Haile Gerima
Encyclopedia
Haile Gerima is an Ethiopian
filmmaker
, who resides in the United States
. He is a leading member of the L.A. Rebellion
film movement, also known as the Los Angeles School of Black Filmmakers. His films have received wide international acclaim. Gerima has also been an influential film professor
at Howard University
in Washington, DC, since 1975. He is best known for the 1993 film, Sankofa.
He immigrated to the United States
in 1968. He pursued his interest by enrolling in acting classes at the Goodman School of Drama in Chicago. "When I was growing up," he told the Los Angeles Times, "I wanted to work in theater—it never occurred to me I could be a filmmaker because I was raised on Hollywood movies that pacified me to be subservient. Film making isn't encouraged or supported by the Ethiopian government." He felt limited by theater and was resigned, notes Francoise Pfaff, to "subservient roles in Western plays."
In 1970 he had discovered the power of cinema, and moved migrated to California to attend the University of California
, where he earned Bachelor's and Master's of Fine Arts degrees in film. At UCLA he joined the Los Angeles School of Black filmmakers
, along with Charles Burnett
("Killer of Sheep
"), Jamaa Fanaka
("Penitentiary"), Ben Caldwell
("I and I"), Larry Clark
and Julie Dash
(Daughters of the Dust
).
Other film makers whom Haile creditted as influencing him include Vittorio de Sica
, Fernando Solanas
, Tomás Gutiérrez Alea
, and Med Hondo
.
Gerima's 1976 "Bush Mama", produced during the period of film history known as the Blaxploitation
era, is in stark with that era as its depiction of the travails of Black life and culture are far removed from that of the drug deals and revenge killings of Superfly
(1972) and Foxy Brown (1976). The film is the story of Dorothy and her husband T.C., a discharged Vietnam veteran who thought he would return home to a hero's welcome. Instead, he is falsely arrested and imprisoned for a crime he did not commit. Theirs is a world of welfare, perennial unemployment, and despair. To some, the film may appear bleak and nihilistic with its stark black-and-white photography, but its message is moving and distinct. Issues of institutionalized racism, police brutality, and poverty remain sadly pertinent and the film, nearly 35 years old, retains its potency.
For the production of Mirt Sost Shi Amit (Harvest: 3,000 Years) Gerima returned to his native Ethiopia to produce the tale of a poor peasant family that ekes out an existence within a brutal, exploitative, and feudal system of labor.
1978's Wilmington 10—USA 10,000 exposed the impact of racism and the shortcomings of the criminal justice system by examining the infamous history of the nine Black men and one white woman who became known as the Wilmington 10.
After Winter: Sterling Brown
(1985) is a documentary about the famous Black poet Sterling Brown.
. This historically inspired dramatic tale of African resistance to slavery won international acclaim: awarded first prize at the African Film Festival in Milan, Italy; Best Cinematography at Africa's premier Festival of Pan African Countries known as FESPACO; and nominated for the Golden Bear at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival
, where it competed with other Hollywood films. In addition, the film captured the imagination of huge audiences across the United States, many of whom waited in long lines and filled theaters for weeks on end. In so doing, the film defied the notion that signing with mainstream distributors was the only option for filmmakers to have the public see their films. Guided by an independent philosophy, Gerima practiced an innovative strategy in distribution whose success remains unprecedented in African American film history.
"Spirit of the dead, rise up and claim your story!" as its haunting opening, it presents with brutal realism, the horrors of African slavery. The story is revealed through the eyes of Mona, a modern-day woman who is possessed by spirits and transported back in time as Shola, a house slave on the Lafayette plantation in Louisiana. The savagery and violence of the evil institution are clearly disturbing and go far beyond the safe and conventional images of slavery presented by Hollywood. In Sankofa, we hear the chilling sound of human flesh as it is seared with a hot branding iron and see the barren faces of the human cargo; women are stripped of all dignity and subject to the continual sexual exploitation of their owners; human necks are enclosed in iron shackles; and rape is used as a tool of terror and domination. Some panned Gerima for his stylistic flourishes but the response by the Black community was positive and enthusiastic. The film was well-received and played to full houses for many weeks in major cities.
