Francis Jammes ' onMouseout='HidePop("9425")' href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Tournay">Tournay
Tournay may refer to:* Tournai , a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut* Tournay, a commune of the Hautes-Pyrénées département, in southwestern France...
,
Hautes-PyrénéesHautes-Pyrénées is a department in southwestern France. It is part of the Midi-Pyrénées region.-History:...
- died November 1 1938 in
HasparrenHasparren is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.-External links:...
,
Pyrénées-AtlantiquesPyrénées-Atlantiques is a department in the southwest of France which takes its name from the Pyrenees mountains and the Atlantic Ocean.- History :...
) was a
FrenchFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
poet.
Francis Jammes ' onMouseout='HidePop("9425")' href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Tournay">Tournay
Tournay may refer to:* Tournai , a municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut* Tournay, a commune of the Hautes-Pyrénées département, in southwestern France...
,
Hautes-PyrénéesHautes-Pyrénées is a department in southwestern France. It is part of the Midi-Pyrénées region.-History:...
- died November 1 1938 in
HasparrenHasparren is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.-External links:...
,
Pyrénées-AtlantiquesPyrénées-Atlantiques is a department in the southwest of France which takes its name from the Pyrenees mountains and the Atlantic Ocean.- History :...
) was a
FrenchFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
poet. Coming from an ancient family, He spent most of his life in his native region of
BéarnBéarn is a former province of France, located in the Pyrenees mountains and in the plain at their feet, in southwest France. Along with the three Basque provinces of Soule, Lower Navarre, and Labourd, the principality of Bidache, as well as small parts of Gascony, it forms in the southwest the...
and the
Basque CountryThe French Basque Country or Northern Basque Country constitutes the North-Eastern part of the Basque Country and the Western part of the French department of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques...
and his poems are known for their lyricism and for singing the pleasures of a humble country life (donkeys, maidens). His later poetry remained lyrical, but also included a strong religious element brought on by his conversion to
CatholicismCatholicism is a broad term for the body of the Catholic faith, its theologies and doctrines, its liturgical, ethical, spiritual, and behavioral characteristics, as well as a religious people as a whole...
.
Biography
He was a mediocre student and failed his
baccalauréatThe baccalauréat , often known in France colloquially as le bac, is an academic qualification which French and international students take at the end of the lycée . It was invented under Napoleon I in 1808...
with a zero for French.
The young author's first poems began to be read in Parisian literary circles around 1895, and they were appreciated for their fresh tone which broke considerably from
symbolistSymbolism was a late nineteenth-century art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts. In literature, the movement had its roots in Les Fleurs du mal by Charles Baudelaire...
tendencies of the period. Jammes fraternised with other writers, including
André GideAndré Paul Guillaume Gide was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in literature in 1947. Gide's career ranged from its beginnings in the symbolist movement, to the advent of anticolonialism between the two World Wars.Known for his fiction as well as his autobiographical works, Gide...
(with whom he travelled to
AlgeriaAlgeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country located in North Africa. It is the largest country on the Mediterranean sea, the second largest on the African continent and the eleventh-largest country in the world in terms of land area.It is bordered by Tunisia in...
in 1896),
Stéphane MallarméStéphane Mallarmé , whose real name was Étienne Mallarmé, was a French poet and critic. He was a major French symbolist poet, and his work anticipated and inspired several revolutionary artistic schools of the early 20th century, such as Dadaism, Surrealism, and Futurism.-Biography:Stéphane...
and
Henri de RégnierHenri François Joseph de Régnier was a French symbolist poet considered one of the foremost of France during the early 20th century....
. His most famous collection of poems --
De l'Angélus de l'aube à l'angélus du soir ("From morning Angelus to evening Angelus") -- appeared in 1897 in the
Mercure de FranceThe "Mercure de France" was a French gazette and literary magazine first published from 1672 to 1724 under the title "Mercure galant" and "Nouveau Mercure galant" . The title was changed to "Mercure de France" in 1724...
