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Constituent assembly
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A constituent assembly (sometimes also known as a constitutional convention) is a body composed for the purpose of drafting or adopting a constitution. As described by Columbia University Social Sciences Professor John Elster:
“Constitutions arise in a number of different ways. At the non-democratic extreme of the spectrum, we may imagine a sovereign lawgiver laying down the constitution for all later generations.
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Encyclopedia
A constituent assembly (sometimes also known as a constitutional convention) is a body composed for the purpose of drafting or adopting a constitution. As described by Columbia University Social Sciences Professor John Elster:
“Constitutions arise in a number of different ways. At the non-democratic extreme of the spectrum, we may imagine a sovereign lawgiver laying down the constitution for all later generations. At the democratic extreme, we may imagine a constituent assembly elected by universal suffrage for the sole task of writing a new constitution. And there are all sorts of intermediate arrangements.” Elster notes that the unlike other forms of constitution-making, in which a constitution is “unilaterally imposed or octroyed by a sovereign lawmaker” the constituent assembly gives life to a constitution through actions “internally imposed” in that each member of the constituent assembly “is himself a citizen – but not necessarily the ruler – of the country for which he is” creating a constitution.
Examples of constituent assemblies
France
During the French Revolution (from July 1789 to September 1791) a National Constituent Assembly ("Assemblée nationale constituante") was formed when representatives assembled at the only location available, a tennis court and swore the Tennis Court Oath on June 20, 1789, promising that they would not adjourn until they had drafted a new constitution for France. Louis XVI recognized the validity of the National Constituent Assembly on June 27, 1789.
Russia
An example of a constituent assembly is the Russian Constituent Assembly, which was established in Russia in the wake of the October Revolution of 1917 to form a new constitution after the overthrow of the Russian Provisional Government.
United States - Federal
In U.S. History, the most famous constituent assembly is the Federal constitutional convention that drafted the Federal Constitution in 1787. Although that constitution provided for its amendment, including through subsequent constitutional conventions, no federal constitutional convention has been called. In part this is due to the daunting requirements for holding a new constitutional convention (requiring the consent of either two-thirds of both houses of Congress or two-thirds of the States), but also because of the fear that wholesale changes in the Federal Constitution might undermine a document that has stood the test of nearly 225 years.
United States - States
A rich tradition in the use of constituent assemblies exists at the state level of Constitutionalism. In fact, constituent assemblies met in the states before the formation of the Federal Constitution in 1787 as well as after its ratification. Since 1776 nearly 150 state constitutional conventions have met to draft or revise state constitutions.
These early state constitutional conventions frequently did not use procedural steps like popular ratification that became commonplace in the mid-1800s. Yet they were considered to be constituent assemblies that exercised their authority as that of the people. As American Sovereigns: The People and America’s Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War by Christian G. Fritz notes:
“A legitimate constitution depended on whether the sovereign people authorized it, not whether a particular procedure was used or whether revolutionary conventions were free of other responsibilities, such as passing ordinary legislation. It was the people as the sovereign who authorized drafting those first [state] constitutions that gave them their legitimacy, not whether they used procedures that matched what was later understood to be necessary to create fundamental law.”
American state constituent assemblies in the 19th and 20th centuries reflected many qualities of a citizen’s movement. From the start of state American constitution-making, delegates to constitutional conventions studied earlier state models of constitutions. They often self-consciously "borrow[ed]" constitutional text and provisions from other states. They often used in their drafting and debates compact and pocket-sized compilations of all the existing American constitutions, so that the constituent’s assembly could draw upon the latest in constitutional design.
See also
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