexington Avenue Line is one of the lines of the IRT division of the New York City Subway, stretching from Downtown Brooklyn or Lower Manhattan north to 125th Street in East Harlem. The portion in Lower and Midtown Manhattan was part of the first subway line in New York...

     from Borough Hall to Grand Central – 42nd Street
  • The IRT 42nd Street Shuttle from Grand Central – 42nd Street to Times Square
  • The IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line from Times Square to Van Cortlandt Park – 242nd Street
  • The IRT Lenox Avenue Line
    IRT Lenox Avenue Line
    The Lenox Avenue Line is one of the IRT lines in the New York City Subway, mostly built as part of the first subway system. It is a rather short line, only serving upper Manhattan.-Extent and service:...

     from 96th Street to 145th Street
    145th Street (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)
    145th Street is a station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 145th Street and Lenox Avenue in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, it is served by the 3 train at all times....

  • The IRT White Plains Road Line
    IRT White Plains Road Line
    The White Plains Road Line is a rapid transit line of the IRT division of the New York City Subway, serving the central Bronx. It is mostly elevated, and served both subway and elevated trains until 1952...

     from 142nd Street Junction
    142nd Street Junction
    The 142nd Street Junction is an intersection on the New York City Subway where the IRT White Plains Road Line and IRT Lenox Avenue Line join at grade . South of the junction, there is a double crossover. Then, two tracks turnoff , and that is where the 2 train connects to the White Plains Road...

     to 180th Street – Bronx Park (removed north of 179th Street)

History

Planning for the system that was built began with the Rapid Transit Act, signed into law on May 22, 1894, which created the Board of Rapid Transit Railroad Commissioners. The act provided that the commission would lay out routes with the consent of property owners and local authorities, either build the system or sell a franchise for its construction, and lease it to a private operating company. A line through Lafayette Street
Lafayette Street (Manhattan)
Lafayette Street is a major north-south street in New York City's Lower Manhattan, which runs roughly parallel to Broadway to the west. Originally, the part of the street below Houston Street was called Elm Place....

 (then Elm Street) to Union Square was considered, but at first a more costly route under lower Broadway was adopted. A legal battle with property owners along the route led to the courts denying permission to build through Broadway in 1896. The Elm Street route was chosen later that year, cutting west to Broadway via 42nd Street
42nd Street (Manhattan)
42nd Street is a major crosstown street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, known for its theaters, especially near the intersection with Broadway at Times Square. It is also the name of the region of the theater district near that intersection...

. This new plan, formally adopted on January 14, 1897, consisted of a line from City Hall north to Kingsbridge
Kingsbridge, Bronx
Kingsbridge is a working class residential neighborhood geographically located in the northwest Bronx in New York City. The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 8. Its boundaries are Van Cortlandt Park to the north, Goulden Avenue to the east, West 225th Street to the south, and Irwin...

 and a branch under Lenox Avenue and to Bronx Park
Bronx Park
Bronx Park, laid out along the Bronx River in the Bronx, New York, is the home of the New York Botanical Garden and the Bronx Zoo. Bicycle paths go northwest, north and east, along Mosholu Parkway, Bronx River Parkway and Pelham Parkway respectively...

, to have four tracks from City Hall to the junction at 103rd Street. The "awkward alignment...along Forty-Second Street", as the commission put it, was necessitated by objections to using Broadway south of 34th Street
34th Street (Manhattan)
34th Street is a major cross-town street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, connecting the Lincoln Tunnel and Queens-Midtown Tunnel. Like many of New York City's major crosstown streets, it has its own bus routes and four subway stops serving the trains at Eighth Avenue, the trains at...

. Legal challenges were finally taken care of near the end of 1899.

A contract, later known as Contract 1, was executed on February 21, 1900 between the commission and the Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont
August Belmont
August Belmont, Sr. was an American politician.-Early life:August Belmont was born in Alzey, Hesse, on December 8, 1813--some sources say 1816--to Simon and Frederika Elsass Schönberg, a Jewish family. After his mother's death, when he was seven, he lived with his uncle and grandmother in Frankfurt...

, for the construction of the subway and a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. Ground was broken at City Hall on March 24. A plan for an extension from City Hall to the Long Island Rail Road
Long Island Rail Road
The Long Island Rail Road or LIRR is a commuter rail system serving the length of Long Island, New York. It is the busiest commuter railroad in North America, serving about 81.5 million passengers each year. Established in 1834 and having operated continuously since then, it is the oldest US...

