Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property and Growth
Encyclopedia
The Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property and Growth, or Digital Opportunity - A review of Intellectual Property and Growth, was an independent review of the United Kingdom
's intellectual property
(IP) system, focusing on UK copyright law. Professor Ian Hargreaves
was commissioned to chair a review of how the IP framework supports economic growth and innovation in November 2010 by Prime Minister
David Cameron
. The review was published in May 2011 and made 10 recommendations to "ensure that the UK has an IP framework best suited to supporting innovation and promoting economic growth in the digital age".
only 25 have been implemented. According to the Hargreaves review "on copyright issues, lobbying on behalf of rights owners has been more persuasive to Ministers than economic impact assessments." Therefore the Hargreaves review adopted the importance of an IP framework which adapts well to change in technology and markets as guiding theme. The Hargreaves review found that IP policy making in the UK is not evidence based, a criticism that had already been made in the 1970s by the Banks Review and the 2006 Gowers Review. In the foreword to the review Professor Ian Hargreaves
summarised what he calls "David Cameron's exam question" as "Could it be true that laws designed more than three centuries ago with the express purpose of creating economic incentives for innovation by protecting creators' rights are today obstructing innovation and economic growth?" According to Hargreaves "The short answer is: yes. We have found that the UK's intellectual property framework, especially with regard to copyright, is falling behind what is needed."
According to the review intellectual property
(IP) policy is an increasingly important tool for stimulating economic growth. However, the proliferating use of IP rights can increase IP transaction costs and prevent small innovative companies from entering the market. Digital creative industries rank third in UK exports, behind advanced engineering and financial and professional services. According to the review the further global growth of these businesses requires an efficient digital market in the UK where copyright is licensed speedily and effectively. The review noted the need for IP law to adapt to change as digital communication technology involves the routine copying of text, images and data. But finds that the IP framework has fallen behind and now acts as a regulatory barrier to the creation of new internet based businesses. The review concludes that in order to allow the UK Intellectual Property Office
(IPO) to support innovation and promote economic growth on the basis of evidence, institutional changes need to be made. It recommends that for the first time since its creation as the Patent Office, the IPO should be given an overarching legal mandate to pursue economic objectives, and the powers necessary to make evidence based recommendations to for example the UK competition authorities.
, News International
, Pearson
, Reed Elsevier
, UK photographers, and the European Publishers Council. On the basis of these submissions the review concluded that there is a need to make it easier for large and small copyright owners to sell licences in their work and for others to buy them. Market transaction need to be faster, more automated and cheaper to establish a UK market in digital copyright where disputes are readily resolved without costly litigation. Easier cross border licensing in the EU and bulk licensing of digital content through collective rights management
by collecting societies could allow the UK to build its competitive advantage and become the centre for IP matters in the European time zone.
, nor does UK copyright law allow libraries to archive all digital copyright material. Taking full advantage of the EU sanctioned exceptions would, according to the review, bring cultural and economic benefits, as well as making copyright law better understood and more acceptable to the public. According to the review "the copyright regime cannot be considered fit for the digital age when millions of citizens are in daily breach of copyright, simply for shifting a piece of music or video form one device to another. People are confused about what is allowed and what is not, with the risk that the law falls into disrepute." According to the review the UK could achieve many of the benefits of the US fair use
doctrine by fully implementing the copyright exceptions permitted under EU law. In order to future proof copyright law so that it accommodates future technological developments and activities which do not threaten the interest of copyright owners, the UK should argue for additional copyright exceptions at EU level.
the review found "that very little of it is supported by transparent research criteria. Meanwhile sales and profitability in most creative business sectors appear to be holding up relatively well." The review concludes that many creative businesses are experiencing turbulences due to digital copyright infringement, "but that at the level of the whole economy, measurable impacts are not as stark as is sometimes suggested." Existing research indicates that tougher enforcement alone will not solve the problem of copyright infringement and the review recommends that the UK Government should respond in four ways: by modernising copyright law, through education, through enforcement and by doing all it can to encourage open and competitive markets in licensed digital content to increase legitimate digital content at prices which appeal to consumers. According to the review "strong online enforcement measures made possible by the Digital Economy Act should be carefully monitored so that the approach can be adjusted in the light of evidence". The review acknowledges the importance of smaller companies to innovation and job creation and concludes that the advice and information provided to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) on IP is insufficient. The review recommends that SMEs should be given access to lower cost IP advice and for the establishment of a small claims track to better resolve the many lower value IP disputes involving SMEs.
available through the exchange and will encourage public bodies to do likewise. The Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills Vince Cable announced at the 3 August press conference that a "champion" would be appointed to lead the work. According to the government implementing the copyright exceptions permitted under the InfoSoc Directive would be beneficial and that copyright exceptions should not be undermined by contracts. Proposals for a limited private copying exception, an exception for parody
, and broader exceptions for non-commercial research and library archiving in UK copyright law are to be published in autumn 2011.
