High-visibility clothing
Encyclopedia
High-visibility clothing, a type of personal protective equipment
(PPE), is any clothing
worn that has highly reflective
properties or a colour that is easily discernible from any background. Yellow waistcoats worn by emergency services are a common example.
Part of the surface of the garment may have retroreflective
stripes. This way they become much more visible in the dark for observers near a light source, such as the driver of a car with its headlights on. The pattern of the retroreflecting parts also helps to distinguish between objects and people. Area reflective fabric has proven to be the most effective way of outlining the body, so that drivers can distinguish a human shape at night.
For greater visibility during the daytime, very bright colours are used for the main body of the garment by means of fluorescent material.
Examples include pedestrians, workers, cyclists, motorcyclists, hunters and hikers.
The attention-gaining nature of high-visibility clothing has also led to its occasional use as a fashion statement.
Federal law in the United States requires all personnel working on a federally funded highway to wear a high-visibility vest starting on November 25, 2008.
Firefighters are only excluded from this requirement while actively engaged in firefighting activities or hazardous materials situations. At all other times, high visibility clothing must be worn.
In addition, paramedics, police officers not engaged in law enforcement activities (i.e. traffic stops), tow truck operators, and road workers are required by law to wear high visibility clothing.
In the UK, Health and Safety regulations state that anyone working in a low-visibility environment, or where there is a risk of not being easily seen, high-visibility clothing must be worn. An example is given below:
. Fluorescent orange jackets, known as "fire-flies", were issued to track workers on the Pollokshields
to electrified section in Glasgow; they were later tried in other areas, such as Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Inverness. Train drivers operating in these areas were asked their opinion as to the effectiveness of the jackets. Following trials, high-visibility clothing was issued to engineering and other staff working on the electrified lines of BR's London Midland Region in 1965. It was thought to be more important due to the higher speeds of the newly electrified WCML route from Euston to Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham. The first version was worn as a jerkin and was "visible at ... half a mile in normal weather conditions." In the UK, it is a requirement of Network Rail
that all personnel working on or around the track wear high-visibility clothing (or HV gear as it is known).
The rate of deaths and injuries on the rail network has been reduced considerably since the early 1970s when high-visibility clothing and the acceptance of the need for it became common. HV Clothing then was very low tech, usually just a simple yellow or orange tabbard (similar to those worn in netball
).
Since then, features of HV clothing such as the EN510 quick release standard and the EN471 High Visibility standard, have improved the effectiveness and contributed to improved safety for rail workers.
High-visibility elements have been incorporated into many styles of jacket and other items.
These can include:
Many of the garments listed also come with Gore-Tex
fabrics.
High-visibility clothing can also be embroidered or printed with names or logos.
and a New Zealand study found that high-visibility clothing significantly reduced multiple vehicle accidents involving motorcycles.
A 2009 Australian study found that fluorescent vests were not a significant improvement on black clothing at night, and that retro-reflective strips were more effective when attached to knees and ankles than on a more or less static jacket. Reference: Wood, J.M. et al. 2009. Drivers' and cyclists' experiences of sharing the road: Incidents, attitudes and perceptions of visibility. Accident Analysis & Prevention 41: 772-776. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2009.03.014.
In Germany and the Czech Republic only commercially used vehicles have to provide a vest.
published a standard for high-visibility clothing in 1999. The standard defines three classes of successively more-visible garments, to protect workers exposed to successively higher levels of risk from motor vehicle
s and heavy equipment.
ANSI/ISEA 107-1999 is a voluntary industry consensus standard; however, Occupational Safety regulations support its implementation by employers whose employees are at risk from motor traffic or heavy equipment.
The changes have different requirements for fluorescent background material, specifically allowing for a shorter design that allows equipment belt access. It also includes many optional features, such as a 5-point breakaway design for easy removal, panels readily identifying the wearer as an emergency responder, and radio and badge pockets/holders.
The ANSI Standard specifies performance requirements for high-visibility safety apparel and headwear PPE. Performance requirements are included for color, retroreflection, and minimum areas, as well as the recommended configurations of the materials and design. The amount of background and reflective material remains unchanged for all 107 Classes. However, a class 1 or a class 2 garment must now have reflective material in the shoulder area. The objective of this change was to provide greater visibility when a worker is bending over, or at angles that could be potentially missed on a garment without “vertical” reflective material over the shoulders.
