HLA-A33
Encyclopedia
A33 frequencies
| freq | ||
| ref. | Population | (%) |
| Pakistan Karachi Parsi | 12.2 | |
| Portugal North | 7.6 | |
| Tunisia | 6.1 | |
| Morocco Nador Metalsa | 5.5 | |
| Mongolia Buriat | 4.6 | |
| Guinea Bissau | 4.6 | |
| Jordan Amman | 3.5 | |
| Cape Verde NW Islands | 3.2 | |
| Portugal Centre | 3.0 | |
| Iran Baloch | 2.8 | |
| Pakistan Baloch | 2.4 | |
| France South East | 2.3 | |
| Sudanese | 1.8 | |
| Japan Okinawa Ryukuan | 1.8 | |
| Mali Bandiagara | 1.8 | |
| Bulgaria | 1.8 | |
| Pakistan Kalash | 1.7 | |
| Uganda Kampala | 1.5 | |
| Georgia Svaneti | 1.3 | |
| Kenya Luo | 1.3 | |
| Oman | 1.3 | |
| Zambia Lusaka | 1.2 | |
| China Guangdong Meizhou | 1.0 | |
| Romanian | 1.0 | |
| Croatia | 1.0 | |
| China Qinghai Hui | 0.9 | |
| Czech Republic | 0.9 | |
| Kenya | 0.7 | |
| Ireland Northern | 0.7 | |
| Singapore Chinese | 0.6 | |
| Cameroon Bamileke | 0.6 | |
| India North Delhi | 0.5 | |
| Georgia Tibilisi | 0.5 | |
| Belgium | 0.5 | |
| Cameroon Beti | 0.3 | |
| Kenya Nandi | 0.2 |
'A33 shows two different distributions that can be discriminated by subtyping capability of SSP-PCR.
A*3301 distribution
The first distribution appears to have a Western distribution that introgresses into Europe as a result of the Post-neolithic periods. It is commonly found in linkage disequilibration within the A*3301-Cw*0802-B*1402 haplotype which can be extended to DRB1 and DQB1 in certain instances(See Below). The source of its general expansion appears to be the middle east or the levant, as it is found in the Palestinian population. B14 splits into B64 (B*1401) and B65 (B*1402) but the only Arabian people which show both antigens are the United Arab Emirates.A*3303 distribution
| freq | ||
| ref. | Population | (%) |
| Cameroon Baka | 25.0 | |
| Cameroon Sawa | 23.1 | |
| India West Bhils | 18.0 | |
| Pakistan Burusho | 17.9 | |
| South Korea (3) | 16.3 | |
| India West Parsis | 14.0 | |
| Singapore Thai | 13.3 | |
| India Mumbai Marathas | 13.0 | |
| Japan | 12.8 | |
| Pakistan Baloch | 12.7 | |
| China South Han | 11.5 | |
| Singapore Riau Malay | 10.9 | |
| Singapore Chinese | 10.1 | |
| Hong Kong Chinese | 10.0 | |
| Chaoshan | 9.8 | |
| Mali Bandiagara | 9.4 | |
| China Inner Mongolia | 9.3 | |
| Singapore Chinese Han | 9.3 | |
| Singapore Javan | 9.0 | |
| India North Hindus | 8.7 | |
| Guinea Bissau | 8.5 | |
| Taiwan Minnan | 8.3 | |
| Taiwan Hakka | 8.2 | |
| Senegal Mandenka | 8.1 | |
| Pakistan Brahui | 8.0 | |
| Pakistan Sindhi | 7.6 | |
| Russia Tuvan | 7.1 | |
| Pakistan Pathan | 7.1 | |
| South Africa Natal Tamil | 7.0 | |
| Pakistan Karachi Parsi | 6.7 | |
| India Tamil Nadu Nadar | 6.6 | |
| Israel Jews | 6.4 | |
| India Andhra Pradesh Golla | 6.3 | |
| China North Han | 6.2 | |
| China Beijing Tianjian | 6.2 | |
| India New Delhi | 6.1 | |
| Pakistan Kalash | 5.8 | |
| Iran Baloch | 5.6 | |
| China Qinghai Hui | 5.5 | |
| China Guangzhou | 5.4 | |
| Cameroon Bamileke | 4.5 | |
| China Yunnan Nu | 4.4 | |
| China Guangxi Maonan | 4.2 | |
| China Guangdong Meizhou | 4.0 | |
| Cape Verde SW Islands | 4.0 | |
| Taiwan Pazeh | 3.6 | |
| Uganda Kampala | 3.1 | |
| China Beijing | 3.0 | |
| India Khandesh Pawra | 3.0 | |
| Cameroon Yaounde | 2.8 | |
| Sudanese | 2.5 | |
| Zimbabwe Harare Shona | 2.4 | |
| Cape Verde NW Islands | 2.4 | |
| Cameroon Beti | 2.3 | |
| Oman | 2.1 | |
| China Tibet | 1.6 | |
| Croatia | 1.3 | |
| Romanian | 1.2 | |
| China Yunnan Lisu | 1.1 | |
| Arab Druse | 1.0 | |
| Georgia Tibilisi | 1.0 | |
| Belgium | 1.0 | |
| Kenya Luo | 0.9 | |
| Lakota Sioux | 0.5 | |
| Australian Indig. Cape York | 0.5 | |
| Tunisia | 0.5 | |
| South Africian Natal Zulu | 0.5 | |
| Kenya | 0.3 | |
| Ireland Northern | 0.3 | |
| Kenya Nandi | 0.2 |