The government announced that proposals for the commercial and cultural uses of orphan works, works for which the copyright owner is not known or cannot be traced, would also be published in autumn 2011. Safeguards for the protection of copyright owners, such as a requirement for a diligent search, licensing at market rates and provisions for copyright owners who come forward at a later stage, are to be put in place. The government announced that it would respond to "concerns" about collecting societies and in order to promote good practice minimum standards for voluntary codes would be published early 2012. A "backstop power" was to be made available where a collecting society has failed to introduce or meet the minimum standards. The government also committed to introducing a small claims track in the Patents County Court
(PCC), which is to be renamed the Intellectual Property County Court, for cases worth less than £5,000 ($8,000). The small claims track would be designed to provide access to the courts in straightforward, low-value disputes, and should particularly benefit small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in relation to copyright, design and possibly trade mark cases.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
's intellectual property
Intellectual property
Intellectual property is a term referring to a number of distinct types of creations of the mind for which a set of exclusive rights are recognized—and the corresponding fields of law...
(IP) system, focusing on UK copyright law. Professor Ian Hargreaves
Ian Hargreaves
Prof Ian Richard Hargreaves is Professor of Journalism at the Centre for Journalism Studies at Cardiff University, Wales, UK...
was commissioned to chair a review of how the IP framework supports economic growth and innovation in November 2010 by Prime Minister
Prime minister
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime...
David Cameron
David Cameron
David William Donald Cameron is the current Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First Lord of the Treasury, Minister for the Civil Service and Leader of the Conservative Party. Cameron represents Witney as its Member of Parliament ....
. The review was published in May 2011 and made 10 recommendations to "ensure that the UK has an IP framework best suited to supporting innovation and promoting economic growth in the digital age".
Findings of the review
According to the Hargreaves review the frequency of major IP reviews in the UK indicates the shortcomings of the UK system. There have been four major IP reviews in the past six years, and of the 54 recommendations of the 2006 Gowers Review of Intellectual PropertyGowers Review of Intellectual Property
The Gowers Review of Intellectual Property was an independent review of UK intellectual property focusing on UK copyright law that was published in December 2006. The then Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown commissioned Andrew Gowers to lead the review in December 2005. The Review was...
only 25 have been implemented. According to the Hargreaves review "on copyright issues, lobbying on behalf of rights owners has been more persuasive to Ministers than economic impact assessments." Therefore the Hargreaves review adopted the importance of an IP framework which adapts well to change in technology and markets as guiding theme. The Hargreaves review found that IP policy making in the UK is not evidence based, a criticism that had already been made in the 1970s by the Banks Review and the 2006 Gowers Review. In the foreword to the review Professor Ian Hargreaves
Ian Hargreaves
Prof Ian Richard Hargreaves is Professor of Journalism at the Centre for Journalism Studies at Cardiff University, Wales, UK...
summarised what he calls "David Cameron's exam question" as "Could it be true that laws designed more than three centuries ago with the express purpose of creating economic incentives for innovation by protecting creators' rights are today obstructing innovation and economic growth?" According to Hargreaves "The short answer is: yes. We have found that the UK's intellectual property framework, especially with regard to copyright, is falling behind what is needed."
According to the review intellectual property
Intellectual property
Intellectual property is a term referring to a number of distinct types of creations of the mind for which a set of exclusive rights are recognized—and the corresponding fields of law...
(IP) policy is an increasingly important tool for stimulating economic growth. However, the proliferating use of IP rights can increase IP transaction costs and prevent small innovative companies from entering the market. Digital creative industries rank third in UK exports, behind advanced engineering and financial and professional services. According to the review the further global growth of these businesses requires an efficient digital market in the UK where copyright is licensed speedily and effectively. The review noted the need for IP law to adapt to change as digital communication technology involves the routine copying of text, images and data. But finds that the IP framework has fallen behind and now acts as a regulatory barrier to the creation of new internet based businesses. The review concludes that in order to allow the UK Intellectual Property Office
Intellectual Property Office
There are several organizations and public offices named Intellectual Property Office or Office for Intellectual Property, including:* Barbados Corporate Affairs and Intellectual Property Office * Benelux Office for Intellectual Property...
