CKY (video series)
Encyclopedia
The CKY video series is a series of videos produced by Bam Margera
Bam Margera
Brandon Cole "Bam" Margera is an American professional skateboarder, television and radio personality, actor and daredevil. He released a series of videos under the CKY banner and came to prominence after being drafted into MTV's Jackass crew...

 and Brandon DiCamillo
Brandon DiCamillo
Brandon Ralph DiCamillo is an American actor, stuntman and screenwriter. He was a founding member of the CKY Crew and rose to fame through appearances in the CKY video series and MTV's Jackass, Viva La Bam and Bam's Unholy Union.-Personal life:He previously worked for Neiman-Marcus, and is the...

 and other residents of West Chester, Pennsylvania
West Chester, Pennsylvania
The Borough of West Chester is the county seat of Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 18,461 at the 2010 census.Valley Forge, the Brandywine Battlefield, Longwood Gardens, Marsh Creek State Park, and other historical attractions are near West Chester...

. Four videos have been released to date, Landspeed presents: CKY (later called CKY), CKY2K, CKY 3, and CKY4: The Latest & Greatest. There is also a CKY "documentary" DVD, which is a supplemental item in the hard-to-find CKY "Box Set," as well as two "CKY Trilogy" sets, both of which are compilation DVDs featuring scenes from the previous CKY DVDs. The videos were named after Bam Margera's brother Jess Margera
Jess Margera
Jesse Phillip Margera is the drummer in the band CKY, its predecessor Oil and Foreign Objects, Viking Skull, and The Company Band.-Life and career:...

 and his band CKY
CKY (band)
CKY is an American alternative metal band that formed in West Chester, Pennsylvania in 1998. Centred around core members Deron Miller , Chad I Ginsburg and Jess Margera , the band shares its name with a skateboarding and stunt video series produced by Bam Margera, brother of drummer Jess...

(with Deron Miller
Deron Miller
Deron John Miller is the lead singer, guitarist and songwriter for World Under Blood and CKY , which has been through various incarnations since being founded in 1998. CKY's most recent release was 2009's Carver City....

 and Chad Ginsburg). "CKY" stands for "Camp Kill Yourself".

The videos feature Bam Margera, Brandon DiCamillo, their friends and Bam's relatives in various stunts and pranks, interspersed with skating footage of Bam and other pros. A trademark of the skating footage was to show unsuccessful trick attempts immediately followed by the same skater pulling the trick off. CKY started when Bam and his friends were in the same Graphics Arts class at East High School in West Chester, Pennsylvania
West Chester, Pennsylvania
The Borough of West Chester is the county seat of Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 18,461 at the 2010 census.Valley Forge, the Brandywine Battlefield, Longwood Gardens, Marsh Creek State Park, and other historical attractions are near West Chester...

. Instead of attending class, they would go out in a field and film skits. Eventually, they had so much footage of themselves, they decided to compile it into a video.

The CKY Crew

In addition to Margera and DiCamillo, the core members of the CKY Crew
CKY Crew
The Camp Kill Yourself Crew are a group of friends and relatives centered around Bam Margera, many of whom are from or located in and around West Chester, Pennsylvania...

 include Bam's brother Jess Margera
Jess Margera
Jesse Phillip Margera is the drummer in the band CKY, its predecessor Oil and Foreign Objects, Viking Skull, and The Company Band.-Life and career:...

, Ryan Dunn
Ryan Dunn
Ryan Matthew Dunn was an American reality television personality and daredevil best known for being a member of the Jackass and Viva La Bam crew. He hosted Homewrecker and Proving Ground...

, Chris Raab
Chris Raab
Christian Joseph Raab, , better known by his stage name Raab Himself, is an American television personality, known as a former member of the CKY Crew featured in the MTV series Viva La Bam and Jackass ....