Imperfect Journey (1994), is a BBC-commissioned film that explores the political and psychic recovery of the Ethiopian people after the atrocities and political repression or red terror of the military junta of Mengistu Haile Mariam
. The filmmaker questions the direction of the succeeding government and the will of the people in creating institutions guaranteeing their liberation.
1999's Adwa: An African Victory
is a compelling documentary drama of the history of the 1896 battle, which concluded the war in which the Ethiopian people united to defeat the Italian army. The film is skillfully interlaced with paintings, sound, music, rare historical photographs, and interviews of elders who recall the details of the story of the battle. It concludes with a dramatic recreation of the final battle.
(2008). Set in Ethiopia and Germany, the film chronicles the return of an Ethiopian intellectual to his country of birth during the repressive Marxist regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam and the recognition of his own displacement and powerlessness at the dissolution of his people's humanity and social values. After several years spent studying medicine in Germany, Anberber returns to Ethiopia only to find the country of his youth replaced by turmoil. His dream of using his craft to improve the health of Ethiopians is squashed by a military junta that uses scientists for their own political ends. Seeking the comfort of his countryside home, Anberber finds no refuge from violence. The solace that the memories of his youth provide is quickly replaced by the competing forces of military and rebelling factions. Anberber needs to decide whether he wants to bear the strain or piece together a life from the fragments that lie around him.
"I'm a third-world, independent filmmaker," declared Haile Gerima in a 1983 interview.
Though now well-established and respected as a filmmaker, Gerima, like many independent filmmakers, has failed to capture a mainstream audience, a reality he finds bittersweet. "I was never enamored of the film industry," he reveals in the San Francisco Chronicle. "Every Hollywood story is Eurocentric and if it isn't, then it will simply be disregarded. So I never wanted to be part of an industry that fails to represent the world as it really exists."
In spite of numerous limitations and against all odds, Gerima has succeeded in a tough industry for nearly 30 years and has emerged as one of the more potent outsider voices in the history of filmmaking.
Ethiopia
Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...
filmmaker
Film director
A film director is a person who directs the actors and film crew in filmmaking. They control a film's artistic and dramatic nathan roach, while guiding the technical crew and actors.-Responsibilities:...
, who resides in the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
. He is a leading member of the L.A. Rebellion
L.A. Rebellion
L.A. Rebellion film movement, sometimes referred to as the "Los Angeles School of Black Filmmakers", refers to the time from roughly the late-1960s to the late-1980s when a new generation of young African and African American filmmakers emerged from UCLA Film School to produce works that provided...
film movement, also known as the Los Angeles School of Black Filmmakers. His films have received wide international acclaim. Gerima has also been an influential film professor
Professor
A professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
at Howard University
Howard University
Howard University is a federally chartered, non-profit, private, coeducational, nonsectarian, historically black university located in Washington, D.C., United States...
in Washington, DC, since 1975. He is best known for the 1993 film, Sankofa.
Early years
Haile was born and raised in Gondar, Ethiopia. His father, a dramatist and playwright who traveled across the Ethiopian countryside staging local plays, was an important early influence.He immigrated to the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
in 1968. He pursued his interest by enrolling in acting classes at the Goodman School of Drama in Chicago. "When I was growing up," he told the Los Angeles Times, "I wanted to work in theater—it never occurred to me I could be a filmmaker because I was raised on Hollywood movies that pacified me to be subservient. Film making isn't encouraged or supported by the Ethiopian government." He felt limited by theater and was resigned, notes Francoise Pfaff, to "subservient roles in Western plays."
In 1970 he had discovered the power of cinema, and moved migrated to California to attend the University of California
University of California
The University of California is a public university system in the U.S. state of California. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a part of the state's three-tier public higher education system, which also includes the California State University...
