Chrysallidinae
Encyclopedia
Chrysallidinae is a taxonomic group of very small sea snail
s in the family Pyramidellidae
.
(according to the taxonomy of Ponder
& Lindberg 1997). (The other 10 subfamilies are Odostomiinae
, Turbonillinae
, Cingulininae
, Cyclostremellinae
, Sayellinae
, Syrnolinae, Eulimellinae
, Pyramidellinae
, Odostomellinae
and Tiberiinae
.)
According to Schander, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999) there are 47 genera in this subfamily, four additional genera may also be a part of this taxon.
In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi
(2005), this subfamily has been downgraded to the rank of tribe
Chrysallidini in the subfamily Odostomiinae
.
, which is often wrapped up. The texture of these shells is sculptured
in various forms such as ribs and spirals. Their color is mostly white, cream or yellowish. The teleoconch is dextrally coiled, but the larva
l shells are sinistral. This results in a sinistrally coiled protoconch. The columella has one, spiral fold
. The aperture
is closed by an operculum
.
s.
They do not have a radula
. Instead their long proboscis
is used to pierce the skin of its prey and suck up its fluids and soft tissues. The eyes on the grooved tentacles are situated toward the base of the tentacles. Between the head and the foot, a lobed process called the mentum
( = thin projection) is visible.
These molluscs are hermaphrodite
s, laying eggs in jelly-like masses on the shell of its host.
Sea snail
Sea snail is a common name for those snails that normally live in saltwater, marine gastropod molluscs....
s in the family Pyramidellidae
Pyramidellidae
Pyramidellidae, common name the pyram family, or pyramid shells, is a voluminous taxonomic family of mostly small and minute ectoparasitic sea snails, marine heterobranch gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs....
.
Taxonomy
Chrysallidinae has been one of eleven recognized subfamilies of the gastropod family PyramidellidaePyramidellidae
Pyramidellidae, common name the pyram family, or pyramid shells, is a voluminous taxonomic family of mostly small and minute ectoparasitic sea snails, marine heterobranch gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs....
(according to the taxonomy of Ponder
Winston Ponder
Winston F. Ponder B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D, D.Sc. is a noted malacologist from New Zealand who has named and described many marine animals, especially micromolluscs. He is a graduate of the University of Auckland, New Zealand....
& Lindberg 1997). (The other 10 subfamilies are Odostomiinae
Odostomiinae
Odostomiinae, Odostomia snails and their allies, is a taxonomic subfamily of minute parasitic sea snails. These are marine heterobranch gastropod mollusks, or micromollusks, in the family Pyramidellidae.-Taxonomy:...
, Turbonillinae
Turbonillinae
Turbonillinae is a subfamily of mostly minute parasitic sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.-Taxonomy:...
, Cingulininae
Cingulininae
Cingulinini is a taxonomic tribe of very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae.- Taxonomy :Cingulininae was first introduced by Saurin in 1959, and according to Schander, Van Aartsen & Corgan it comprises seven genera; Cingulina, Cinctigua, Coemansia,...
, Cyclostremellinae
Cyclostremellinae
Cyclostremellini is a tribe, a taxonomic grouping, of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks, in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams.- Taxonomy :...
, Sayellinae
Sayellinae
Sayellini is a taxonomic tribe of minute ectoparasitic sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs, or micromollusks, in the very large family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.- Taxonomy :...
, Syrnolinae, Eulimellinae
Eulimellinae
Eulimellini is a tribe of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.- Taxonomy :According to Schander, Van Aartsen & Corgan there are 17 genera in the Eulimellinae....
, Pyramidellinae
Pyramidellinae
Pyramidellinae is a taxonomic subfamily of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.- Taxonomy :...
, Odostomellinae
Odostomellinae
Odostomellini is a taxonomic tribe of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs within the family Pyramidellidae the pyrams and their allies.- Taxonomy :...
and Tiberiinae
Tiberiinae
Tiberia is a genus of minute parasitic sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.- Taxonomy :...
.)
According to Schander, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999) there are 47 genera in this subfamily, four additional genera may also be a part of this taxon.
In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi
Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is currently the most up-to-date overall system for classifying gastropod mollusks...
(2005), this subfamily has been downgraded to the rank of tribe
Tribe (biology)
In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic rank between family and genus. It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes.Some examples include the tribes: Canini, Acalypheae, Hominini, Bombini, and Antidesmeae.-See also:* Biological classification* Rank...
Chrysallidini in the subfamily Odostomiinae
Odostomiinae
Odostomiinae, Odostomia snails and their allies, is a taxonomic subfamily of minute parasitic sea snails. These are marine heterobranch gastropod mollusks, or micromollusks, in the family Pyramidellidae.-Taxonomy:...