;
Le Deuil des Primevères ("The Mourning of Primulas") (1901) was also well received. While working up to that point as a notary's clerk, the author was thenceforth able to live from his writings. In 1905 Francis Jammes, influenced by the poet
Paul ClaudelPaul Claudel was a French poet, dramatist and diplomat, and the younger brother of the sculptor Camille Claudel. He was most famous for his verse dramas, which often convey his devout Catholic faith.-Life:...
with whom he became close, "converted" to
CatholicismCatholicism is a broad term for the body of the Catholic faith, its theologies and doctrines, its liturgical, ethical, spiritual, and behavioral characteristics, as well as a religious people as a whole...
(in actuality a return to being a practising Catholic) and his poetry became more austere and occasionally more dogmatic.
In the eyes of Parisian literary circles, Francis Jammes was generally considered a solitary provincial who chose to live a life of retreat in his mountainous
PyreneesThe Pyrenees are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain...
, and his poems never became entirely fashionable. The author sought nomination to the
Académie françaiseL'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. The Académie was officially established in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister to King Louis XIII. Suppressed in 1793 during the French Revolution, it was...
several times, but was never elected.
Jammes was the original author of
Georges BrassensGeorges Brassens was a French singer-songwriter.Georges Brassens was born in Sète, a town in southern France near Montpellier. Now an iconic figure in France, he achieved fame through his simple, elegant songs and articulate, diverse lyrics; indeed, he is considered one of France's most...
's song
La Prière ("The Prayer"). The lyrics were taken from the poem
Les Mystères douloureux ("The Agonies of Christ") published in the collection
L'Église habillée de feuilles (The Church Clothed in Leaves") (1906); Brassens changed some of the words to make the text more rhythmic.
Jammes was known to have an ardent passion for field sports, especially game hunting. He travelled all over Northern Africa in pursuit of exotic game, but was known to have also been a believer in the conservation of endangered species.
Thirteen poems from his cycle
Tristesses ("Sorrows"), were set to music by composer
Lili BoulangerLili Boulanger was a French composer, the younger sister of the noted composer and composition teacher Nadia Boulanger....
in 1914 under the title
Clairières dans le ciel ("Clearings in the Sky") a title Jammes had given to an assorted collection of poetry of which
Tristesses was a part.
Poetry
Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
- 1891
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .- Events :* The Rhymers Club gathered at the Cheshire Cheese in Fleet Street, London, 1891-93, including John Davidson, Ernest Dowson, W.B...
: Six Sonnets
- 1892
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* William Butler Yeats founds the Irish Literary Society in Dublin....
: Vers, also 1893Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Ireland:* D. Hyde, editor and translator from the Gaelic, The Love Songs of Connacht, Ireland...
and 1894Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* The Yellow Book, published 1894–97...
- 1895
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Oscar Wilde's arrest and conviction:...
: Un jour
- 1897
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Canada:* Bliss Carman, Ballads of Lost Haven: A Book of the Sea, Canadian author published in the United States...
: La Naissance du poète ("The Birth of the Poet")
- 1898
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-The "Generation of '98" in Spain:...
: Quatorze prières
- 1898
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-The "Generation of '98" in Spain:...
: De l'Angélus de l'aube à l'Angélus du soir ("From the Morning Prayer to the Evening Prayer")
- 1899
— Opening lines of Rudyard Kipling's White Man's Burden, first published this yearNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:...
: Le Poète et l'oiseau ("The Poet and the Bird")
- 1899
— Opening lines of Rudyard Kipling's White Man's Burden, first published this yearNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:...
: La Jeune Fille nue
- 1900
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* In February, Myōjō , a monthly literary magazine, begins publication in Japan. between February 1900 and November 1908...
–1901Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* a small plaque is set on the Statue of Liberty to display Emma Lazarus' 1883 poem, "The New Colossus"...
: Le Triomphe de la vie
- 1901
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* a small plaque is set on the Statue of Liberty to display Emma Lazarus' 1883 poem, "The New Colossus"...
: Le Deuil des primevères
- 1902
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Hilda Doolittle meets and befriends Ezra Pound* Times Literary Supplement begins publication-Canada:* James B...
–1906Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Canada:* Jean Blewett, The Cornflower and Other Poems* Helena Coleman, Songs and Sonnets* J. D...