's Flatbush Avenue terminal station (now known as Atlantic Terminal) in Brooklyn was adopted on January 24, 1901, and Contract 2, giving a lease of only 35 years, was executed between the commission and the Rapid Transit Construction Company on September 11, with construction beginning at State Street in Manhattan on November 8, 1902. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company
Interborough Rapid Transit Company
The Interborough Rapid Transit Company was the private operator of the original underground New York City Subway line that opened in 1904, as well as earlier elevated railways and additional rapid transit lines in New York City. The IRT was purchased by the City in June 1940...

 (IRT) in April 1902 as the operating company for both contracts; the IRT leased the Manhattan Railway
Manhattan Railway
The Manhattan Railway was an elevated railway company in Manhattan and the Bronx, New York City, United States.It operated four lines* Second Avenue Line* Third Avenue Line* Sixth Avenue Line* Ninth Avenue Line-History:...

, operator of the four elevated railway lines in Manhattan and the Bronx, on April 1, 1903. Operation of the subway began on October 27, 1904, with the opening of all stations from City Hall
City Hall (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)
City Hall, also known as City Hall Loop, was the original southern terminal station of the first line of the New York City Subway, built by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company , named the "Manhattan Main Line", and now part of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line...

 to 145th Street on the West Side Branch. The original system as included in Contract 1 was completed on January 14, 1907, when trains started running across the Harlem Ship Canal on the Broadway Bridge to 225th Street, and the Contract 2 portion was opened to Atlantic Avenue on May 1, 1908. An extension of Contract 1 north to 242nd Street at Van Cortlandt Park
Van Cortlandt Park
Van Cortlandt Park is a park located in the Bronx in New York City. It is the fourth largest park in New York City, behind Pelham Bay Park, Flushing Meadows Park and Staten Island Greenbelt....

 was approved in 1906 and opened on August 1, 1908. (The original plan had been to turn east on 230th Street to just west of Bailey Avenue, at the New York Central Railroad
New York Central Railroad
The New York Central Railroad , known simply as the New York Central in its publicity, was a railroad operating in the Northeastern United States...

's Kings Bridge station.)

Service patterns

Express trains began at South Ferry in Manhattan or Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, while local trains typically began at South Ferry or City Hall
City Hall (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)
City Hall, also known as City Hall Loop, was the original southern terminal station of the first line of the New York City Subway, built by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company , named the "Manhattan Main Line", and now part of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line...

, both in Manhattan. Local trains to the West Side Branch (242nd Street) ran from City Hall during rush hours and continued south at other times; East side local trains ran between City Hall and 145th Street
145th Street (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)
145th Street is a station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 145th Street and Lenox Avenue in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, it is served by the 3 train at all times....

. All three branches were served by express trains; no local trains used the East Side Branch to West Farms
West Farms, Bronx
West Farms is a residential neighborhood in a west central part of The Bronx, New York City, also known as the northeast corner of the South Bronx. The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 6...

 (180th Street). Expresses to 145th Street
145th Street (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)
145th Street is a station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 145th Street and Lenox Avenue in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, it is served by the 3 train at all times....

 were later eliminated; all West Farms expresses and rush hours Broadway expresses operated through to Brooklyn. Essentially each branch had a local and an express, with expresses to Broadway (242nd Street) and West Farms and locals to Broadway and Lenox Avenue (145th Street).

When the "H" system opened in 1918, all trains from the old system were sent south from Times Square – 42nd Street along the new IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line. Locals (Broadway and Lenox Avenue) were sent to South Ferry, while expresses (Broadway and West Farms) used the new Clark Street Tunnel
Clark Street Tunnel
The Clark Street Tunnel carries the trains of the New York City Subway under the East River between the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. It was opened for revenue service on Tuesday, April 15, 1919, relieving crowding on the Joralemon Street Tunnel and providing passengers with a direct route...

 to Brooklyn. These services became 1
1 (New York City Subway service)
The 1 Broadway – Seventh Avenue Local is a rapid transit service of the New York City Subway. It is colored red on station signs, route signs and the official subway map, since it uses the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line for its entire route....

 (Broadway express and local), 2
2 (New York City Subway service)
The 2 Seventh Avenue Express is a rapid transit service of the New York City Subway. It is colored red on station signs, route signs, and the official subway map, since it uses the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line through most of Manhattan....