.
Genera
Genera in the subfamily Chrysallidinae include:- ChrysallidaChrysallidaChrysallida is a speciose genus of minute sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Pyramidellidae within the tribe Chrysallidini.- Taxonomy :...
CarpenterPhillip Pearsall CarpenterPhilip Pearsall Carpenter Rev. Dr. , who in 1841, was ordained Presbyterian minister in England, and a Doctorate of Philosophy in 1860, and whose field work as a malacologist or conchologist in North America is still well regarded today...
, 1856 - type genus - BabellaBabellaBabella is a genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Pyramidellidae withon the tribe Chrysallidini .-Distribution:...
DallW. H. DallWilliam Healey Dall was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska...
, & Bartsch, 1906 - BartrumellaBartrumellaBartrumella is a small genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Pyramidellidae withon the tribe Chrysallidini .-Etymology:...
Laws, 1940 - BeslaBeslaBesla is a small genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae withon the tribe Chrysallidini .-Life habits:...
DallW. H. DallWilliam Healey Dall was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska...
& Bartsch, 1904 - BooneaBooneaBoonea is a small genus of small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks.This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Odostomiinae, of the family Pyramidellidae .-Life habits:...
Robertson, 1978 - EgilaEgilaEgila is a genus of small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks.This genus is currently placed in the tribe Chrysallidini of the family Odostomiidae. It has both recent and fossil members.-Life habits:...
DallW. H. DallWilliam Healey Dall was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska...
, & Bartsch, 1904 - EupartheniaEupartheniaEuparthenia is a subgenus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks, or micromollusks in the subfamily Turbonillinae.The name Euparthenia is a replacement name for Parthenia Lowe, 1841 not Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830....
Thiele, 1929 - EupyrgulinaEupyrgulinaEupyrgulina is a genus of small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks in the tribe Chrysallidini within the family Pyramidellidae.-Life habits:Little is known about the biology of the members of this genus...
Melvill, 1910 - EuratheaEuratheaEurathea is a small genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the tribe Chrysallidini within the family Pyramidellidae.-Life habits:Little is known about the biology of the members of this genus...
LaseronCharles Francis LaseronCharles Francis Laseron , was an American-born Australian naturalist and malacologist.Charles Laseron was born on 6 December 1887 at Manitowoc, Wisconsin, United States of America, to English parents the Rev...
, 1959 - EvalinaEvalinaEvalina is a small genus of sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks in the tribe Chrysallidini within the family Pyramidellidae.The genus has both Recent and fossil members.-Life habits:...
DallW. H. DallWilliam Healey Dall was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska...
& Bartsch, 1904 - FargoaFargoaFargoa is a genus of very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the tribe Chrysallidini within the family Pyramidellidae.-Life habits:The members of Fargoa are ectoparasites on the serpulid polychaete Hydroides.-Species:...
Bartsch, 1955 - Folinella DallW. H. DallWilliam Healey Dall was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska...
, & Bartsch, 1904 - GurmatiaGurmatiaGurmatia is an extinct small genus of pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Pyramidellidae.The genus is known only from fossils .-Shell description:The shell in this genus is small, ovate-conic, thin and translucent...
Dance & Eames, 1966 - HaldraHaldraHaldra is a genus of pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the tribe Chrysallidini within the family Pyramidellidae.-Life habits:Little is known about the biology of the members of this genus...
DallW. H. DallWilliam Healey Dall was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska...
, & Bartsch, 1904 - Hinemoa Oliver, 1915
- IolaeaIolaeaIolaea is a genus of small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks in the in the tribe Chrysallidini withon the family Pyramidellidae....
A. AdamsArthur Adams (zoologist)Arthur Adams was an English physician and naturalist.Adams was assistant surgeon on board H.M.S. "Actaeon" in company with HMS Samarang in the British Navy during the survey of the Malay Archipelago, the Japan Sea, Korea and China,from 1843 to 1846. He edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S....
, 1867 - IvaraIvaraIvara is a small genus of sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks. This genus is currently placed in the tribe Chrysallidini, of the family Odostomiidae. The Brazilian species have been revised by Pimenta et al....
DallW. H. DallWilliam Healey Dall was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska...
& Bartsch in Arnold, 1903
- KongsrudiaKongsrudiaKongsrudia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.-Species:Species within the genus Kongsrudia include:* Kongsrudia approximans...
Lygra & Schander, 2010 - LaseronellaLaseronellaLaseronella is a small genus of sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae of the family Odostomiidae. It has both recent and fossil members...