, where he earned Bachelor's and Master's of Fine Arts degrees in film. At UCLA he joined the Los Angeles School of Black filmmakers
L.A. Rebellion
L.A. Rebellion film movement, sometimes referred to as the "Los Angeles School of Black Filmmakers", refers to the time from roughly the late-1960s to the late-1980s when a new generation of young African and African American filmmakers emerged from UCLA Film School to produce works that provided...
, along with Charles Burnett
Charles Burnett
Charles Burnett may refer to:*Charles Burnett , American film director*Charles Burnett , Scottish Officer of Arms*Charles Burnett , Royal Air Force officer and Australian Chief of the Air Staff...
("Killer of Sheep
Killer of Sheep
Killer of Sheep is a 1977 American film written, directed, produced and shot by Charles Burnett. It features Henry G. Sanders, Kaycee Moore, and Charles Bracy, among others. The drama depicts the culture of urban African-Americans in Los Angeles' Watts district...
"), Jamaa Fanaka
Jamaa Fanaka
Jamaa Fanaka is an American filmmaker. He is best known for his 1979 film, Penitentiary and is one of the leading directors of the L.A. Rebellion film movement.-Early life and education :...
("Penitentiary"), Ben Caldwell
Ben Caldwell (filmmaker)
Ben Caldwell is a Los Angeles-based arts educator and independent filmmaker.A native of New Mexico, Caldwell studied filmmaking at UCLA, at the same time as Charles Burnett, Julie Dash and Billy Woodberry, as part of a group of young artists who were to change African American independent...
("I and I"), Larry Clark
Larry Clark (filmmaker)
Larry Clark is one of the leading directors of the L.A. Rebellion . He directed the feature films, Passing Through and Cutting Horse...
and Julie Dash
Julie Dash
Julie Dash is a United States filmmaker. She directed Daughters of the Dust, which in 1991 became the first full-length film with general theatrical release in the United States by an African American woman...
(Daughters of the Dust
Daughters of the Dust
Daughters of the Dust is a 1991 independent film written, directed and produced by Julie Dash. It tells the story of three generations of Gullah women at the turn of the 20th century and focuses on the family's migration from the Sea Islands to the American mainland.Featuring an unusual narrative...
).
Other film makers whom Haile creditted as influencing him include Vittorio de Sica
Vittorio de Sica
Vittorio De Sica was an Italian director and actor, a leading figure in the neorealist movement....
, Fernando Solanas
Fernando Solanas
Fernando Ezequiel 'Pino' Solanas is an Argentine film director, screenwriter and politician....
, Tomás Gutiérrez Alea
Tomás Gutiérrez Alea
Tomás Gutiérrez Alea was a Cuban filmmaker. He wrote and directed more than 20 features, documentaries, and short films, which are known for his sharp insight into post-Revolutionary Cuba, and possess a delicate balance between dedication to the revolution and criticism of the social, economic,...
, and Med Hondo
Med Hondo
Med Hondo is a Mauritanian film director, producer, screenwriter, actor and voice actor. He emigrated to France in 1959 and began to work in film during the 1960s. He received critical acclaim for his 1967 directorial début Soleil O.-Biography:Hondo was born in 1936 in Ain Oul Beri Mathar in the...
.
Early films
By the time Gerima graduated in 1976, he had completed four films: Hour Glass (1972); Child of Resistance (1972); Bush Mama (1976); and Mirt Sost Shi Amit (also known as Harvest: 3,000 Years; 1976)Gerima's 1976 "Bush Mama", produced during the period of film history known as the Blaxploitation
Blaxploitation
Blaxploitation or blacksploitation is a film genre which emerged in the United States circa 1970. It is considered an ethnic sub-genre of the general category of exploitation films. Blaxploitation films were originally made specifically for an urban black audience, although the genre's audience...
era, is in stark with that era as its depiction of the travails of Black life and culture are far removed from that of the drug deals and revenge killings of Superfly
Superfly
The term Superfly or Super fly may refer to:*Super Fly , a landmark 1972 blaxploitation film**Super Fly , a Curtis Mayfield soundtrack to the film**"Superfly" , the album's title track...