 (West Farms express), and 3
3 (New York City Subway service)
The 3 Seventh Avenue Express is a rapid transit service of the New York City Subway. It is colored red on station signs, route signs and the official subway map, since it uses the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line through most of Manhattan....

 (Lenox Avenue local) in 1948. The only major change to these patterns was made in 1959, when all 1 trains became local and all 2 and 3 trains became express. The portion south of Grand Central – 42nd Street became part of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line
IRT Lexington Avenue Line
The Lexington Avenue Line is one of the lines of the IRT division of the New York City Subway, stretching from Downtown Brooklyn or Lower Manhattan north to 125th Street in East Harlem. The portion in Lower and Midtown Manhattan was part of the first subway line in New York...

, and now carries 4
4 (New York City Subway service)
The 4 Lexington Avenue Express is a rapid transit service of the New York City Subway. It is colored green on station signs, route signs, and the official subway map, since it uses the IRT Lexington Avenue Line in Manhattan....

 (express), 5
5 (New York City Subway service)
The 5 Lexington Avenue Express is a rapid transit service of the New York City Subway. It is colored green on station signs, route signs, and the official subway map, since it uses IRT Lexington Avenue Line in Manhattan....

 (express), 6
6 (New York City Subway service)
The 6 Lexington Avenue and Pelham Local and Lexington Avenue Local and Pelham Express are two rapid transit services of the New York City Subway. The 6 local has a circle shape while the ' express has a diamond shape...

 (local), and <6> (local) trains; the short piece under 42nd Street is now the 42nd Street Shuttle.

Stations

Station Tracks Opened Notes
Atlantic Avenue 2 May 1, 1908
Nevins Street
Nevins Street (IRT Eastern Parkway Line)
Nevins Street is an express station on the IRT Eastern Parkway Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Flatbush Avenue, Fulton Street and Nevins Street in Brooklyn, it is served by the 2 and 4 trains at all times, the 3 train at all times except late nights, and the 5 train...

2 May 1, 1908
Hoyt Street 2 May 1, 1908
Borough Hall 2 January 9, 1908
South Ferry loops July 10, 1905
Bowling Green
Bowling Green (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)
Bowling Green is a station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway, located at Broadway and Battery Place , in the Financial District of Manhattan...

all July 10, 1905
Wall Street
Wall Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)
Wall Street is a station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway, located at the intersection of Broadway and Wall Street. It is served by the 4 train at all times and the 5 train at all times except late nights....

all June 12, 1905
Fulton Street all January 16, 1905
City Hall
City Hall (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)
City Hall, also known as City Hall Loop, was the original southern terminal station of the first line of the New York City Subway, built by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company , named the "Manhattan Main Line", and now part of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line...

loop October 27, 1904 Closed December 31, 1945
Brooklyn Bridge all October 27, 1904
Worth Street
Worth Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)
Worth Street was a local station, located at Lafayette Street and Worth Street, with four tracks and two side platforms. The station was closed on September 1, 1962 due to the platform lengthening at Brooklyn Bridge – City Hall...

local October 27, 1904 Closed September 1, 1962
Canal Street local October 27, 1904
Spring Street
Spring Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)
Spring Street is a local station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Lafayette and Spring Streets in Manhattan, it is served by the 6 train at all times, the <6> during weekdays in peak direction, and the 4 during late night hours.-...

local October 27, 1904
Bleecker Street
Bleecker Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)
Bleecker Street is a local station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway, located at the intersection of Lafayette and Bleecker Streets in the NoHo neighborhood of Manhattan...

local October 27, 1904
Astor Place
Astor Place (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)
Astor Place, also called Astor Place – Cooper Union on signs, is a local station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Completed in 1904, it is one of the original twenty-eight stations in the system...

local October 27, 1904
14th Street – Union Square all October 27, 1904
18th Street
18th Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)
18th Street was a local station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway, located at Park Avenue and 18th Street.- History :...

local October 27, 1904 Closed November 8, 1948
23rd Street
23rd Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)
23rd Street is a local station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Park Avenue South and 23rd Street in Manhattan, it is served by 6 trains at all times, <6> trains during weekdays in the peak direction, and 4 trains during late night...

local October 27, 1904
28th Street
28th Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)
28th Street is a local station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at Park Avenue South and 28th Street in Manhattan, it is served by the 6 train at all times, the <6> during weekdays in peak direction, and the 4 during late night hours.- Layout :This station...

local October 27, 1904
33rd Street
33rd Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)
33rd Street is a local station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Park Avenue and 33rd Street in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan, it is served by the 6 train at all times, the <6> during weekdays in peak direction, and the 4...