 (later called Raab Himself) and Rake Yohn
Rake Yohn
Rake Yohn is a member of the CKY Crew and a regular in the CKY Videos, MTV's Viva La Bam and Jackass.-Life and career:Yohn was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania...

 (real name Edward Webb). Jess's involvement with the video side of CKY became increasingly limited as CKY
CKY (band)
CKY is an American alternative metal band that formed in West Chester, Pennsylvania in 1998. Centred around core members Deron Miller , Chad I Ginsburg and Jess Margera , the band shares its name with a skateboarding and stunt video series produced by Bam Margera, brother of drummer Jess...

 the band became popular, and touring and recording commitments took up most of his time.

The first video stars the crew as well as The Gill (Ryan Gee), Mike Maldonado, Chris Aspite aka Hoofbite, and Kerry Getz
Kerry Getz
Kerry 'Hockey Temper' Getz is an American professional skateboarder.Getz was born in Lehighton, Pennsylvania. He medaled in the 2000 and 2001 X Games and received a gold medal in the first street skateboarding X-Games event....

. Bam's father, Phil Margera
Phil Margera
Phillip "Phil" Margera is an American reality television personality, best known for appearing on Viva La Bam, the CKY Videos and the Jackass television series and movies...

, was also featured (uncredited) in the first video. Bam's ex-girlfriend Jenn Rivell and David Decurtis aka Naked Dave starred in the second video, which also features Bam's mother April Margera
April Margera
April Margera is an American reality television personality, best known for her appearances on MTV's Viva La Bam, Jackass, the CKY videos, Minghags: The Movie and Bam's Unholy Union....

 (uncredited). Chris Raab was called Raab Himself in the third video, which also featured CKY band members Deron Miller
Deron Miller
Deron John Miller is the lead singer, guitarist and songwriter for World Under Blood and CKY , which has been through various incarnations since being founded in 1998. CKY's most recent release was 2009's Carver City....

 and Chad Ginsburg as well as Tony Hawk
Tony Hawk
Anthony Frank "Tony" Hawk , nicknamed "The Birdman" is an American retired professional skateboarder and actor. Hawk gained significant fame for completing the first 900 as well as his licensed video game titles distributed by Activision...

 and Brandon Novak
Brandon Novak
Brandon Novak is a professional skateboarder, actor, stuntman, and friend of Bam Margera and is a prominent member of the CKY Crew...

. Bam's uncle Vincent Margera
Vincent Margera
Vincent Roy Margera , more commonly known as Don Vito, is an American former reality television personality known for his appearances in Viva La Bam, Jackass, Haggard and the CKY videos alongside his nephew Bam...

 aka "Don Vito" starred in the fourth video. Jenn Rivell's daughter is also seen in some clips, and so is Bam and Jess's aunt 'Boof'.

The CKY videos brought Bam and his friends to the attention of Jeff Tremaine
Jeff Tremaine
Jeffery James "Jeff" Tremaine is an American film and television producer/director, and, along with Johnny Knoxville and Spike Jonze, one of the creators of MTV's Jackass. He directed Jackass: The Movie, Jackass Number Two, Jackass 3D, and Jackass spinoff Wildboyz...

 who drafted them into the cast of Jackass which aired for three seasons on MTV
MTV
MTV, formerly an initialism of Music Television, is an American network based in New York City that launched on August 1, 1981. The original purpose of the channel was to play music videos guided by on-air hosts known as VJs....

. Most Jackass skits featuring the CKY Crew were lifted from previously released CKY material or were recorded by the crew in West Chester, while the Los Angeles based faction of the Jackass team featuring Johnny Knoxville
Johnny Knoxville
Philip John Clapp , better known by his stage name Johnny Knoxville, is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, stunt performer, best known for being the co-creator and principal star of the MTV reality series Jackass, with the catchphrase "I'm Johnny Knoxville, and welcome to Jackass."-Early...

, Steve-O
Steve-O
Steve-O is an American stunt performer and television personality. His entertainment career is mostly centered around his performance stunts on the American TV series Jackass and accompanying movies....

