Chinjufu Shogun
Encyclopedia
Chinjufu shōgun often translated as "Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North," was a military post in classical and feudal Japan. The Chinjufu shōgun, under the command of the sei-i-tai-shōgun (shogun
), was primarily responsible for the pacification of the Ezo (Ainu
) people of northern Honshū
and Hokkaidō
, and Japan's defense against them.
The post was originally created in the eighth century, during the Nara period
, and a military district, called Chinjufu was established as the Chinjufu shōgun's area of authority. It was originally located in the fortress of Tagajō
in what is now Miyagi prefecture
. However, it was moved further north in 801
, after the Chinjufu shōgun at the time, Sakanoue no Tamuramaro
achieved a series of victories against the natives, pushing them further north. Once all of Honshū was conquered, or pacified, by the Japanese, the new base at Azawajō came to be controlled by the various samurai clans of that region. The base, along with the Chinjufu military district and the position of Chinjufu shogun, was abandoned in the early 14th century.
Shogun
A was one of the hereditary military dictators of Japan from 1192 to 1867. In this period, the shoguns, or their shikken regents , were the de facto rulers of Japan though they were nominally appointed by the emperor...
), was primarily responsible for the pacification of the Ezo (Ainu
Ainu people
The , also called Aynu, Aino , and in historical texts Ezo , are indigenous people or groups in Japan and Russia. Historically they spoke the Ainu language and related varieties and lived in Hokkaidō, the Kuril Islands, and much of Sakhalin...
) people of northern Honshū
Honshu
is the largest island of Japan. The nation's main island, it is south of Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyushu across the Kanmon Strait...
and Hokkaidō
Hokkaido
, formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japan's second largest island; it is also the largest and northernmost of Japan's 47 prefectural-level subdivisions. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu, although the two islands are connected by the underwater railway Seikan Tunnel...
, and Japan's defense against them.
The post was originally created in the eighth century, during the Nara period
Nara period
The of the history of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794. Empress Gemmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō . Except for 5 years , when the capital was briefly moved again, it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kammu established a new capital, Nagaoka-kyō, in 784...
, and a military district, called Chinjufu was established as the Chinjufu shōgun's area of authority. It was originally located in the fortress of Tagajō
Tagajo, Miyagi
is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.The city was named after Taga Castle, the capital of Mutsu Province.As of 2010, the city has an estimated population of 63,256 and the population density of 3,220 persons per km². The total area is 19.64 km²....
in what is now Miyagi prefecture
Miyagi Prefecture
is a prefecture of Japan in the Tōhoku Region on Honshu island. The capital is Sendai.- History :Miyagi Prefecture was formerly part of the province of Mutsu. Mutsu Province, on northern Honshu, was one of the last provinces to be formed as land was taken from the indigenous Emishi, and became the...
. However, it was moved further north in 801
801
Year 801 was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.- Births :* September 8 or September 9 – Ansgar, German monk and archbishop, known as The Apostle of the North Year 801 (DCCCI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian...
, after the Chinjufu shōgun at the time, Sakanoue no Tamuramaro
Sakanoue no Tamuramaro
was a general and shogun of the early Heian Period of Japan. He was the son of Sakanoue no Karitamaro.-Military career:Serving Emperor Kammu, he was appointed shogun and given the task of conquering the Emishi , a people native to the north of Honshū, which he subjugated...
achieved a series of victories against the natives, pushing them further north. Once all of Honshū was conquered, or pacified, by the Japanese, the new base at Azawajō came to be controlled by the various samurai clans of that region. The base, along with the Chinjufu military district and the position of Chinjufu shogun, was abandoned in the early 14th century.
Chinjufu shōgun of note
- Ōno no AzumabitoOno no AzumabitoThis article is about a member of the Ono samurai clan; for the samurai of the Ōno clan, see Ōno no Azumabito. was a samurai and Court official of Japan's Nara period....