Whitley, 1959 - LevipyrgulinaLevipyrgulinaLevipyrgulina is a small genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae of the family Odostomiidae.-Shell description:...
Laws, 1941 - LinopyrgaLinopyrgaLinopyrga is a small genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae of the family Odostomiidae.-Shell description:...
Laws, 1941 - MenesthellaMenesthellaMenesthella is a genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks, or micromollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae of the family Odostomiidae. It was originally described as a subgenus of Menestho Möller, 1842 but was erected to genus status by...
Nomura, 1939 - MenesthoMenesthoMenestho is a genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks, or micromollusks. -Shell description:The original description by Möller is brief and in Latin: "Animal pede elongato, angusto; ore simplici, membrana linguali destituto; tentaculis brevioribus, crassiusculis, oculos...
Möller, 1842 - MiraldaMiraldaMiralda is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.-Species:Species within the genus Miralda include:* Miralda abbotti Olsson & McGinty, 1958* Miralda agana Bartsch, 1915...
A. AdamsArthur Adams (zoologist)Arthur Adams was an English physician and naturalist.Adams was assistant surgeon on board H.M.S. "Actaeon" in company with HMS Samarang in the British Navy during the survey of the Malay Archipelago, the Japan Sea, Korea and China,from 1843 to 1846. He edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S....
, 1863 - MiraldellaMiraldellaMiraldella is a genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks, or micromollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae of the family Odostomiidae. The genus was first described as a subgenus of Miralda A. Adams, 1863, but was later given full generic...
Bartsch, 1955 - MonotygmaMonotygmaMonotygma is a genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks, or micromollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae of the family Odostomiidae. The status of this genus was for a long time confused, but the situation was clarified in a review by van...
J. E. Gray, 1847 - Mumiola A. AdamsArthur Adams (zoologist)Arthur Adams was an English physician and naturalist.Adams was assistant surgeon on board H.M.S. "Actaeon" in company with HMS Samarang in the British Navy during the survey of the Malay Archipelago, the Japan Sea, Korea and China,from 1843 to 1846. He edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S....
, 1863 - NumaegilinaNumaegilinaNumaegilina is a small genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae of the family Odostomiidae. It was originally described as a subgenus of Chrysallida" but was raised to generic status by Schander...
Nomura, 1938 - Oscilla A. AdamsArthur Adams (zoologist)Arthur Adams was an English physician and naturalist.Adams was assistant surgeon on board H.M.S. "Actaeon" in company with HMS Samarang in the British Navy during the survey of the Malay Archipelago, the Japan Sea, Korea and China,from 1843 to 1846. He edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S....
, 1861 - PartheninaPartheninaParthenina is a genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae of the family Odostomiidae...
Bucquoy, Dauzenberg & Dollfus, 1883 - Perparthenina Nordsieck, 1972
- PolemicellaPolemicellaPolemicella is a small genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae of the family Odostomiidae.-Shell description:...
Saurin, 1959 - PrestoniellaPrestoniellaPrestoniella is a small genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae of the family Odostomiidae.-Shell description:...
Saurin, 1958 - PseudoscillaPseudoscillaPseudoscilla is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.-Species:Species within the genus Pseudoscilla include:* Pseudoscilla babylonia Pseudoscilla is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae,...
Boettger, 1901 - PukeuriaPukeuriaPukeuria is a small genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae of the family Odostomiidae.-Shell description:...
Laws, 1941 - PyrgulinaPyrgulinaPyrgulina is a small genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae of the family Odostomiidae...
A. AdamsArthur Adams (zoologist)Arthur Adams was an English physician and naturalist.Adams was assistant surgeon on board H.M.S. "Actaeon" in company with HMS Samarang in the British Navy during the survey of the Malay Archipelago, the Japan Sea, Korea and China,from 1843 to 1846. He edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S....
, 1863 - QuirellaQuirellaQuirella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.-Species:Species within the genus Quirella include:* Quirella lyngei Robba, Di Geronimo, Chaimanee, Negri & Sanfilippo, 2004...
LaseronCharles Francis LaseronCharles Francis Laseron , was an American-born Australian naturalist and malacologist.Charles Laseron was born on 6 December 1887 at Manitowoc, Wisconsin, United States of America, to English parents the Rev...
, 1959 - Ravnostomia Adegoke, 1977
- SalassiaSalassiaSalassia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.-Species:Species within the genus Salassia include:...