ANSI 107-2010 takes on a different approach and requires all FR (Flame Resistant) garments to fall within at least 1 of 7 ASTM or NFPA test methods. It includes a description of flame resistance criteria and intended application for the various test methods referenced. If a manufacturer wants to mark high-visibility apparel as being FR, the garment must meet one of the FR tests in the 107-2010 Standard and certify its conformance to the FR requirement. For specific test methods, a copy of the new 107-2010 Standard can be purchased directly from the ISEA.
There are three levels of protection:
Class 1
Class 1 defines the lowest visibility level
e.g. High-visibility trousers with two 5 cm reflective bands around each leg. These become Class 3 when worn with a Class 3 jacket.
Class 2
The class 2 defines an intermediary visibility level. Example: vests. Two 5 cm bands of reflective around body or on one 5 cm band around body and braces to both shoulders.
Class 3
The class 3 defines the highest level of visibility. Example jacket with long sleeves, jacket and trouser suit. Two 5 cm bands of reflective tape around the body, arms and braces over both shoulders.
Personal protective equipment
Personal protective equipment refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garment or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury by blunt impacts, electrical hazards, heat, chemicals, and infection, for job-related occupational safety and health purposes, and in...
(PPE), is any clothing
Clothing
Clothing refers to any covering for the human body that is worn. The wearing of clothing is exclusively a human characteristic and is a feature of nearly all human societies...
worn that has highly reflective
Reflection (physics)
Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two differentmedia so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated. Common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves...
properties or a colour that is easily discernible from any background. Yellow waistcoats worn by emergency services are a common example.
Part of the surface of the garment may have retroreflective
Retroreflector
A retroreflector is a device or surface that reflects light back to its source with a minimum scattering of light. An electromagnetic wave front is reflected back along a vector that is parallel to but opposite in direction from the wave's source. The device or surface's angle of incidence is...
stripes. This way they become much more visible in the dark for observers near a light source, such as the driver of a car with its headlights on. The pattern of the retroreflecting parts also helps to distinguish between objects and people. Area reflective fabric has proven to be the most effective way of outlining the body, so that drivers can distinguish a human shape at night.
For greater visibility during the daytime, very bright colours are used for the main body of the garment by means of fluorescent material.
Users
In general, people who wear high-visibility clothing are those who need to be seen during poor lighting or weather conditions, or when working in environments where there is a lot of moving machinery.Examples include pedestrians, workers, cyclists, motorcyclists, hunters and hikers.
The attention-gaining nature of high-visibility clothing has also led to its occasional use as a fashion statement.
Federal law in the United States requires all personnel working on a federally funded highway to wear a high-visibility vest starting on November 25, 2008.
Firefighters are only excluded from this requirement while actively engaged in firefighting activities or hazardous materials situations. At all other times, high visibility clothing must be worn.
In addition, paramedics, police officers not engaged in law enforcement activities (i.e. traffic stops), tow truck operators, and road workers are required by law to wear high visibility clothing.
In the UK, Health and Safety regulations state that anyone working in a low-visibility environment, or where there is a risk of not being easily seen, high-visibility clothing must be worn. An example is given below:
Application for rail workers in the UK
Experimental use of high-visibility clothing began in 1964 on the Scottish RegionScottish Region of British Railways
The Scottish Region was one of the six regions created on British Railways and consisted of ex-London, Midland and Scottish Railway and ex-London and North Eastern Railway lines in Scotland...
. Fluorescent orange jackets, known as "fire-flies", were issued to track workers on the Pollokshields
Pollokshields East railway station
Pollokshields East railway station is one of two railway stations serving Pollokshields in Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by First ScotRail and lies on the Cathcart Circle Line.- 2008 :...
to electrified section in Glasgow; they were later tried in other areas, such as Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Inverness. Train drivers operating in these areas were asked their opinion as to the effectiveness of the jackets. Following trials, high-visibility clothing was issued to engineering and other staff working on the electrified lines of BR's London Midland Region in 1965. It was thought to be more important due to the higher speeds of the newly electrified WCML route from Euston to Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham. The first version was worn as a jerkin and was "visible at ... half a mile in normal weather conditions." In the UK, it is a requirement of Network Rail
Network Rail
Network Rail is the government-created owner and operator of most of the rail infrastructure in Great Britain .; it is not responsible for railway infrastructure in Northern Ireland...
that all personnel working on or around the track wear high-visibility clothing (or HV gear as it is known).