, Chris Pontius
Chris Pontius
Christopher Andrew "Chris" Pontius is an American entertainer and daredevil. Pontius is a member of Jackass, and along with Steve-O, was the co-host of Wildboyz.-Life and career:...

 and others recorded in California
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...

. A subsequent MTV spin-off
Spin-off (media)
In media, a spin-off is a radio program, television program, video game, or any narrative work, derived from one or more already existing works, that focuses, in particular, in more detail on one aspect of that original work...

 entitled Viva La Bam
Viva La Bam
Viva La Bam is an American reality television series that stars Bam Margera and his friends and family. The show was a spin-off from MTV's Jackass, in which Margera and most of the main cast had appeared...

followed Bam Margera
Bam Margera
Brandon Cole "Bam" Margera is an American professional skateboarder, television and radio personality, actor and daredevil. He released a series of videos under the CKY banner and came to prominence after being drafted into MTV's Jackass crew...

 and his crew as they tortured Bam's family and generally wreaked havoc in West Chester and around the world.

CKY

Landspeed presents: CKY, the first film in the CKY series, was released on March 1, 1999. The name Landspeed comes from Landspeed Wheels, which was a subsidiary of Tum Yeto Inc.
Tum Yeto
Tum Yeto is a skateboard distribution company that operates out of San Diego, California. Founded in 1989 by professional skateboarder Tod Swank, Tum Yeto manufactures, distributes, exports, and wholesales the Foundation, Toy Machine, Pig Wheels, Dekline, Ruckus Metal, and Deathbox brands....

 that made skateboard wheels and clothing from 1998 to 2000. The name CKY comes from his
Bam Margera
Brandon Cole "Bam" Margera is an American professional skateboarder, television and radio personality, actor and daredevil. He released a series of videos under the CKY banner and came to prominence after being drafted into MTV's Jackass crew...

 brother's
Jess Margera
Jesse Phillip Margera is the drummer in the band CKY, its predecessor Oil and Foreign Objects, Viking Skull, and The Company Band.-Life and career:...

 band
CKY (band)
CKY is an American alternative metal band that formed in West Chester, Pennsylvania in 1998. Centred around core members Deron Miller , Chad I Ginsburg and Jess Margera , the band shares its name with a skateboarding and stunt video series produced by Bam Margera, brother of drummer Jess...

. The video shows a mixed up variety of random, homemade, crazy humor, and mostly focuses on stunts, pranks, and crazy behavior, as well as skateboarding. The music features original songs by the band CKY
CKY (band)
CKY is an American alternative metal band that formed in West Chester, Pennsylvania in 1998. Centred around core members Deron Miller , Chad I Ginsburg and Jess Margera , the band shares its name with a skateboarding and stunt video series produced by Bam Margera, brother of drummer Jess...

, including "96 Quite Bitter Beings
96 Quite Bitter Beings
-2010 Remastered:Released only through iTunes.# 96 Quite Bitter Beings# Dressed In Decay "live"# All Power to Slaves "live"# To All of You "Live"...

". Landspeed originally produced the video, allowing Bam to distribute it in the public domain.

Differences between the VHS and DVD versions

  • The copyright was taken off because it has Tum Yeto references.
  • In the opening credits, the Landspeed title was taken off.
  • A scene was also removed. It featured Brandon Dicamillo
    Brandon DiCamillo
    Brandon Ralph DiCamillo is an American actor, stuntman and screenwriter. He was a founding member of the CKY Crew and rose to fame through appearances in the CKY video series and MTV's Jackass, Viva La Bam and Bam's Unholy Union.-Personal life:He previously worked for Neiman-Marcus, and is the...

     running around a Christmas
    Christmas
    Christmas or Christmas Day is an annual holiday generally celebrated on December 25 by billions of people around the world. It is a Christian feast that commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ, liturgically closing the Advent season and initiating the season of Christmastide, which lasts twelve days...