(IPO) to support innovation and promote economic growth on the basis of evidence, institutional changes need to be made. It recommends that for the first time since its creation as the Patent Office, the IPO should be given an overarching legal mandate to pursue economic objectives, and the powers necessary to make evidence based recommendations to for example the UK competition authorities.
Copyright licensing
The review notes that numerous respondents to the review call for evidence made submissions on the defects in copyright licensing, including the CBICBI
- Places and installations :* Cape Breton Island, part of Nova Scotia, Canada* Center for Biomedical Imaging, a research facility of Boston University Medical Center* Central Bukidnon Institute, a secondary school in the Philippines...
, News International
News International
News International Ltd is the United Kingdom newspaper publishing division of News Corporation. Until June 2002, it was called News International plc....
, Pearson
Pearson
Pearson may refer to:In places:*Pearson, California *Pearson, Georgia, a US city*Pearson, Texas, an unincorporated community in the US*Pearson, Victoria, a ghost town in Australia....
, Reed Elsevier
Reed Elsevier
Reed Elsevier is a publisher and information provider operating in the science, medical, legal, risk and business sectors. It is listed on several of the world's major stock exchanges. It is a FTSE 100 and FT500 Global company...
, UK photographers, and the European Publishers Council. On the basis of these submissions the review concluded that there is a need to make it easier for large and small copyright owners to sell licences in their work and for others to buy them. Market transaction need to be faster, more automated and cheaper to establish a UK market in digital copyright where disputes are readily resolved without costly litigation. Easier cross border licensing in the EU and bulk licensing of digital content through collective rights management
Collective rights management
Collective rights management is the licensing of copyright and related rights by organizations acting on behalf of rights owners. Collective management organisations, such as collecting societies, typically represent groups of copyright and related rights owners, such as authors, composers,...
by collecting societies could allow the UK to build its competitive advantage and become the centre for IP matters in the European time zone.
Copyright exceptions
The review also urges the UK Government to "take long overdue action to update copyright law in ways designed to increase consumer confidence in the way the law works". According to the review scientific data and text mining techniques are prohibited by UK copyright law. Noting that the UK has chosen not to implement all copyright exceptions permitted under EU law, the review draws attention to the fact that UK copyright law does not allow individuals to "shift the format of a piece of music or video for personal use", to make use of a copyrighted work in parodyParody
A parody , in current usage, is an imitative work created to mock, comment on, or trivialise an original work, its subject, author, style, or some other target, by means of humorous, satiric or ironic imitation...
, nor does UK copyright law allow libraries to archive all digital copyright material. Taking full advantage of the EU sanctioned exceptions would, according to the review, bring cultural and economic benefits, as well as making copyright law better understood and more acceptable to the public. According to the review "the copyright regime cannot be considered fit for the digital age when millions of citizens are in daily breach of copyright, simply for shifting a piece of music or video form one device to another. People are confused about what is allowed and what is not, with the risk that the law falls into disrepute." According to the review the UK could achieve many of the benefits of the US fair use
Fair use
Fair use is a limitation and exception to the exclusive right granted by copyright law to the author of a creative work. In United States copyright law, fair use is a doctrine that permits limited use of copyrighted material without acquiring permission from the rights holders...
doctrine by fully implementing the copyright exceptions permitted under EU law. In order to future proof copyright law so that it accommodates future technological developments and activities which do not threaten the interest of copyright owners, the UK should argue for additional copyright exceptions at EU level.
Copyright infringement
On the basis of a UK and international data on the level of copyright infringementCopyright infringement
Copyright infringement is the unauthorized or prohibited use of works under copyright, infringing the copyright holder's exclusive rights, such as the right to reproduce or perform the copyrighted work, or to make derivative works.- "Piracy" :...
the review found "that very little of it is supported by transparent research criteria. Meanwhile sales and profitability in most creative business sectors appear to be holding up relatively well." The review concludes that many creative businesses are experiencing turbulences due to digital copyright infringement, "but that at the level of the whole economy, measurable impacts are not as stark as is sometimes suggested." Existing research indicates that tougher enforcement alone will not solve the problem of copyright infringement and the review recommends that the UK Government should respond in four ways: by modernising copyright law, through education, through enforcement and by doing all it can to encourage open and competitive markets in licensed digital content to increase legitimate digital content at prices which appeal to consumers. According to the review "strong online enforcement measures made possible by the Digital Economy Act should be carefully monitored so that the approach can be adjusted in the light of evidence". The review acknowledges the importance of smaller companies to innovation and job creation and concludes that the advice and information provided to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) on IP is insufficient. The review recommends that SMEs should be given access to lower cost IP advice and for the establishment of a small claims track to better resolve the many lower value IP disputes involving SMEs.