(大野東人) (?-742) - Ōtomo no Komaro (大伴古麻呂) (?-757)
- Fujiwara no Asakari (藤原朝狩) (?-764)
- Tanaka no Ōtamaro (田中多太麻呂) (769 Appointment)
- Ishikawa no Natari (石川名足) (728-788)
- Sakanoue no KaritamaroSakanoue no Karitamarowas a samurai commander, and later Chinjufu-shōgun , during Japan's Nara period.Karitomo's father was Sakanoue no Inukai.In 764, Karitamaro aided in the repression of a revolt by Fujiwara no Nakamaro....
(坂上苅田麿) (728-786) - Saeki no Mino (佐伯三野 ) (?-779)
- Ōtomo no Surugamaro (大伴駿河麻呂) (?-776)
- Ki no Hirozumi (紀廣純) (777 Appointment)
- Ōtomo no YakamochiOtomo no Yakamochiwas a Japanese statesman and waka poet in the Nara period. He is a member of the . He was born into the prestigious Ōtomo clan; his grandfather was Ōtomo no Amaro and his father was Ōtomo no Tabito. Ōtomo no Kakimochi was his younger brother, and Ōtomo no Sakanoe no Iratsume his aunt...
(大伴家持) (718-785) - Kudara no konikishi syuntetsu (百済王俊哲) (787 Appointment)
- Tajihi no Umi (多治比宇美) (787 Appointment)
- Kudara no konikishi syuntetsu (百済王俊哲) (798 reappointment)
- Sakanoue no TamuramaroSakanoue no Tamuramarowas a general and shogun of the early Heian Period of Japan. He was the son of Sakanoue no Karitamaro.-Military career:Serving Emperor Kammu, he was appointed shogun and given the task of conquering the Emishi , a people native to the north of Honshū, which he subjugated...
(坂上田村麻呂) (758-811) - Saeki no Mimimaro (佐伯耳麻呂) (809 Appointment)
- Mononobe no Taritsugu (物部足継) (812 Appointment)
- Mononobe no Kumai (物部熊猪) (834 Appointment)
- Sakanoue no Masamichi (坂上当道) (859 Appointment)
- Ono no Harukaze (小野春風) (878 Appointment)
- Abe no Mitora (安倍三寅) (884 Appointment)
- Fujiwara no ToshihitoFujiwara no Toshihitowas a noble and general during Japan's Heian period. He was the son of Fujiwara Mimbu-no-kyo Tokinaga who in turn was grandson of Fujiwara no Uona founding father of the Northern Fujiwara....
(藤原利仁) (915 Appointment) - Fujiwara no ToshiyukiFujiwara no ToshiyukiFujiwara no Toshiyuki was a middle Heian waka poet and Japanese nobleman...
(藤原利行) - Taira no Kunika (平国香) (?-935)
- Taira no Yoshikane (平良兼) (?-939)
- Taira no Yoshimasa (平良将)
- Fujiwara no HidesatoFujiwara no Hidesatowas a kuge of tenth century Heian Japan. He is famous for his military exploits and courage, and is regarded the common ancestor of the Ōshū branch of the Fujiwara clan, the Yūki, Oyama, and Shimokōbe families....
(藤原 秀郷) (10th c.) - Taira no Yoshimochi (平良持) (?-935)
- Taira no SadamoriTaira no SadamoriTaira no Sadamori was a samurai of the Taira clan who was involved in suppressing the revolt of Taira no Masakado in the 930s-940. He was the son of Taira no Kunika and grandson of Taira no Takamochi, the founder of the Kammu Heishi line...
(平貞盛) (?-989) - Minamoto no TsunemotoMinamoto no Tsunemotowas a samurai and Imperial Prince during Japan's Heian period, the progenitor of the Seiwa Genji branch of the Minamoto clan. He was the son of Sadazumi-shinnō and grandson of Emperor Seiwa....