Certain alleles confound population histories. At the top of that list is A*3303. This allele appears to jump, literally, out of West Africa into South Asia. The point of origin is Africa, most likely central or western Africa given the low levels in East Africa (although much of East Africa is undersampled). In certain tested populations of the Middle East the leve of A*3303 is either very low, or non-existent. Within East Africa Sudan appears to be the highest at around 2%. The frequency of A*3303 begins to rise in eastern Arabia (Oman, UAE) and then markedly rise in the Brahui and Balochi of Pakistan. One haplotype stands out, the A33-B58-DR3-DQ2 haplotype which is found in West Africa, in Sudan, and Pakistan, scattered along West Indias coast, the Turkic republics and appears to have recently introgressed into Korea (post-Yayoi period of Japan) and China. So recent arrival into Asia that the level of HLA DR3-DQ2
HLA DR3-DQ2
HLA DR3-DQ2 is double serotype that specifically recognizes cells from individuals who carry a multigene HLA DR, DQ haplotype.Certain HLA DR and DQ genes have known involvementin autoimmune diseases. DR3-DQ2, a multigene...
in Korea of 2.9%. Korea is the major recent source of Japanese genes, by the Yayoi period that lasted from 3000 to 1600 years ago approximately 3/4ths of Japanese genetic makeup is attributed to this migration. And yet there is trace DR3-DQ2 in Japanese, none in the Ainu nor many other indigeonous Siberian groups.
A33-Cw8-B14-DR1-DQ5
| freq | ||
| ref. | Population | (%) |
| Parsis (Pakistan) | 4.4 | |
| Sardinian | 3.0 | |
| India West Coast Parsis | 3.3 | |
| Portuguese | 2.7 | |
| Armenian | 2.5 | |
| Indian | 2.0 | |
| Polish | 2.0 | |
| Ashkenazi Jews | 1.8 | |
| French | 1.8 | |
| Panish | 1.7 | |
| Albanian | 1.5 | |
| German | 1.5 | |
| Tuscan | 1.3 | |
| Greek | 1.1 | |
| Marathans | 1.1 | |
| Italian | 1.0 | |
| Palestinian | 0.9 |
When dealing with haplotypes, if one assumes that linkage disequilibrium is random, then one can estimate the time of equilibration based on the size of the haplotype, the A-B-DR haplotype is over 2 million nucleotides in length. Given this length it is unlikely it spread during the Neolithic
Neolithic
The Neolithic Age, Era, or Period, or New Stone Age, was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 9500 BC in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world. It is traditionally considered as the last part of the Stone Age...
period. A more like guess as to when it spread was the early historic period, with the spread of the Phoenicia
Phoenicia
Phoenicia , was an ancient civilization in Canaan which covered most of the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent. Several major Phoenician cities were built on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550...
n and Mycenaean
Mycenaean Greece
Mycenaean Greece was a cultural period of Bronze Age Greece taking its name from the archaeological site of Mycenae in northeastern Argolis, in the Peloponnese of southern Greece. Athens, Pylos, Thebes, and Tiryns are also important Mycenaean sites...
culture throughout the mediterranean. Its presence in India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
, particularly northern India, indicates possible spread of this haplotype within the Black Sea region prior to the migration of Indo-Aryan
Indo-Aryans
Indo-Aryan is an ethno-linguistic term referring to the wide collection of peoples united as native speakers of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-Iranian family of Indo-European languages...
culture across the Indus River. The specific nomenclature for this type is:
A*3301 : C*0802 : B*1402 : DRB1*0102 : DQA1*0102 : DQB1*0501
A33-B44
| freq | ||
| ref. | Population | (%) |
| Iyers | 9.6 | |
| Korea | 8.0 | |
| Japan | 6.1 | |
| Thais | 4.7 | |
| Parsis (Pakistan) | 4.4 | |
| Bharghavas | 4.0 | |
| Java | 3.7 | |
| Tribals (India) | 3.0 | |
| Chinese (Thailand) | 2.8 | |
| Vietnamese | 2.7 |
This haplotype appears to precede A33-B58 in Asia, bringing with it the DR7-DQ2 haplotype.