(1972) and Foxy Brown (1976). The film is the story of Dorothy and her husband T.C., a discharged Vietnam veteran who thought he would return home to a hero's welcome. Instead, he is falsely arrested and imprisoned for a crime he did not commit. Theirs is a world of welfare, perennial unemployment, and despair. To some, the film may appear bleak and nihilistic with its stark black-and-white photography, but its message is moving and distinct. Issues of institutionalized racism, police brutality, and poverty remain sadly pertinent and the film, nearly 35 years old, retains its potency.
For the production of Mirt Sost Shi Amit (Harvest: 3,000 Years) Gerima returned to his native Ethiopia to produce the tale of a poor peasant family that ekes out an existence within a brutal, exploitative, and feudal system of labor.
1978's Wilmington 10—USA 10,000 exposed the impact of racism and the shortcomings of the criminal justice system by examining the infamous history of the nine Black men and one white woman who became known as the Wilmington 10.
Ashes and Embers and the 1980s
In 1982, he again focused his camera upon the travails of Black urban life in the two-hour Ashes and Embers, the story of a moody and disillusioned Black veteran of the Vietnam War.After Winter: Sterling Brown
After Winter: Sterling Brown (film)
After Winter: Sterling Brown is a documentary by Haile Gerima about the famous Black poet, Sterling Brown....
(1985) is a documentary about the famous Black poet Sterling Brown.
Sankofa and the 1990s
Gerima is perhaps best known as the writer, producer, and director of the acclaimed 1993 film SankofaSankofa (film)
Sankofa is a 1993 Burkinabé drama film directed by Haile Gerima.-Plot:The story follows Mona, a contemporary model, as she is visited by spirits lingering in the Cape Coast Castle in Ghana and travels to the past, where, as a house servant named Shola she is constantly abused by her slave masters...
. This historically inspired dramatic tale of African resistance to slavery won international acclaim: awarded first prize at the African Film Festival in Milan, Italy; Best Cinematography at Africa's premier Festival of Pan African Countries known as FESPACO; and nominated for the Golden Bear at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival
43rd Berlin International Film Festival
The 43rd annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from February 11 to 22, 1993.-Jury:* Frank Beyer * Juan Antonio Bardem* Michel Boujut* François Duplat* Katinka Faragó* Krystyna Janda* Naum Kleiman* Brock Peters...
, where it competed with other Hollywood films. In addition, the film captured the imagination of huge audiences across the United States, many of whom waited in long lines and filled theaters for weeks on end. In so doing, the film defied the notion that signing with mainstream distributors was the only option for filmmakers to have the public see their films. Guided by an independent philosophy, Gerima practiced an innovative strategy in distribution whose success remains unprecedented in African American film history.
"Spirit of the dead, rise up and claim your story!" as its haunting opening, it presents with brutal realism, the horrors of African slavery. The story is revealed through the eyes of Mona, a modern-day woman who is possessed by spirits and transported back in time as Shola, a house slave on the Lafayette plantation in Louisiana. The savagery and violence of the evil institution are clearly disturbing and go far beyond the safe and conventional images of slavery presented by Hollywood. In Sankofa, we hear the chilling sound of human flesh as it is seared with a hot branding iron and see the barren faces of the human cargo; women are stripped of all dignity and subject to the continual sexual exploitation of their owners; human necks are enclosed in iron shackles; and rape is used as a tool of terror and domination. Some panned Gerima for his stylistic flourishes but the response by the Black community was positive and enthusiastic. The film was well-received and played to full houses for many weeks in major cities.
Imperfect Journey (1994), is a BBC-commissioned film that explores the political and psychic recovery of the Ethiopian people after the atrocities and political repression or red terror of the military junta of Mengistu Haile Mariam
Mengistu Haile Mariam
Mengistu Haile Mariam is a politician who was formerly the most prominent officer of the Derg, the Communist military junta that governed Ethiopia from 1974 to 1987, and the President of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia from 1987 to 1991...