     parade
    Parade
    A parade is a procession of people, usually organized along a street, often in costume, and often accompanied by marching bands, floats or sometimes large balloons. Parades are held for a wide range of reasons, but are usually celebrations of some kind...

     as Santa Claus, because the real Santa was late. No one at the parade except for Bam and his crew knew that Brandon wasn't involved with the parade.
  • In the Round 1 version of CKY there are clips removed, not only the Santa clip, but things such as bits and pieces and extended skits, and to make up for that it has more extra footage at the end than before
  • Some skits in the DVD version are edited or cut short. Such as, Bam sings two Bon Jovi songs in the street to strangers in the VHS version (they cut one of them in the DVD version).

CKY Documentary

CKY Documentary is a compilation of footage from the first CKY video, it is in a double pack on the CKY Trilogy Round One DVD
DVD
A DVD is an optical disc storage media format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than Compact Discs while having the same dimensions....

 and show profiles of each member of the CKY Crew
CKY Crew
The Camp Kill Yourself Crew are a group of friends and relatives centered around Bam Margera, many of whom are from or located in and around West Chester, Pennsylvania...

, including some older skits from when Bam was in high school and the story of how CKY was created.

CKY2K

CKY2K, the second film in the CKY series, was released on May 22, 2000. The video features a trip to Iceland
Iceland
Iceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population...

, the rental car, a baseball game, "Bran's Freestyle", and other random items. The music features early versions of Flesh into Gear and Sporadic Movement by CKY
CKY (band)
CKY is an American alternative metal band that formed in West Chester, Pennsylvania in 1998. Centred around core members Deron Miller , Chad I Ginsburg and Jess Margera , the band shares its name with a skateboarding and stunt video series produced by Bam Margera, brother of drummer Jess...

; as well as many other artists, including an opening scene with Rammstein
Rammstein
Rammstein is a German Neue Deutsche Härte band from Berlin, formed in 1994. The band consists of members Till Lindemann , Richard Z. Kruspe , Paul H. Landers , Oliver "Ollie" Riedel , Christoph "Doom" Schneider and Christian "Flake" Lorenz...

, Iceland
Iceland
Iceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population...

 scenes with Björk
Björk
Björk Guðmundsdóttir , known as Björk , is an Icelandic singer-songwriter. Her eclectic musical style has achieved popular acknowledgement and popularity within many musical genres, such as rock, jazz, electronic dance music, classical and folk...

 and Orbital
Orbital (band)
Orbital are a British electronic dance music duo from Sevenoaks, England consisting of brothers Phil and Paul Hartnoll. Their career initially ran from 1989 until 2004, but in 2009 they announced that they would be reforming and headlining The Big Chill, in addition to a number of other live shows...

, and a skateboarding scene with Aphex Twin
Aphex Twin
Richard David James , best known under the pseudonym Aphex Twin, is an Irish-born electronic musician and composer described as "the most inventive and influential figure in contemporary electronic music"...

.

Near the end of the video, there is a scene in which a minor exposes his genitalia in front of a public restaurant. The video explained that "this is what happens when you tell Bam you'll do anything to be in CKY." In 2003, the parents of the minor sued. During the hearing, a County Court Judge ruled that images of the plaintiff "must be deleted from future versions" of the video. Subsequently, CKY2K was discontinued due (in part) to copyright issues. The first major issue was from Björk
Björk
Björk Guðmundsdóttir , known as Björk , is an Icelandic singer-songwriter. Her eclectic musical style has achieved popular acknowledgement and popularity within many musical genres, such as rock, jazz, electronic dance music, classical and folk...

.

Iceland

The video was notable for the documentary of their trip to Iceland
Iceland
Iceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population...

