Coelogyne
Encyclopedia
Coelogyne Lindl. 1821, is a genus
of over 200 sympodial
epiphyte
s from the family Orchidaceae
, distributed across India
, China
, Indonesia
and the Fiji
islands, with the main centers in Borneo, Sumatra and the Himalayas. They can be found from tropical lowland forests to montane rainforests. A few species grow as terrestrials or even as lithophytes in open, humid habitats. The genera Bolborchis Lindl.
, Hologyne Pfitzer and Ptychogyne Pfitzer are generally included here. The genus is abbreviated Coel in trade journals.
The wide distribution of this genus has resulted in a wide variety of temperature variation from species
to species, some requiring cool to cold conditions to grow and bloom reliably, while others need decidedly warmer temperatures to achieve the same.
The scientific name is derived from the Greek words koilos (hollow) and gyne (woman), referring to the concave stigma.
This genus lacks the saccate base of the labellum
, a typical characteristic which is present in the other genera in the subtribe Coelogyninae. The free lip has high lateral lobes along the basal part of the labellum (hypochile) and smooth, toothed or warty keels.
The pseudobulb
s of one internode vary in size. They may be closely or widely spaced through sympodial
growth along the rhizome
.
Inflorescence
s often show a small to very large number of showy, medium-sized to large flower
s. They may arise either from the apex of the newly completed pseudobulb at the end of the growing season (as in Coelogyne fimbriata), or may precede the new growth in early spring (as in Coelogyne cristata). The typical colour range of this genus is white, through tawny brown to green, and occasionally peachy tones. All species have four pollinia.
They have often a sweet scent, attracting different kinds of pollinator
s, such as bees, wasps and beetles.
A few species are commonly known as 'necklace orchids', because of their long, pendant, multi-flowered inflorescence.
The cooler growing species such as Coelogyne fimbriata, Coelogyne ovalis, Colegyne fuliginosa, Coelogyne cristata, Coelogyne flaccida, Coelogyne nitida
originate in the Himalayan region of India and southeast Asia. They require a decided rest period during winter during which they receive no feed, very little water (enough to prevent pseudobulbs shrivelling), cool to cold temperatures and high light. These conditions seem to aid flowering in spring for some growers, though others report that more constant conditions can also produce regular flowering.
Coelogyne has never become very popular among orchid growers and has even been ignored. However there is now a growing number of man-made hybrids, such as :
The traditional taxonomy
of the genus Coelogyne is still disputed. Coelogyne has been subdivided in 23 sections or subgenera by De Vogel (1994) and Clayton. Molecular data however show that Coelogyne is paraphyletic and should be reorganised, according to the study by Barbara Gravendeel et al. given in the reference works here below :
and Pholidota the following sections should be removed from Coelogyne : sections Coelogyne (in part), Cyathogyne, Tomentosae, Rigidiformes, Veitchiae and Verrucosae.
This new genus Coelogyne should then contain about 160 species.
gives 415 entries for this genus, but a large number are invalid or have become synonyms. These are not mentioned in the following traditional list.
Coelogyne albobrunnea J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne albolutea Rolfe
Coelogyne anceps Hook.f.
Coelogyne asperata Lindl.
Coelogyne assamica Linden & Rchb.f.
Coelogyne barbata
Lindl. ex Griff. Coelogyne beccarii Rchb.f.
Coelogyne bicamerata J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne bilamellata
Lindl. Coelogyne borneensis Rolfe
Coelogyne brachygyne J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne brachyptera Rchb.f.
Coelogyne breviscapa Lindl.
Coelogyne bruneiensis de Vogel
Coelogyne buennemeyeri J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne calcarata J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne calcicola
Kerr Coelogyne caloglossa Schltr.
Coelogyne candoonensis Ames
Coelogyne carinata Rolfe.
Coelogyne celebensis J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne chanii Gravend. & de Vogel
Coelogyne chlorophaea Schltr.
Coelogyne chloroptera Rchb.f.
Coelogyne clemensii Ames & C.Schweinf. in O.Ames.
Coelogyne clemensii var. clemensii
Coelogyne clemensii var. longiscapa Ames & C.Schweinf. in O.Ames
Coelogyne compressicaulis Ames & C.Schweinf. in O.Ames
Coelogyne concinna Ridl.
Coelogyne confusa Ames.