There are two versions of the haplotype, possibly of different origins, its a good reason why serotyping alone should not be relied upon. The first haplotype is A33-Cw14-B44-DR13-DQ6.4
A*3303 : C*1403 : B*4403 : DRB1*1302 : DQA1*0102 : DQB1*0604 : DPB1*0401
This haplotype is found in Japan and Korea, and it is the most common 5 locus HLA type in Korea, high at 4.2%, 25 times higher than in China. In Japan it is 4.8% and can be extended to DPB1 at 3.6%. While clearly not showing the level of disequilibrium of the Super B8 haplotype, the level of disequilibrium is high, indicating an expansive migration into these regions at some time in the recent past, most likely in the period precedeing the Yayoi period of Japan.
A*3303 : C*0701 : B*4403 : DRB1*0701 : DQA1*0201? : DQB1*0202
The second haplotype, like A33-B58 is found in Korea but not in Japan. This haplotype
carries the other common DQ2 haplotype, DQ2.2. The Cw*0701 is found in the A*33-B58 haplotype and is like the result of a recombination betwee A33-Cw7 and a different B44-DR7 haplotype.
These haplotypes indicate that interpreting population relationships by allele or even by low resolution haplotype information is error-prone and suggests the need for high resolution
multigene haplotype studies.
A33-Cw3-B58-DR3-DQ2
| freq | ||
| ref. | Population | (%) |
| Chinese (Thailand) | 12.6 | |
| Baloch (Pakistan) | 11.1 | |
| Chaoshan (China) | 8.1 | |
| Chinese (Singapore) | 5.5 | |
| Burusho (Pakistan) | 4.6 | |
| Hui | 4.0 | |
| Mongolian | 3.7 | |
| Kalash (Pakistan) | 3.6 | |
| Korea | 3.5 | |
| Yaku | 3.2 | |
| Panthan (Pakistan) | 3.0 | |
| Tribals (India) | 3.0 | |
| Baloch (SE Iran) | 2.9 | |
| Brahui (Pakistan) | 2.9 | |
| Southern Han | 2.8 | |
| Thais | 2.5 | |
| Vietnamese | 2.3 | |
| Inner Mongolian | 2.2 | |
| Miao | 2.1 | |
| West African | 2.1 | |
| South African | 1.9 | |
| Oman | 1.6 | |
| Sindhi (Pakistan) | 1.5 | |
| Manchu | 1.2 | |
| Sudan | 1.2 | |
| Cameroon Yaounde | 1.1 |
Within eastern Asia A*3303 is in linkage dissiquilbrium with on haplotype in particular, the specific genetic makeup is:
A*3303 : C*0302 : B*5801 : DRB1*0301 : DQA1*0501 : DQB1*0201
It is interesting that the Cw allele in the Pakistani population is the same as the allele in the east Asian population C*0302. 8.3 of 11.1% of the A33-B58 in the Baloch Pakistani can is linked to DR3 and presumbably DQ2.5 (There are few exceptions outside of Africa). This extends a haplotype the forms a semicircle around the Indian subcontinent indicating a subsantive and relatively recent genetic relationship. The parsis of Pakistan lack A33-B58, as with groups to the far west of Pakistan. The A33-B58-DR3-DQ2 haplotype appears to have originated in whole from West Africa, with current possibilities for Sudan or Northern Ethiopia as points of exit from Africa and a migration by the Indian ocean to the western side of the Indus River.
A33-Cw7-B58-DR13-DQ6
Within eastern Asia A*3303 is in linkage dissiquilbrium with on haplotype in particular, the specific genetic makeup is:A*3303 : C*0701 : B*5801 : DRB1*1302 : DQA1*0102 : DQB1*0609
This haplotype is composed of genes most frequent in parts of western Africa. This includes the A*3303, B*5801, DRB1*1302, and DQB1*0609. The DRB1*0609 haplotype in nodal in east/central Africa in the Ugandan, Rwanda, Congo, Cameroon whereas the allele is at low frequencies in Western Europe, and its distribution is also consistent with a migration from east Africa direct to the Lower Indus River.