The rate of deaths and injuries on the rail network has been reduced considerably since the early 1970s when high-visibility clothing and the acceptance of the need for it became common. HV Clothing then was very low tech, usually just a simple yellow or orange tabbard (similar to those worn in netball
Netball
Netball is a ball sport played between two teams of seven players. Its development, derived from early versions of basketball, began in England in the 1890s. By 1960 international playing rules had been standardised for the game, and the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball ...
).
Since then, features of HV clothing such as the EN510 quick release standard and the EN471 High Visibility standard, have improved the effectiveness and contributed to improved safety for rail workers.
High-visibility elements have been incorporated into many styles of jacket and other items.
These can include:
- Wet weather coats (both breathable and non breathable)
- Over trousers (both breathable and non breathable)
- Rucksacks
- Laptop bags
- Carry bags
- Shopping bags
- T-Shirts and Polo Shirts
- Waist coats (both with the EN510 standard and without, as well as flame retardant types)
- Body warmers
- Fleeces
- Sweatshirts
- Bomber jackets (both breathable and non breathable)
- Boilersuits (both fire retardant and non)
- Salopets
Many of the garments listed also come with Gore-Tex
Gore-Tex
Gore-Tex is a waterproof/breathable fabric, and a registered trademark of W. L. Gore and Associates. It was co-invented by Wilbert L. Gore, Rowena Taylor, and Gore's son, Robert W. Gore. Robert Gore was granted on April 27, 1976, for a porous form of polytetrafluoroethylene with a...
fabrics.
High-visibility clothing can also be embroidered or printed with names or logos.
Effectiveness
While it seems intuitively obvious that high-visibility clothing should make its wearer easier for vehicle operators, hunters, etc., to see and avoid, there are surprisingly few studies to quantify the effectiveness of high-visibility clothing for particular classes of users.Motorcyclists
The Hurt ReportHurt Report
The Hurt Report was a motorcycle safety study conducted in the United States, initiated in 1976 and published in 1981. The report is named after its primary author, Professor Harry Hurt.Noted motorcycle journalist David L...
and a New Zealand study found that high-visibility clothing significantly reduced multiple vehicle accidents involving motorcycles.
Bicyclists
Traffic risks to the bicyclist are similar to those faced by motorcyclists (see ), with the main differences being that bicycling speeds are typically lower, and the bicyclist wears less protective gear. Nonetheless, there seems to be even less research on the effectiveness of high-visibility clothing for the bicyclist than for the motorcyclist. However, a number of vendors market high-visibility clothing for bicyclists. From a good vantage point along a road or cycleway with a sight line of 1 km or more, one can watch bicyclists approaching during daylight, and see that those clad in high-visibility clothing become readily visible long before dull-clad bicyclists riding next to them . Research is needed to quantify the extent to which this plainly evident conspicuity advantage might translate into fewer bike/car collisions. Recent studies have shown that the most critical distance the driver actually needs to see those wearing the gear, is at the distance of 50 meters. From 1 km away, a bicyclist would be barely visible regardless of the visibility of his gear. The critical detection distance is the crucial point where a bicyclist must be detected, because that is the point where most drivers will focus their attention.A 2009 Australian study found that fluorescent vests were not a significant improvement on black clothing at night, and that retro-reflective strips were more effective when attached to knees and ankles than on a more or less static jacket. Reference: Wood, J.M. et al. 2009. Drivers' and cyclists' experiences of sharing the road: Incidents, attitudes and perceptions of visibility. Accident Analysis & Prevention 41: 772-776. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2009.03.014.
Drivers
Bulgarian, Belgian, French, Italian, Norwegian, Austrian, Portuguese, Serbian, Slovakian, Slovenian and Spanish law demand that every vehicle be provided with a high-visibility vest with reflective material certified according to EU standards that is to be worn in emergency situations that force the driver to exit the vehicle. Contrary to common belief, the driver is not required to exit the vehicle wearing high-visibility clothing. However, the law demands that the driver wear it before any attempt to repair the vehicle.In Germany and the Czech Republic only commercially used vehicles have to provide a vest.
Standards
Various ISO member bodies have published similar standards for high-visibility clothing to be worn as personal protective equipment.ANSI/ISEA 107-1999
The American National Standards InstituteAmerican National Standards Institute
The American National Standards Institute is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international...
published a standard for high-visibility clothing in 1999. The standard defines three classes of successively more-visible garments, to protect workers exposed to successively higher levels of risk from motor vehicle
Motor vehicle
A motor vehicle or road vehicle is a self-propelled wheeled vehicle that does not operate on rails, such as trains or trolleys. The vehicle propulsion is provided by an engine or motor, usually by an internal combustion engine, or an electric motor, or some combination of the two, such as hybrid...
s and heavy equipment.