local October 27, 1904
Grand Central – 42nd Street all October 27, 1904
Times Square local October 27, 1904
50th Street local October 27, 1904
59th Street – Columbus Circle local October 27, 1904
66th Street local October 27, 1904
72nd Street all October 27, 1904
79th Street local October 27, 1904
86th Street local October 27, 1904
91st Street local October 27, 1904 Closed February 2, 1959
96th Street all October 27, 1904
West Side Branch
(splits at 96th Street)
103rd Street local October 27, 1904
110th Street local October 27, 1904
116th Street local October 27, 1904
Manhattan Street local October 27, 1904
137th Street local October 27, 1904
145th Street local October 27, 1904
157th Street November 12, 1904
168th Street March 16, 1906
181st Street March 16, 1906
191st Street January 14, 1911
Dyckman Street March 12, 1906
207th Street local March 16, 1906
215th Street local March 12, 1906
225th Street local January 14, 1907
231st Street local January 27, 1907
238th Street local August 1, 1908
Van Cortlandt Park – 242nd Street August 1, 1908
East Side Branch to Lenox Avenue
(splits at 96th Street)
110th Street all November 23, 1904
116th Street
116th Street (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)
116th Street is a station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 116th Street and Lenox Avenue in Harlem, it is served by the 2 and 3 trains at all times. It has two tracks and two side platforms....

all November 23, 1904
125th Street
125th Street (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)
125th Street is a station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 125th Street 125th Street is a station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 125th Street 125th Street is a station on the IRT Lenox...

all November 23, 1904
135th Street
135th Street (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)
135th Street is a station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 135th Street and Lenox Avenue in Harlem, it is served by the 2 and 3 trains at all times....

all November 23, 1904
145th Street
145th Street (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)
145th Street is a station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 145th Street and Lenox Avenue in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, it is served by the 3 train at all times....

all November 23, 1904
East Side Branch to West Farms
(splits from branch to Lenox Avenue at 142nd Street Junction
142nd Street Junction
The 142nd Street Junction is an intersection on the New York City Subway where the IRT White Plains Road Line and IRT Lenox Avenue Line join at grade . South of the junction, there is a double crossover. Then, two tracks turnoff , and that is where the 2 train connects to the White Plains Road...

)
Mott Avenue all July 10, 1905
149th Street all July 10, 1905 Free transfer to Third Avenue Elevated
IRT Third Avenue Line
The IRT Third Avenue Line, commonly known as the Third Avenue El, was an elevated railway in Manhattan and the Bronx, New York City. Originally operated by an independent railway company, it was acquired by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and eventually became part of the New York subway...

 in same direction
Jackson Avenue
Jackson Avenue (IRT White Plains Road Line)
Jackson Avenue is a local station on the IRT White Plains Road Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Jackson and Westchester Avenues in Melrose, Bronx, it is served by the 2 train at all times, and the 5 train at all times except late nights and rush hours in peak...

local November 26, 1904
Prospect Avenue
Prospect Avenue (IRT White Plains Road Line)
Prospect Avenue is a local station on the IRT White Plains Road Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Prospect and Westchester Avenues in the Bronx, it is served by the 2 train at all times, and by the 5 train at all times except late nights and rush hours in peak...

local November 26, 1904
Intervale Avenue
Intervale Avenue (IRT White Plains Road Line)
Intervale Avenue is a local station on the IRT White Plains Road Line of the New York City Subway...

local 1909
Simpson Street
Simpson Street (IRT White Plains Road Line)
Simpson Street is a local station on the IRT White Plains Road Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Simpson Street and Westchester Avenue in the Bronx, it is served by the 2 train at all times, and the 5 train at all times except late nights and rush hours in the peak...

local November 26, 1904
Freeman Street
Freeman Street (IRT White Plains Road Line)
Freeman Street is a local station on the IRT White Plains Road Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Freeman Street and Southern Boulevard in the Bronx, it is served by the 2 train at all times and the 5 at all times except late nights and rush hours in the peak...

local November 26, 1904
174th Street
174th Street (IRT White Plains Road Line)
174th Street is a local station on the IRT White Plains Road Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 174th Street and Southern Boulevard in the Crotona Park East section of the Bronx, it is served by the 2 train at all times, and by the 5 train at all times except late...

local November 26, 1904
177th Street local November 26, 1904
180th Street November 26, 1904 The only part of the original subway to be completely demolished
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