De Folin, 1870 - Salassiella DallW. H. DallWilliam Healey Dall was an American naturalist, a prominent malacologist, and one of the earliest scientific explorers of interior Alaska...
& Bartsch, 1909 - SiogamaiaSiogamaiaSiogamaia is a small genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae of the family Odostomiidae. The genus was originally described as a subgenus of Tropaeas Dall & Bartsch, 1904, but was later erected...
Nomura, 1936 - SpiralinellaSpiralinellaSpiralinella is a genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks, or micromollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae of the family Odostomiidae. Both this genus and its type species have had a very complicated synomymy...
Chaster, 1901 - StandeniellaStandeniellaStandeniella is a small genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae of the family Odostomiidae.-Shell description:...
Saurin, 1958 - Strioturbonilla Sacco, 1892
- Trabecula Monterosato, 1884
- Tragula Monterosato, 1884
- WaikuraWaikuraWaikura is a genus of very small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks, or micromollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae of the family Odostomiidae.-Shell description:...
MarwickJohn MarwickJohn Marwick MM was a New Zealand palaeontologist and geologist.John Marwick was born near Oamaru, New Zealand, on 3 February 1891, the son of Hugh Marwick, and his wife, Jane née Cuthbert. While at Waitaki Boys' High School he helped to collect fossil shells and learned the beginnings of how to...
, 1931
Possible extra genera
Genera likely to reside in the subfamily Chrysallidinae include:- Raulinia Mayer, 1864
- Rugadentia LaseronCharles Francis LaseronCharles Francis Laseron , was an American-born Australian naturalist and malacologist.Charles Laseron was born on 6 December 1887 at Manitowoc, Wisconsin, United States of America, to English parents the Rev...
, 1951 - Stylopyramis Thiele, 1929
- Taphrostomia Cossmann, 1921
Shell description
The shell of these snails has a blunt, heterostrophic protoconchProtoconch
A protoconch is an embryonic or larval shell of some classes of molluscs, e.g., the initial chamber of an ammonite or the larval shell of a gastropod...
, which is often wrapped up. The texture of these shells is sculptured
Sculpture (mollusc)
The sculpture of a mollusc shell is the three-dimensional ornamentation on the outer surface, as distinct from the basic shape of the shell itself or colouration. Sculpture may be concave as well as convex. Sometimes it has microscopic detail. Sculpture refers to the calcareous outer layer, not the...
in various forms such as ribs and spirals. Their color is mostly white, cream or yellowish. The teleoconch is dextrally coiled, but the larva
Larva
A larva is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle...
l shells are sinistral. This results in a sinistrally coiled protoconch. The columella has one, spiral fold
Plait (gastropod)
A plait is an anatomical feature which is present the shells of some snails, or gastropods. This sculpture occurs often in the shells of marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Neogastropoda, but it is also found in some pulmonate land snails....
. The aperture
Aperture (mollusc)
The aperture is an opening in certain kinds of mollusc shells: it is the main opening of the shell, where part of the body of the animal emerges for locomotion, feeding, etc....
is closed by an operculum
Operculum (gastropod)
The operculum, meaning little lid, is a corneous or calcareous anatomical structure which exists in many groups of sea snails and freshwater snails, and also in a few groups of land snails...
.
Life habits
The Chrysallidinae are ectoparasites, feeding mainly on other molluscs and on annelid wormWorm
The term worm refers to an obsolete taxon used by Carolus Linnaeus and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck for all non-arthropod invertebrate animals, and stems from the Old English word wyrm. Currently it is used to describe many different distantly-related animals that typically have a long cylindrical...
s.
They do not have a radula
Radula
The radula is an anatomical structure that is used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared rather inaccurately to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus...
. Instead their long proboscis
Proboscis
A proboscis is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal, either a vertebrate or an invertebrate. In simpler terms, a proboscis is the straw-like mouth found in several varieties of species.-Etymology:...
is used to pierce the skin of its prey and suck up its fluids and soft tissues. The eyes on the grooved tentacles are situated toward the base of the tentacles. Between the head and the foot, a lobed process called the mentum
Mentum
The mentum refers to a projecting structure near the mouth of any of several animals:#In insects, the mentum is the distal part of the labium. The mentum bears the palps, glossae, paraglossae, and/or ligula....
( = thin projection) is visible.
These molluscs are hermaphrodite
Hermaphrodite
In biology, a hermaphrodite is an organism that has reproductive organs normally associated with both male and female sexes.Many taxonomic groups of animals do not have separate sexes. In these groups, hermaphroditism is a normal condition, enabling a form of sexual reproduction in which both...
s, laying eggs in jelly-like masses on the shell of its host.