Coelogyne contractipetala J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne corymbosa
Lindl. Coelogyne crassiloba J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne craticulilabris Carr
Coelogyne cristata
Lindl. Coelogyne cumingii
Lindl. Coelogyne cuprea H.Wendl. & Kraenzl.
Coelogyne cuprea var. planiscapa J.J.Wood & C.L.Chan
Coelogyne dichroantha Gagnep
Coelogyne distans J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne dulitensis Carr.
Coelogyne eberhardtii Gagnep
Coelogyne ecarinata C.Schweinf.
Coelogyne echinolabium de Vogel
Coelogyne elmeri Ames.
Coelogyne endertii J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne exalata Ridl.
Coelogyne filipeda Gagnep.
Coelogyne fimbriata
Lindl. Coelogyne flaccida
Lindl. Coelogyne flexuosa Rolfe.
Coelogyne foerstermannii Rchb.f..
Coelogyne formosa Schltr.
Coelogyne fragrans Schltr.
Coelogyne fuerstenbergiana
Schltr. Coelogyne fuscescens
Lindl. Coelogyne fuscescens var. fuscescens
Coelogyne fuscescens var. integrilabia Pfitzer in H.G.A.Engler (ed.).
Coelogyne genuflexa Ames & C.Schweinf. in O.Ames.
Coelogyne ghatakii T.K.Paul, S.K.Basu & M.C.Biswas
Coelogyne gibbifera J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne glandulosa Lindl.
Coelogyne glandulosa var. glandulosa
Coelogyne glandulosa var. sathyanarayanae S.Das & S.K.Jain
Coelogyne gongshanensis H.Li ex S.C.Chen.
Coelogyne griffithii Hook.f.
Coelogyne guamensis Ames
Coelogyne hajrae Phukan.
Coelogyne harana J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne hirtella J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne hitendrae S.Das & S.K.Jain.
Coelogyne holochila P.F.Hunt & Summerh.
Coelogyne huettneriana Rchb.f.
Coelogyne imbricans J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne incrassata (Blume) Lindl.
Coelogyne incrassata var. sumatrana J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne incrassata var. valida J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne integerrima Ames
Coelogyne integra Schltr.
Coelogyne judithiae P.Taylor
Coelogyne kaliana P.J.Cribb.
Coelogyne kelamensis J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne kemiriensis J.J.Sm..
Coelogyne kinabaluensis Ames & C.Schweinf. in O.Ames.
Coelogyne lacinulosa J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne latiloba Vogel
Coelogyne lawrenceana
Rolfe Coelogyne lentiginosa
Lindl. Coelogyne leucantha W.W.Sm.
Coelogyne lockii Aver.
Coelogyne loheri Rolfe
Coelogyne longiana Aver.
Coelogyne longibulbosa Ames & C.Schweinf. in O.Ames.
Coelogyne longifolia (Blume) Lindl.
Coelogyne longipes Lindl.
Coelogyne longirachis Ames
Coelogyne longpasiaensis J.J.Wood & C.L.Chan
Coelogyne lycastoides F.Muell. & Kraenzl.
Coelogyne macdonaldii F.Muell. & Kraenzl.
Coelogyne malintangensis J.J.Sm..
Coelogyne malipoensis Z.H.Tsi
Coelogyne marmorata Rchb.f.
Coelogyne marthae S.E.C.Sierra
Coelogyne mayeriana
Rchb.f. Coelogyne merrillii Ames
Coelogyne micrantha Lindl.
Coelogyne miniata
(Blume) Lindl. Coelogyne monilirachis Carr
Coelogyne monticola J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne mooreana
Rolfe Coelogyne mossiae Rolfe
Coelogyne motleyi Rolfe ex J.J.Wood, D.A.Clayton & C.L.Chan
Coelogyne moultonii J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne multiflora Schltr.
Coelogyne muluensis J.J.Wood
Coelogyne naja J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne nervosa A.Rich.
Coelogyne nitida
(Wall. ex D.Don) Lindl. Coelogyne obtusifolia Carr
Coelogyne occultata Hook.f.
Coelogyne occultata var. uniflora N.P.Balakr.
Coelogyne odoardi Schltr.
Coelogyne odoratissima Lindl.
Coelogyne ovalis
Lindl. Coelogyne palawanensis Ames
Coelogyne pandurata
Lindl. : Black Orchid Coelogyne papillosa Ridl. ex Stapf.