ANSI/ISEA 107-1999 is a voluntary industry consensus standard; however, Occupational Safety regulations support its implementation by employers whose employees are at risk from motor traffic or heavy equipment.
ANSI/ISEA 207-2006
In 2006, ANSI released the 207-2006, or American National Standard for High-Visibility Public Safety Vests, in response to issues raised by public safety officials with respect to the ANSI 107 vest design. Their concerns were both tactical and influenced by a need to differentiate between law enforcement/emergency personnel and the vests worn by construction workers.The changes have different requirements for fluorescent background material, specifically allowing for a shorter design that allows equipment belt access. It also includes many optional features, such as a 5-point breakaway design for easy removal, panels readily identifying the wearer as an emergency responder, and radio and badge pockets/holders.
ANSI/ISEA 107-2010
January 8, 2010 marked the date for the new highly anticipated revision to the 107-2004 high-visibility Standard. The Standard is updated every 5 years and is now labeled ANSI/ISEA 107-2010.The ANSI Standard specifies performance requirements for high-visibility safety apparel and headwear PPE. Performance requirements are included for color, retroreflection, and minimum areas, as well as the recommended configurations of the materials and design. The amount of background and reflective material remains unchanged for all 107 Classes. However, a class 1 or a class 2 garment must now have reflective material in the shoulder area. The objective of this change was to provide greater visibility when a worker is bending over, or at angles that could be potentially missed on a garment without “vertical” reflective material over the shoulders.
ANSI 107-2010 takes on a different approach and requires all FR (Flame Resistant) garments to fall within at least 1 of 7 ASTM or NFPA test methods. It includes a description of flame resistance criteria and intended application for the various test methods referenced. If a manufacturer wants to mark high-visibility apparel as being FR, the garment must meet one of the FR tests in the 107-2010 Standard and certify its conformance to the FR requirement. For specific test methods, a copy of the new 107-2010 Standard can be purchased directly from the ISEA.
EN 471:2003
A European Standard for high-visibility clothing. It deals with High-Visibility Specifications.There are three levels of protection:
Class 1
Class 1 defines the lowest visibility level
e.g. High-visibility trousers with two 5 cm reflective bands around each leg. These become Class 3 when worn with a Class 3 jacket.
Class 2
The class 2 defines an intermediary visibility level. Example: vests. Two 5 cm bands of reflective around body or on one 5 cm band around body and braces to both shoulders.
Class 3
The class 3 defines the highest level of visibility. Example jacket with long sleeves, jacket and trouser suit. Two 5 cm bands of reflective tape around the body, arms and braces over both shoulders.
IHVCA
The International High Visibility Clothing Association found numerous flaws with the prevailing EN471:2003 and ANSI/ISEA 107-2010 standards. Published science and theory proves that the current specifications fail to show a consistency with the coefficient of retroreflection (RA) for Entrance Angles and Observation Angles in relation to the Critical Detection Distance. More stress is focused on the need for reflective tapes than the safety and well being of the end user. The issue is yet to be resolved.CSA-Z96
The Canadian Standard for high-visibility clothing is similar to the EN 471 and ANSI 107 standards but allows for "bright colours" to be used in flame resistant applications and has specific design requirements including requirement to have an "X" style reflective trim on the back of the garment to designate to the driver if the worker is facing away. The bright colour requirement means more fabric materils can be used under the flame resistant requirements in Canada than in the EU or the US but the other requirements are basically the same.See also
- Chartreuse yellow (also called neon yellow)
- Display (zoology)Display (zoology)Display is a form of animal behaviour, linked to survival of the species in various ways. One example of display used by some species can be found in the form of courtship, with the male usually having a striking feature that is distinguished by colour, shape or size, used to attract a female...
- high-visibility in nature - Safety orangeSafety orangeSafety orange is a hue. Its deeper, more saturated shade is known as international orange...
(also called blaze orange, hunter orange) - ScotchliteScotchliteScotchlite is a retroreflective material made by 3M. Its primary use is in nighttime high-visibility applications, such as 'reflective tape' for cyclists, safety vests for road workers, or the front of many traffic signs...
- Retroreflective