Patents and design
The review also found that the UK patent and design system needs to adapt to changing circumstances. According to the review technological developments and a very strong growth in the levels of patenting, especially in computer programs and telecommunications, has led to the emergence of so called patent thickets which obstruct entry to markets and hinder innovation. The growing design sector is the largest source of intangible investment in the UK economy and the emergence of 3D printing has increased the need for a thourough reassessment of IP and design.Recommendations
- 1. Evidence: "Government should ensure that development of the IP System is driven as far as possible by objective evidence. Policy should balance measurable economic objectives against social goals and potential benefits for rights holders against impacts on consumers and other interests. These concerns will be of particular importance in assessing future claims to extend rights or in determining desirable limits to rights."
- 2. International priorities: "The UK should resolutely pursue its international interests in IP, particularly with respect to emerging economies such as China and India, based upon positions grounded in economic evidence. It should attach the highest immediate priority to achieving a unified EU patent court and EU patent system, which promises significant economic benefits to UK business. The UK should work to make the Patent Cooperation TreatyPatent Cooperation TreatyThe Patent Cooperation Treaty is an international patent law treaty, concluded in 1970. It provides a unified procedure for filing patent applications to protect inventions in each of its contracting states...
a more effective vehicle for international processing of patent applications." - 3. Copyright licensing: "In order to boost UK firms’ access to transparent, contestable and global digital markets, the UK should establish a cross sectoral Digital Copyright Exchange. Government should appoint a senior figure to oversee its design and implementation by the end of 2012. A range of incentives and disincentives will be needed to encourage rights holders and others to take part. Governance should reflect the interests of participants, working to an agreed code of practice. The UK should support moves by the European Commission to establish a framework for cross border copyright licensing, with clear benefits to the UK as a major exporter of copyright works. Collecting societies should be required by law to adopt codes of practice, approved by the IPO and the UK competition authorities, to ensure that they operate in a way that is consistent with the further development of efficient, open markets."
- 4. Orphan works: "The Government should legislate to enable licensing of orphan works. This should establish extended collective licensingExtended collective licensingExtended collective licensing are collective copyright and related rights laws and licensing agreements. ECL agreements by law extend to rights owners who are not members of the collecting society agreeing the licence with a user...
for mass licensing of orphan works, and a clearance procedure for use of individual works. In both cases, a work should only be treated as an orphan if it cannot be found by search of the databases involved in the proposed Digital Copyright Exchange." - 5. Limits to copyright: "Government should firmly resist over regulation of activities which do not prejudice the central objective of copyright, namely the provision of incentives to creators. Government should deliver copyright exceptions at national level to realise all the opportunities within the EU framework, including format shiftingFormat shiftingFormat shifting is the conversion of media files into different formats. This may be required to play the media on different devices, for example when converting or ripping audio files on CDs into digital formats such as MP3...
, parody, non-commercial research, and library archiving. The UK should also promote at EU level an exception to support textText miningText mining, sometimes alternately referred to as text data mining, roughly equivalent to text analytics, refers to the process of deriving high-quality information from text. High-quality information is typically derived through the devising of patterns and trends through means such as...
and data analytics. The UK should give a lead at EU level to develop a further copyright exception designed to build into the EU framework adaptability to new technologies. This would be designed to allow uses enabled by technology of works in ways which do not directly trade on the underlying creative and expressive purpose of the work. The Government should also legislate to ensure that these and other copyright exceptions are protected from override by contract." - 6. Patent thickets and other obstructions to innovation: In order to limit the effects of these barriers to innovation, the Government should: take a leading role in promoting international efforts to cut backlogs and manage the boom in patent applications by further extending “work sharing” with patent offices in other countries; work to ensure patents are not extended into sectors, such as non-technical computer programs and business methods, which they do not currently cover, without clear evidence of benefit; investigate ways of limiting adverse consequences of patent thickets, including by working with international partners to establish a patent fee structure set by reference to innovation and growth goals rather than solely by reference to patent office running costs. The structure of patent renewal fees might be adjusted to encourage patentees to assess more carefully the value of maintaining lower value patents, so reducing the density of patent thickets."