Coelogyne parishii
Hook.f. Coelogyne peltastes Rchb.f.
Coelogyne pempahisheyana H.J.Chowdhery
Coelogyne pendula Summerh. ex Perry
Coelogyne pholidotoides J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne picta Schltr.
Coelogyne planiscapa Carr.
Coelogyne planiscapa var. planiscapa
Coelogyne plicatissima Ames & C.Schweinf. in O.Ames
Coelogyne prasina Ridl.
Coelogyne prolifera Lindl.
Coelogyne pulchella
Rolfe. Coelogyne pulverula Teijsm. & Binn.
Coelogyne punctulata Lindl.
Coelogyne quadratiloba Gagnep.
Coelogyne quinquelamellata Ames
Coelogyne radicosa Ridl.
Coelogyne radioferens Ames & C.Schweinf. in O.Ames
Coelogyne raizadae S.K.Jain & S.Das.
Coelogyne remediosae Ames & Quisumb.
Coelogyne renae Gravend. & de Vogel.
Coelogyne rhabdobulbon Schltr.
Coelogyne rigida C.S.P.Parish & Rchb.f.
Coelogyne rigidiformis Ames & C.Schweinf.
Coelogyne rochussenii
de Vriese
Coelogyne rumphii
Lindl.
Coelogyne rupicola Carr.
Coelogyne salmonicolor Rchb.f.
Coelogyne sanderae Kraenzl. ex O'Brien
Coelogyne sanderiana Rchb.f.
Coelogyne schilleriana Rchb.f. & K.Koch.
Coelogyne schultesii S.K.Jain & S.Das.
Coelogyne septemcostata J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne sparsa Rchb.f.
Coelogyne speciosa
(Blume) Lindl.
Coelogyne squamulosa J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne steenisii J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne stenobulbum Schltr.
Coelogyne stenochila Hook.f.
Coelogyne stricta (D.Don) Schltr.
Coelogyne suaveolens
(Lindl.) Hook.f.
Coelogyne susanae P.J.Cribb & B.A.Lewis
Coelogyne swaniana Rolfe
Coelogyne tenasserimensis Seidenf.
Coelogyne tenompokensis Carr.
Coelogyne tenuis Rolfe
Coelogyne testacea Lindl.
Coelogyne tiomanensis M.R.Hend.
Coelogyne tomentosa
Lindl. : Necklace Orchid
Coelogyne tommii Gravend. & P.O'Byrne
Coelogyne trilobulata J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne trinervis
Lindl.
Coelogyne triplicatula Rchb.f.
Coelogyne triuncialis P.O'Byrne & J.J.Verm.
Coelogyne tumida J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne undatialata J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne usitana
Roeth & O.Gruss.
Coelogyne ustulata C.S.P.Parish & Rchb.f.
Coelogyne vanoverberghii Ames
Coelogyne veitchii Rolfe
Coelogyne velutina de Vogel
Coelogyne venusta Rolfe
Coelogyne vermicularis J.J.Sm.
Coelogyne verrucosa S.E.C.Sierra
Coelogyne virescens
Rolfe
Coelogyne viscosa
Rchb.f.
Coelogyne weixiensis X.H.Jin (2005)
Coelogyne xyrekes
Ridl.
Coelogyne yiii Schuit. & de Vogel
Coelogyne zhenkangensis S.C.Chen & K.Y.Lang
Coelogyne zurowetzii Carr
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of over 200 sympodial
Sympodial
Sympodial means "with conjoined feet", and in biology is often used to refer to the outward morphology or mode of growth of organisms.-In botany:...
epiphyte
Epiphyte
An epiphyte is a plant that grows upon another plant non-parasitically or sometimes upon some other object , derives its moisture and nutrients from the air and rain and sometimes from debris accumulating around it, and is found in the temperate zone and in the...
s from the family Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
The Orchidaceae, commonly referred to as the orchid family, is a morphologically diverse and widespread family of monocots in the order Asparagales. Along with the Asteraceae, it is one of the two largest families of flowering plants, with between 21,950 and 26,049 currently accepted species,...
, distributed across India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
, China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
, Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...
and the Fiji
Fiji
Fiji , officially the Republic of Fiji , is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about northeast of New Zealand's North Island...
islands, with the main centers in Borneo, Sumatra and the Himalayas. They can be found from tropical lowland forests to montane rainforests. A few species grow as terrestrials or even as lithophytes in open, humid habitats. The genera Bolborchis Lindl.