(源經基) (894-961) - Minamoto no MitsunakaMinamoto no Mitsunaka, son of Minamoto no Tsunemoto, was a samurai and Court official of Japan's Heian period. Mitsunaka belonged to the Seiwa Genji branch of the Minamoto clan, which traced its ancestry to Emperor Seiwa. He loyally served several successive Fujiwara regents beginning with Fujiwara no Morotada...
(源満仲) (912-997) - Minamoto no YorinobuMinamoto no Yorinobuwas a samurai commander and member of the powerful Minamoto clan. He was the son of Minamoto no Mitsunaka . Along with his brother Yorimitsu, Yorinobu served the regents of the Fujiwara clan, taking the violent measures the Fujiwara were themselves unable to take. He held the title, passed down...
(源頼信) (968-1048) - Abe no YoritokiAbe no Yoritokiwas the head of the Abe clan of Emishi who were allowed to rule the six Emishi districts in the Kitakami Basin from Morioka to Hiraizumi in what is now Iwate Prefecture. The clan emerged from the Appi River basin in what is now Hachimantai City, Iwate Prefecture, early in the 9th century...
(安倍頼時) (c. 1050) - Minamoto no YoriyoshiMinamoto no Yoriyoshiwas a head of Japan's Minamoto clan who is perhaps most notable for having led, along with his son Minamoto no Yoshiie, the Imperial forces against rebellious forces in the north...
(源頼義) (998-1082) - Minamoto no YoshiieMinamoto no YoshiieMinamoto no Yoshiie , also known as Hachimantarō, was a Minamoto clan samurai of the late Heian period, and Chinjufu shogun...
(源義家) (1039–1106) - Fujiwara no HidehiraFujiwara no Hidehirawas the third ruler of Northern Fujiwara in Mutsu Province, Japan, the grandson of Fujiwara no Kiyohira. During the Genpei War, he controlled his territory independently of the central government; however, he was the official imperial governor for Mutsu Province as of 1181. He offered shelter to...
(藤原 秀衡) (1122? - 1187) - Minamoto no YoshishigeMinamoto no YoshishigeMinamoto no Yoshishige was the progenitor of the Nitta branch family of the Minamoto samurai clan, who fought alongside the Minamoto in the Genpei War...
(源義重) (1135–1202) - Kitabatake AkiieKitabatake Akiiewas a Japanese court noble, and an important supporter of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō Wars. He also held the posts of Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North, and Governor of Mutsu Province...
(北畠顕家) (1318–1338) - Ashikaga TakaujiAshikaga Takaujiwas the founder and first shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate. His rule began in 1338, beginning the Muromachi period of Japan, and ended with his death in 1358...
(足利 尊氏) (1305–1358) - Ashikaga TadayoshiAshikaga Tadayoshiwas a general of the Northern and Southern Courts period of Japanese history and a close associate of his elder brother Takauji, the first Muromachi shogun. Son of Ashikaga Sadauji and of a daughter of Uesugi Yorishige, the same mother as Takauji, he was a pivotal figure of the chaotic transition...
(足利直義) (1306–1352)
See also
- "Chinjufu" was also the name, during the Meiji era, of the naval bases at SaseboSasebo, Nagasakiis a city located in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. As of 2011, the city has an estimated population of 259,800 and the density of 609 persons per km². The total area is 426.47 km². The locality is famed for its scenic beauty. The city includes a part of Saikai National Park...
, MaizuruMaizuru, Kyotois a city located in Kyōto, Japan, on an inlet of the Sea of Japan.As of 2008, the city has an estimated population of 89,626 and the density of 264 persons per km². The total area is .The city was founded on May 27, 1943....
, and YokosukaYokosuka, Kanagawais a city located in Kanagawa, Japan. As of 2010, the city had an estimated population of 419,067 and a population density of 4,160 people per km². It covered an area of 100.62 km²...
.