- 7. The design industry: The role of IP in supporting this important branch of the creative economy has been neglected. In the next 12 months, the IPO should conduct an evidence based assessment of the relationship between design rights and innovation, with a view to establishing a firmer basis for evaluating policy at the UK and European level. The assessment should include exploration with design interests of whether access to the proposed Digital Copyright Exchange would help creators protect and market their designs and help users better achieve legally compliant access to designs."
- 8. Enforcement of IP rights: "The Government should pursue an integrated approach based upon enforcement, education and, crucially, measures to strengthen and grow legitimate markets in copyright and other IP protected fields. When the enforcement regime set out in the Digital Economy Act 2010Digital Economy Act 2010The Digital Economy Act 2010 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom regulating digital media. Introduced by Peter Mandelson, Lord Mandelson, it received Royal Assent on 8 April 2010, and came into force on 8 June 2010 The Digital Economy Act 2010 (c. 24) is an Act of the Parliament of...
becomes operational next year its impact should be carefully monitored and compared with experience in other countries, in order to provide the insight needed to adjust enforcement mechanisms as market conditions evolve. This is urgent and Ofcom should not wait until then to establish its benchmarks and begin building data on trends. In order to support rights holders in enforcing their rights the Government should introduce a small claims track for low monetary value IP claims in the Patents County Court." - 9. Small firm access to IP advice: "The IPO should draw up plans to improve accessibility of the IP system to smaller companies who will benefit from it. This should involve access to lower cost providers of integrated IP legal and commercial advice."
- 10. An IP system responsive to change: The IPO should be given the necessary powers and mandate in law to ensure that it focuses on its central task of ensuring that the UK’s IP system promotes innovation and growth through efficient, contestable markets. It should be empowered to issue statutory opinions where these will help clarify copyright law. As an element of improved transparency and adaptability, Government should ensure that by the end of 2013, the IPO publishes an assessment of the impact of those measures advocated in this review which have been accepted by Government.".
UK Government endorsement
On the 3 August the UK government endorsed the recommendations of the review.Plans for the implementation of recommendations
The government announced that it would make arrangements to establish a Digital Copyright Exchange to facilitate copyright licensing and that the exchange would operate as a "genuine marketplace independent of sellers and purchasers" like amazon.com. A progress report is to be published by end 2011 and the exchange should be set up by the end of 2012. While government will not run the exchange, it will make works subject to Crown copyrightCrown copyright
Crown copyright is a form of copyright claim used by the governments of a number of Commonwealth realms. It provides special copyright rules for the Crown .- Australia :...
available through the exchange and will encourage public bodies to do likewise. The Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills Vince Cable announced at the 3 August press conference that a "champion" would be appointed to lead the work. According to the government implementing the copyright exceptions permitted under the InfoSoc Directive would be beneficial and that copyright exceptions should not be undermined by contracts. Proposals for a limited private copying exception, an exception for parody
Parody
A parody , in current usage, is an imitative work created to mock, comment on, or trivialise an original work, its subject, author, style, or some other target, by means of humorous, satiric or ironic imitation...
, and broader exceptions for non-commercial research and library archiving in UK copyright law are to be published in autumn 2011.
The government announced that proposals for the commercial and cultural uses of orphan works, works for which the copyright owner is not known or cannot be traced, would also be published in autumn 2011. Safeguards for the protection of copyright owners, such as a requirement for a diligent search, licensing at market rates and provisions for copyright owners who come forward at a later stage, are to be put in place. The government announced that it would respond to "concerns" about collecting societies and in order to promote good practice minimum standards for voluntary codes would be published early 2012. A "backstop power" was to be made available where a collecting society has failed to introduce or meet the minimum standards. The government also committed to introducing a small claims track in the Patents County Court
Patents County Court
In the legal system of Courts of England and Wales, the Patents County Court in London is an alternative venue to the Patents Court of the High Court for bringing legal cases involving certain matters concerning patents, registered designs and, more recently, trade marks, including Community trade...
(PCC), which is to be renamed the Intellectual Property County Court, for cases worth less than £5,000 ($8,000). The small claims track would be designed to provide access to the courts in straightforward, low-value disputes, and should particularly benefit small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in relation to copyright, design and possibly trade mark cases.