: Clairières dans le ciel
- 1905
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Ezra Pound presents Hilda Doolittle with a sheaf of love poems with the collective title Hilda's Book...
: Tristesses
- 1906
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Canada:* Jean Blewett, The Cornflower and Other Poems* Helena Coleman, Songs and Sonnets* J. D...
: Clairières dans le Ciel
- 1906
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Canada:* Jean Blewett, The Cornflower and Other Poems* Helena Coleman, Songs and Sonnets* J. D...
: L'Eglise habillée de feuilles
- 1906
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Canada:* Jean Blewett, The Cornflower and Other Poems* Helena Coleman, Songs and Sonnets* J. D...
: Le Triomphe de la vie
- 1908
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Ezra Pound leaves America for Europe...
: Poèmes mesurés
- 1908
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Ezra Pound leaves America for Europe...
: Rayons de miel, Paris: Bibliotheque de l'Occident
- 1911
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Britain establishes six copyright libraries to which copies of all books published in the country must be sent: Bodleian Library ; British Library ; National Library of Scotland ; National Library of...
–1912Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore takes a sheaf of his translated works to England, where they impress William Butler Yeats, Ezra Pound, Robert Bridges, Ernest Rhys, Thomas Sturge Moore, and others...
: Les Géorgiques chrétiennes ("Christian Georgics"), three volumes
- 1913
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Harold Monro founds the Poetry Bookshop in London...
: Feuilles dans le vent
- 1916
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* March – Wilhelm Apollinaris de Kostrowitzky, who wrote under the pen name "Guillaume Apollinaire", was wounded in the head by shell fragments while serving as a lieutenant in the infantry at...
: Cinq prières pour le temps de la guerre, Paris: Librairie de l'Art catholique
- 1919
— From A Prayer for My Daughter by W. B. Yeats, first published this yearNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Two paintings by E. E...
: La Vierge et les sonnets, Paris: Mercure de France
- 1921
— Wilfred Owen, concluding lines of Dulce et Decorum Est, published this yearNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:...
: Épitaphes, Paris: Librairie de l'Art catholic
- 1921
— Wilfred Owen, concluding lines of Dulce et Decorum Est, published this yearNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:...
: Le Tombeau de Jean de la Fontaine, Paris: Mercure de France
- 1922
— Opening lines from The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot, first published this yearNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Pulitzer Prize for Poetry established...
, 1923Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* In Paris, Basil Bunting meets Ezra Pound, whose poems will have a strong influence on Bunting throughout his career.* E. C...
, 1924Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* October 10 — Ezra Pound leaves Paris permanently and moves to Rapallo, Italy...
, 1925Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* T. S. Eliot joins the publishing house of Faber & Gwyer, leaves Lloyds bank....
, Livres des quatrains
- 1923
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* In Paris, Basil Bunting meets Ezra Pound, whose poems will have a strong influence on Bunting throughout his career.* E. C...
: La Brebis égarée
- 1923
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* In Paris, Basil Bunting meets Ezra Pound, whose poems will have a strong influence on Bunting throughout his career.* E. C...
–1925Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* T. S. Eliot joins the publishing house of Faber & Gwyer, leaves Lloyds bank....
Les Quatrains, in four volumes
- 1925
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* T. S. Eliot joins the publishing house of Faber & Gwyer, leaves Lloyds bank....
: Brindilles pour rallumer la foi, Paris: Éditions Spes
- 1926
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* The remains of English war poet Isaac Rosenberg, killed in World War I at the age of 28 and originally buried in a mass grave, are re-interred at Bailleul Road East Cemetery, Plot V, St...
: Ma France poétique, Paris: Mercure de France
- 1928
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Russian poets Daniil Kharms and Alexander Vvedensky found OBERIU , an avant-garde grouping of Russian post-Futurist poets in the 1920s-1930s* American poets Charles Reznikoff, George Oppen and Louis...
: Diane
- 1931
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:*Louis Zukofsky edits the February issue of Poetry magazine. The issue eventually will be recognized as the founding document of the Objectivist poets...