. The filmmaker questions the direction of the succeeding government and the will of the people in creating institutions guaranteeing their liberation.
1999's Adwa: An African Victory
Adwa (film)
Adwa - An African Victory is a 1999 Ethiopian documentary film directed by Haile Gerima. It concerns the Battle of Adowa .- Plot summary :...
is a compelling documentary drama of the history of the 1896 battle, which concluded the war in which the Ethiopian people united to defeat the Italian army. The film is skillfully interlaced with paintings, sound, music, rare historical photographs, and interviews of elders who recall the details of the story of the battle. It concludes with a dramatic recreation of the final battle.
Teza
Gerima's most recent film is TezaTeza (film)
Teza is a 2008 Ethiopian drama film about the Derg period in Ethiopia. Teza won the top award at the 2009 Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou. The film was directed and written by Haile Gerima.-Synopsis:...
(2008). Set in Ethiopia and Germany, the film chronicles the return of an Ethiopian intellectual to his country of birth during the repressive Marxist regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam and the recognition of his own displacement and powerlessness at the dissolution of his people's humanity and social values. After several years spent studying medicine in Germany, Anberber returns to Ethiopia only to find the country of his youth replaced by turmoil. His dream of using his craft to improve the health of Ethiopians is squashed by a military junta that uses scientists for their own political ends. Seeking the comfort of his countryside home, Anberber finds no refuge from violence. The solace that the memories of his youth provide is quickly replaced by the competing forces of military and rebelling factions. Anberber needs to decide whether he wants to bear the strain or piece together a life from the fragments that lie around him.
Independent distribution and Mypheduh Films Inc.
Gerima distributes and promotes his films himself through Mypheduh Films Inc., a distribution company for low-budget, independent films that he and his wife of 12 years, Sirikiana Aina (who is also a filmmaker), established in 1984."I'm a third-world, independent filmmaker," declared Haile Gerima in a 1983 interview.
Though now well-established and respected as a filmmaker, Gerima, like many independent filmmakers, has failed to capture a mainstream audience, a reality he finds bittersweet. "I was never enamored of the film industry," he reveals in the San Francisco Chronicle. "Every Hollywood story is Eurocentric and if it isn't, then it will simply be disregarded. So I never wanted to be part of an industry that fails to represent the world as it really exists."
In spite of numerous limitations and against all odds, Gerima has succeeded in a tough industry for nearly 30 years and has emerged as one of the more potent outsider voices in the history of filmmaking.
Sankofa Bookstore
His film center, located in the heart of the African American community at 2714 Georgia Avenue, NW, in Washington, DC, represents one of the real manifestations of the dream he has for independent African American cinema. Unfortunately, this makes it impossible to purchase his work outside of the city.Filmography
- 1972 - Hour Glass Hour Glass
- 1972 - Child of Resistance
- 1976 - Bush Mama
- 1976 - Mirt Sost Shi Amit (also known as Harvest: 3,000 Years)
- 1978 - Wilmington 10 -- U.S.A. 10,000
- 1982 - Ashes and Embers
- 1985 - After Winter: Sterling BrownAfter Winter: Sterling Brown (film)After Winter: Sterling Brown is a documentary by Haile Gerima about the famous Black poet, Sterling Brown....
- 1993 - SankofaSankofa (film)Sankofa is a 1993 Burkinabé drama film directed by Haile Gerima.-Plot:The story follows Mona, a contemporary model, as she is visited by spirits lingering in the Cape Coast Castle in Ghana and travels to the past, where, as a house servant named Shola she is constantly abused by her slave masters...
- 1994 - Imperfect Journey
- 1999 - Adwa - An African VictoryAdwa (film)Adwa - An African Victory is a 1999 Ethiopian documentary film directed by Haile Gerima. It concerns the Battle of Adowa .- Plot summary :...