John Lindley
John Lindley FRS was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist.-Early years:Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley was a nurseryman and pomologist and ran a commercial nursery garden...
, Hologyne Pfitzer and Ptychogyne Pfitzer are generally included here. The genus is abbreviated Coel in trade journals.
The wide distribution of this genus has resulted in a wide variety of temperature variation from species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
to species, some requiring cool to cold conditions to grow and bloom reliably, while others need decidedly warmer temperatures to achieve the same.
The scientific name is derived from the Greek words koilos (hollow) and gyne (woman), referring to the concave stigma.
This genus lacks the saccate base of the labellum
Labellum
Labellum is the Latin diminutive of labium, meaning lip. These are anatomical terms used descriptively in biology, for example in Entomology and botany.-Botany:...
, a typical characteristic which is present in the other genera in the subtribe Coelogyninae. The free lip has high lateral lobes along the basal part of the labellum (hypochile) and smooth, toothed or warty keels.
The pseudobulb
Pseudobulb
The pseudobulb is a storage organ derived from the part of a stem between two leaf nodes.It applies to the orchid family , specifically certain groups of epiphytic orchids, and may be single or composed of several internodes with evergreen or deciduous leaves along its length.In some species, it is...
s of one internode vary in size. They may be closely or widely spaced through sympodial
Sympodial
Sympodial means "with conjoined feet", and in biology is often used to refer to the outward morphology or mode of growth of organisms.-In botany:...
growth along the rhizome
Rhizome
In botany and dendrology, a rhizome is a characteristically horizontal stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes...
.
Inflorescence
Inflorescence
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Strictly, it is the part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed and which is accordingly modified...
s often show a small to very large number of showy, medium-sized to large flower
Flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants . The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs...
s. They may arise either from the apex of the newly completed pseudobulb at the end of the growing season (as in Coelogyne fimbriata), or may precede the new growth in early spring (as in Coelogyne cristata). The typical colour range of this genus is white, through tawny brown to green, and occasionally peachy tones. All species have four pollinia.
They have often a sweet scent, attracting different kinds of pollinator
Pollinator
A pollinator is the biotic agent that moves pollen from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization or syngamy of the female gamete in the ovule of the flower by the male gamete from the pollen grain...
s, such as bees, wasps and beetles.
A few species are commonly known as 'necklace orchids', because of their long, pendant, multi-flowered inflorescence.
The cooler growing species such as Coelogyne fimbriata, Coelogyne ovalis, Colegyne fuliginosa, Coelogyne cristata, Coelogyne flaccida, Coelogyne nitida
Coelogyne nitida
Coelogyne nitida is a species of orchid in the Coelogyne genus.Coelogyne nitida is a cool-growing species originating in the Himalayan region of India and southeast Asia. It requires a decided rest period during winter during which it receives no feed, very little water , cool to cold temperatures...
originate in the Himalayan region of India and southeast Asia. They require a decided rest period during winter during which they receive no feed, very little water (enough to prevent pseudobulbs shrivelling), cool to cold temperatures and high light. These conditions seem to aid flowering in spring for some growers, though others report that more constant conditions can also produce regular flowering.
Coelogyne has never become very popular among orchid growers and has even been ignored. However there is now a growing number of man-made hybrids, such as :
- Coelogyne Memoria W. Micholitz (C. mooreana × C. lawrenceana)
- Coelogyne Linda Buckley (C. mooreana × C. cristata)
- Coelogyne Burfordiense (C. pandurata × C. asperata).
- Coelogyne South Carolina (C. pandurata x C. Burfordiense), sometimes called "the black orchid" because of the black coloration of the heavily patterned and structured lip.
The traditional taxonomy
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification. The field of taxonomy, sometimes referred to as "biological taxonomy", revolves around the description and use of taxonomic units, known as taxa...
of the genus Coelogyne is still disputed. Coelogyne has been subdivided in 23 sections or subgenera by De Vogel (1994) and Clayton. Molecular data however show that Coelogyne is paraphyletic and should be reorganised, according to the study by Barbara Gravendeel et al. given in the reference works here below :
Neogyna
Neogyna is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae.- References :*Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.A. & Rasmussen, F. eds. . Genera Orchidacearum 1. Oxford Univ. Press....
and Pholidota
This new genus Coelogyne should then contain about 160 species.