: L'Arc-en-ciel des amours, Paris: Bloud et Gay
- 1935
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* George Oppen joins the Communist Party, where his organizing work will increasingly take precedence over his poetry; he writes no more verse until 1958.-United Kingdom:* George Barker, Poems* Samuel...
: Alouette
- 1935
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* George Oppen joins the Communist Party, where his organizing work will increasingly take precedence over his poetry; he writes no more verse until 1958.-United Kingdom:* George Barker, Poems* Samuel...
: De tout temps à jamais, Paris: Gallimard
- 1936
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* James Laughlin founds New Directions Publishers in New York, which published many modern poets for the first time;...
: Sources, Paris: Le Divan
- 1943
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Ottawa native Elizabeth Smart moves permanently to England....
: Elégies et poésies diverses
- 1946
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* W. H. Auden becomes a U.S. citizen...
: La Grâce
Prose
Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in literature" article:
- 1899
The year 1899 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*Edgar Rice Burroughs begins working in his father's business.*Rainer Maria Rilke travels to Moscow to meet Leo Tolstoy....
: Clara d'Ellébeuse; ou, L'Histoire d'une ancienne jeune fille
- 1901
The year 1901 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:* First Nobel Prize for Literature awarded, to French poet René-François-Admand Sully Prudhomme; many people are outraged when Leo Tolstoy does not win....
: Almaïde d'Etremont; ou, L'Histoire d'une jeune fille passionée
- 1903
The year 1903 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:* October 24 - Mark Twain moves to Florence.* The first Goncourt Prize for French literature is awarded to John Antoine Nau....
: Le Roman du lièvre
- 1904
The year 1904 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:* January - Mark Twain begins dictating his autobiography.* 16 June - "Bloomsday": the day on which the action of James Joyce's novel Ulysses takes place in Dublin....
: Pomme d'Anis; ou, L'Histoire d'une jeune fille infirme
- 1906
The year 1906 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:* December 24 - Reginald Fessenden transmits the first radio program, a poetry reading, a violin solo, and a speech, broadcasts....
: Pensée des jardins
- 1910
The year 1910 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*April - Halley's comet reappears , and Mark Twain dies on April 21, 1910, the day following the comet's perihelion. In his biography, Twain had written, "I came in with Halley's comet in 1835. It's coming again...
: Ma fille Bernadette
- 1916
The year 1916 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:* The Journal of Negro History is founded by Carter Godwin Woodson, the father of "Black History" and "Negro History Week."...
: Le Rosaire au soleil, Paris: Mercure de France
- 1918
The year 1918 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:* The 2nd annual Pulitzer Prizes are awarded.* Author Hall Caine made a KBE.*Robert Graves marries Nancy Nicholson...
: Monsieur le Curé d'Ozeron
- 1919
The year 1919 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*Winifred Holtby and Vera Brittain return to Somerville College, Oxford, to complete their education following war service.*Two paintings by E. E...
: Une vierge, Paris: Édouard-Joseph
- 1919
The year 1919 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*Winifred Holtby and Vera Brittain return to Somerville College, Oxford, to complete their education following war service.*Two paintings by E. E...
: Le Noël de mes enfants, Paris: Édouard-Joseph
- 1919
The year 1919 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*Winifred Holtby and Vera Brittain return to Somerville College, Oxford, to complete their education following war service.*Two paintings by E. E...
: La Rose à Marie, Paris: Édouard-Joseph
- 1920
The year 1920 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*"Hercule Poirot" makes his first appearance.*Beyond the Horizon, Eugene O'Neill's first full-length play, opens at a special matinee at the Morosco Theater on February 2 – partly as an experiment on the part...
: Le Poète rustique, Paris: Mercure de France
- 1921
The year 1921 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-New books:*Edgar Rice Burroughs - Tarzan the Terrible*James Branch Cabell - Figures of Earth*Hall Caine - The Master of Man*Willa Cather - Alexander's Bridge...
: Le Bon Dieu chez les enfants
- 1921
The year 1921 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-New books:*Edgar Rice Burroughs - Tarzan the Terrible*James Branch Cabell - Figures of Earth*Hall Caine - The Master of Man*Willa Cather - Alexander's Bridge...
