Coronavirus frameshifting stimulation element
Encyclopedia
In molecular biology
, the coronavirus frameshifting
stimulation element is a conserved
stem-loop
of RNA
found in coronavirus
es that can promote ribosomal
frameshifting
. Such RNA molecules interact with a downstream region to form a pseudoknot
structure; the region varies according to the virus but pseudoknot formation is known to stimulate frameshifting
. In the classical situation, a sequence 32 nucleotide
s downstream of the stem is complementary to part of the loop. In other coronaviruses, however, another stem-loop structure around 150 nucleotides downstream can interact with members of this family to form kissing stem loops and stimulate frameshifting.
Other RNA families identified in the coronavirus include the SL-III cis-acting replication element (CRE)
, the coronavirus 3' stem-loop II-like motif (s2m)
, the coronavirus packaging signal
and the coronavirus 3' UTR pseudoknot
.
Molecular biology
Molecular biology is the branch of biology that deals with the molecular basis of biological activity. This field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry...
, the coronavirus frameshifting
Translational frameshift
Translational frameshifting or ribosomal frameshifting refers to an alternate process of protein translation. A protein is translated from one end of the mRNA to the other, from the 5' to the 3' end. Normally a protein is translated from a template mRNA with consecutive blocks of 3 nucleotides...
stimulation element is a conserved
Sequence alignment
In bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences. Aligned sequences of nucleotide or amino acid residues are...
stem-loop
Stem-loop
Stem-loop intramolecular base pairing is a pattern that can occur in single-stranded DNA or, more commonly, in RNA. The structure is also known as a hairpin or hairpin loop. It occurs when two regions of the same strand, usually complementary in nucleotide sequence when read in opposite directions,...
of RNA
RNA
Ribonucleic acid , or RNA, is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life....
found in coronavirus
Coronavirus
Coronaviruses are species in the genera of virus belonging to the subfamily Coronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae. Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a helical symmetry. The genomic size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 16 to 31...
es that can promote ribosomal
Ribosome
A ribosome is a component of cells that assembles the twenty specific amino acid molecules to form the particular protein molecule determined by the nucleotide sequence of an RNA molecule....
frameshifting
Translational frameshift
Translational frameshifting or ribosomal frameshifting refers to an alternate process of protein translation. A protein is translated from one end of the mRNA to the other, from the 5' to the 3' end. Normally a protein is translated from a template mRNA with consecutive blocks of 3 nucleotides...
. Such RNA molecules interact with a downstream region to form a pseudoknot
Pseudoknot
A pseudoknot is a nucleic acid secondary structure containing at least two stem-loop structures in which half of one stem is intercalated between the two halves of another stem. The pseudoknot was first recognized in the turnip yellow mosaic virus in 1982...
structure; the region varies according to the virus but pseudoknot formation is known to stimulate frameshifting
Translational frameshift
Translational frameshifting or ribosomal frameshifting refers to an alternate process of protein translation. A protein is translated from one end of the mRNA to the other, from the 5' to the 3' end. Normally a protein is translated from a template mRNA with consecutive blocks of 3 nucleotides...
. In the classical situation, a sequence 32 nucleotide
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA. In addition, nucleotides participate in cellular signaling , and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions...
s downstream of the stem is complementary to part of the loop. In other coronaviruses, however, another stem-loop structure around 150 nucleotides downstream can interact with members of this family to form kissing stem loops and stimulate frameshifting.
Other RNA families identified in the coronavirus include the SL-III cis-acting replication element (CRE)
Coronavirus SL-III cis-acting replication element (CRE)
The coronavirus SL-III cis-acting replication element is an RNA element that regulates defective interfering RNA replication.Other RNA families identified in the coronavirus include the coronavirus 3' stem-loop II-like motif , the coronavirus frameshifting stimulation element, the coronavirus...
, the coronavirus 3' stem-loop II-like motif (s2m)
Coronavirus 3' stem-loop II-like motif (s2m)
The Coronavirus 3' stem-loop II-like motif is a secondary structure motif identified in the 3'untranslated region of astrovirus, coronavirus and equine rhinovirus genomes...
, the coronavirus packaging signal
Coronavirus packaging signal
The Coronavirus packaging signal is a conserved cis-regulatory element found in Coronavirus which has an important role in regulating the packaging of the viral genome into the capsid....
and the coronavirus 3' UTR pseudoknot
Coronavirus 3' UTR pseudoknot
The Coronavirus 3' UTR pseudoknot is an RNA structure found in the coronavirus genome. Coronaviruses contain 30 kb single-stranded positive-sense RNA genomes. The 3' UTR region of these coronavirus genomes contains a conserved ~55 nucleotide pseudoknot structure which is necessary for viral genome...
.