- 2009 - TezaTeza (film)Teza is a 2008 Ethiopian drama film about the Derg period in Ethiopia. Teza won the top award at the 2009 Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou. The film was directed and written by Haile Gerima.-Synopsis:...
Further reading
- Cham, Mbye Baboucar (1984). "Art and Ideology in the Work of Sembene OusmaneOusmane SembèneOusmane Sembène , often credited in the French style as Sembène Ousmane in articles and reference works, was a Senegalese film director, producer and writer...
and Haile Gerima." Présence AfricainePrésence AfricainePrésence africaine is a panafrican quarterly cultural, political, and literary magazine, published in Paris and founded by Alioune Diop in 1947. In 1949, Présence africaine expanded to include a publishing house and a bookstore on the rue des Écoles in the Latin Quarter of Paris...
: Revue Culturelle du Monde Noir/Cultural Review of the Negro World, vol. 129, no. 1, pp. 79–91. - Alexander, George, and Janet Hill, eds. (2003). Why We Make Movies: Black Filmmakers Talk About the Magic of Cinema. New York: Harlem Moon.
Awards, nominations and distinctions
Over the course of his career, Gerima has received a considerable number of awards and distinctions in film festivals, saluting his work as a director, and screenwriter.- 1976 - Grand prize / Silver Leopard for Harvest: 3,000 YearsHarvest: 3,000 YearsMirt Sost Shi Amit is a 1976 Ethiopian film directed by Haile Gerima.- Plot summary :For the production of Mirt Sost Shi Amit Gerima returned to his native Ethiopia to produce the tale of a poor peasant family who eke out an existence within a brutal, exploitative, and feudal system of labor.-...
-Locarno - 1982 - Grand Prix Award for Ashes and Embers-Lisbon International Film Festival
- 1983 - FIPRESCI Film Critics Award for Ashes and Embers-Berlin International Film Festival
- Outstanding Production Ashes and Embers-London Film Festival
- 1984 - Tribute Festival De la Rochelle, France
- 1987 - Long Metrage De Fiction-Prix de la Ville de Alger for Ashes and Embers
- 1993 - Best Cinematography Award for Sankofa,FESPACO,Burkina Faso
- 2003 - Lifetime Achievement Award, 4th Annual Independence Film Festival, Washington D.C.
- 2006 - Festival De Cannes Selection Official Cannes Classic -Harvest: 3,000 YearsHarvest: 3,000 YearsMirt Sost Shi Amit is a 1976 Ethiopian film directed by Haile Gerima.- Plot summary :For the production of Mirt Sost Shi Amit Gerima returned to his native Ethiopia to produce the tale of a poor peasant family who eke out an existence within a brutal, exploitative, and feudal system of labor.-...
- 2008 - Venice Film Festival Special Jury Prize and Best Screen Play Award - Teza
- 2009 - Jury Award at the 18th International Film Festival Innsbruck/Austria - Teza
- 2009 - Golden Stallion of Yennenga at the Fespaco African Film Festival - Teza http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/111/article_3102.asp
- 2009 - Dioraphte Award Hubert Bals film in highest audience regard at the Rotterdam Film Festival
- 2009 - Golden Tanit/Best Film Award for its "modesty and genius," Best Music(Jorga Mesfin Vijay Ayers), Best Cinematography(Mario Massini), Best Screenplay(Haile Gerima), Best Supporting Actor Abeye Tedla at the Carthage/Tunisia Film Festival for Teza (film)Teza (film)Teza is a 2008 Ethiopian drama film about the Derg period in Ethiopia. Teza won the top award at the 2009 Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou. The film was directed and written by Haile Gerima.-Synopsis:...
- 2009 - Golden Unicorn and Best Feature Film at the Amiens/France International Film Festival France for Teza
- 2009 -The Human Value's Award at the Thessaloniki Film Festival in Greece for Teza
- 2009 - Best Composer (Jorga Mesfin) at the Dubai International Film Festival for Teza
- 2009 - Official Selection at the Toronto Film Festival for Teza