Species
The database IPNIIPNI
The International Plant Names Index is a database of botanical names. It indexes names of seed plants, ferns and "fern allies". Coverage is best at the rank of species and genus...
gives 415 entries for this genus, but a large number are invalid or have become synonyms. These are not mentioned in the following traditional list.
Coelogyne barbata
Coelogyne barbata is a species of orchid....
Lindl. ex Griff.
Coelogyne bilamellata
Coelogyne bilamellata is a species of orchid....
Lindl.
Coelogyne calcicola
Coelogyne calcicola is a species of orchid....
Kerr
Coelogyne corymbosa
Coelogyne corymbosa is a species of orchid....
Lindl.
Coelogyne cristata
Coelogyne cristata is a species of orchid....
Lindl.
Coelogyne cumingii
Coelogyne cumingii is a species of orchid. It is named after Hugh Cuming, the 19th century collector....
Lindl.
Coelogyne fimbriata
Coelogyne fimbriata is a species of orchid....
Lindl.
Coelogyne flaccida
Coelogyne flaccida is a species of orchid....
Lindl.
Coelogyne fuerstenbergiana
Coelogyne fuerstenbergiana is a species of orchid....
Schltr.
Coelogyne fuscescens
Coelogyne fuscescens is a species of orchid....
Lindl.
Coelogyne lawrenceana
Coelogyne lawrenceana is a species of orchid....
Rolfe
Coelogyne lentiginosa
Coelogyne lentiginosa is a species of orchid....
Lindl.
Coelogyne mayeriana
Coelogyne mayeriana is a species of orchid....
Rchb.f.
Coelogyne miniata
Coelogyne miniata is a species of orchid....
(Blume) Lindl.
Coelogyne mooreana
Coelogyne mooreana is a species of orchid....
Rolfe
Coelogyne nitida
Coelogyne nitida is a species of orchid in the Coelogyne genus.Coelogyne nitida is a cool-growing species originating in the Himalayan region of India and southeast Asia. It requires a decided rest period during winter during which it receives no feed, very little water , cool to cold temperatures...
(Wall. ex D.Don) Lindl.
Coelogyne ovalis
Coelogyne ovalis is a species of orchid....
Lindl.
Coelogyne pandurata
Coelogyne pandurata is a species of Orchid from Borneo that is much sought after by hybridizers for its truly black lip.-External links:*...
Lindl. : Black Orchid
Coelogyne parishii
Coelogyne parishii is a species of orchid....
Hook.f.
Coelogyne pulchella
Coelogyne pulchella is a species of orchid....
Rolfe.
- Coelogyne punctulata f. brevifolia (Lindl.) S.Das & S.K.Jain
- Coelogyne punctulata f. punctulata
Coelogyne rochussenii
Coelogyne rochussenii is a species of orchid....
de Vriese
Coelogyne rumphii
Coelogyne rumphii is a species of orchid....
Lindl.
Coelogyne speciosa
Coelogyne speciosa is a species of orchid....
(Blume) Lindl.
- Coelogyne speciosa subsp. fimbriata (J.J.Sm.) Gravend.
- Coelogyne speciosa subsp. incarnata Gravend.
- Coelogyne speciosa subsp. speciosa
Coelogyne suaveolens
Coelogyne suaveolens is a species of orchid....
(Lindl.) Hook.f.
Gunnar Seidenfaden
Gunnar Seidenfaden was a Danish diplomat and botanist. He was Danish ambassador in Thailand 1955-1959, and in the U.S.S.R. 1959-1961. He was an expert on Southeast Asia Orchidaceae. He published several multi-volume works on orchids, e.g. The Orchids of Thailand – A Preliminary List and Orchid...
Coelogyne tomentosa
The Necklace Orchid is a species of orchid....
Lindl. : Necklace Orchid
Coelogyne trinervis
Coelogyne trinervis is a species of orchid....
Lindl.
Coelogyne usitana
Coelogyne usitana is a species of orchid....
Roeth & O.Gruss.
Coelogyne virescens
Coelogyne virescens is a species of orchid....
Rolfe
Coelogyne viscosa
Coelogyne viscosa is a species of orchid....
Rchb.f.
Coelogyne xyrekes
Coelogyne xyrekes is a species of orchid....
Ridl.
Reference work
- A phylogenetic classification of the genus Coelogyne, based on morphology and molecules
- Teuscher, H. 1976. Coelogyne and Pleione. American Orchid Society Bulletin 45(8):688