: De l'âge divin à l'âge ingrat, the first of three volumes of his memoirs, followed by L'Amour, les muses et la chasse, 1922— Opening lines from The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot, first published this yearNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* Pulitzer Prize for Poetry established...
; Les Caprices du poète, 1923Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature .-Events:* In Paris, Basil Bunting meets Ezra Pound, whose poems will have a strong influence on Bunting throughout his career.* E. C...
- 1921
The year 1921 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-New books:*Edgar Rice Burroughs - Tarzan the Terrible*James Branch Cabell - Figures of Earth*Hall Caine - The Master of Man*Willa Cather - Alexander's Bridge...
: Le Livre de saint Joseph, Paris: Plon-Nourrit
- 1922
The year 1922 in literature involved some significant events and new books.Under the current U.S. copyright law, all works published before January 1, 1923 with a proper copyright notice entered the public domain no later than 75 years from the date of the copyright...
: Le Poète et l'inspiration, Nîmes, France: Gomès
- 1923
The year 1923 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*Fictional detective Lord Peter Wimsey makes his first appearance in print....
: Cloches pour deux mariages, Paris: Mercure de France
- 1925
The year 1925 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:* April: F Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway meet in the Dingo Bar on rue Delambre, in the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris, France shortly after the publication of Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby and shortly before...
: Les Robinsons basques
- 1926
The year 1926 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*Bread Loaf Writers' Conference is founded in Middlebury, Vermont....
: Trente-six femmes, Paris: Mercure de France
- 1926
The year 1926 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*Bread Loaf Writers' Conference is founded in Middlebury, Vermont....
: Basses-Pyrénées, Paris: Émile-Paul
- 1927
The year 1927 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*Random House, book publishers, is founded in New York City by Bennett Cerf and Donald Klopfer.-New books:*James Boyd - Marching On...
: Lavigerie
- 1928
The year 1928 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*Ford Madox Ford publishes Last Post. It is the final book of a four-volume work titled Parade's End published between 1924 and 1928....
: Janot-poète
- 1928
The year 1928 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*Ford Madox Ford publishes Last Post. It is the final book of a four-volume work titled Parade's End published between 1924 and 1928....
: Les Nuits qui me chantent
- 1928
The year 1928 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*Ford Madox Ford publishes Last Post. It is the final book of a four-volume work titled Parade's End published between 1924 and 1928....
: La Divine Douleur
- 1930
The year 1930 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*January 6 - The first literary character licensing agreement is signed by A. A. Milne, granting Stephen Slesinger U.S...
: Champétreries et méditations
- 1930
The year 1930 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*January 6 - The first literary character licensing agreement is signed by A. A. Milne, granting Stephen Slesinger U.S...
: Leçons poétiques, Paris: Mercure de France
- 1932
The year 1932 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*E. V. Knox replaces Sir Owen Seaman as editor of Punch magazine.*Samuel Beckett's first novel, Dream of Fair to Middling Women, is rejected by several publishers....
: L'Antigyde; ou, Elie de Nacre
- 1934
The year 1934 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:* The first Flash Gordon comic strip is published.*Boris Pasternak and Korney Chukovsky are among those present at the first Congress of the Soviet Union of Writers....
: Le Crucifix du poète, Paris: M. deHartoy
- 1936
The year 1936 in literature involved some significant events and new books.- New books :*Eric Ambler - The Dark Frontier*Henry Bellamann - The Gray Man Walks *Gottfried Benn - The Trainee Man*Arna Wendell Bontemps - Black Thunder...
: Le Pèlerin de Lourdes, Paris: Gallimard
- 1938
The year 1938 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:* The trilogy, U.S.A. by John Dos Passos, is published containing his three novels The 42nd Parallel , 1919 , and The Big Money ....
: La Légende de l'aile; ou, Marie-Elisabeth
- 1941
The year 1941 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:*Frank Herbert marries Flora Parkinson.*F. Scott Fitzgerald's unfinished work, The Last Tycoon, is edited and published by Edmund Wilson.-New books:...
: Saint Louis; ou, L'Esprit de la Croisade, Paris: F. Sorlot
External links