. The music features "Hyper-Ballad
Hyper-Ballad
"Hyperballad", also known as "Hyper-Ballad", is a song by Björk, released as the fourth single from her 1995 album Post.Björk performed "Hyperballad" at the Tibetan Freedom Concert in New York in 1997, and this live version was subsequently included on the second disc of the Tibetan Freedom Concert...

" by Björk
Björk
Björk Guðmundsdóttir , known as Björk , is an Icelandic singer-songwriter. Her eclectic musical style has achieved popular acknowledgement and popularity within many musical genres, such as rock, jazz, electronic dance music, classical and folk...

 where Bam and the crew hang out on the top of a mountain with gorgeous views from the top.

As they stayed in a hotel somewhere in Iceland (the hotel at the airport), Brandon Dicamillo smeared feces on Ryan Dunn while he was sleeping on the bed. Smeared with feces, Ryan fought back by urinating on Brandon sleeping on the floor. Later, they argued in the car about the incident.

The crew does a variety of stunts, including guys riding on furniture on the road as a sled, featuring music by Orbital
Orbital (band)
Orbital are a British electronic dance music duo from Sevenoaks, England consisting of brothers Phil and Paul Hartnoll. Their career initially ran from 1989 until 2004, but in 2009 they announced that they would be reforming and headlining The Big Chill, in addition to a number of other live shows...

 playing "Halcyon + On + On". Later, Bam was outside Björk's
Björk
Björk Guðmundsdóttir , known as Björk , is an Icelandic singer-songwriter. Her eclectic musical style has achieved popular acknowledgement and popularity within many musical genres, such as rock, jazz, electronic dance music, classical and folk...

 house calling her.

The rental car

Bam drives a Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Chevrolet , also known as Chevy , is a brand of vehicle produced by General Motors Company . Founded by Louis Chevrolet and ousted GM founder William C. Durant on November 3, 1911, General Motors acquired Chevrolet in 1918...

 Cavalier
Chevrolet Cavalier
The Chevrolet Cavalier was a compact automobile produced from 1982 to 2005 by General Motors. Built on the company's J platform, the Cavalier was one of the best-selling cars in the United States throughout its life.- Predecessors :...

 after paying $9 for extra insurance. With the car, Bam attempts crazy reckless driving maneuvers, knocking over orange cones and skidding turns. The next day, Rake Yohn finished off the already damaged car by setting fire to the radio, which completely burned the entire car. The music features an early version of Sporadic movement by CKY
CKY (band)
CKY is an American alternative metal band that formed in West Chester, Pennsylvania in 1998. Centred around core members Deron Miller , Chad I Ginsburg and Jess Margera , the band shares its name with a skateboarding and stunt video series produced by Bam Margera, brother of drummer Jess...


Differences between the VHS and DVD versions

  • The warnings were taken off from the beginning of the VHS version, and used in the beginning of the DVD menu, which then shows Bam playing with HIM.
  • A small note at the end of "Bran's Freestyle pornographic movements" was taken off from the VHS version. It explains about money issues.
  • In the VHS version, the end credits play "Disengage The Simulator" by CKY
    CKY (band)
    CKY is an American alternative metal band that formed in West Chester, Pennsylvania in 1998. Centred around core members Deron Miller , Chad I Ginsburg and Jess Margera , the band shares its name with a skateboarding and stunt video series produced by Bam Margera, brother of drummer Jess...

    , and featured some clips after the credits, showing Bam Margera
    Bam Margera
    Brandon Cole "Bam" Margera is an American professional skateboarder, television and radio personality, actor and daredevil. He released a series of videos under the CKY banner and came to prominence after being drafted into MTV's Jackass crew...

     filming for seven teen sips, which includes a short preview of his film at the very end of the video. In the DVD version, the end credits were cut short and instead played "One Last Time" by HIM and featured alternate footage, including more furniture sledding and Bam commanding his father Phil to do push-ups.

CKY 3

CKY 3, the third film in the CKY series, was released in 2001. Soon after its release Margera and DiCamillo were sued over the fight scene involving Mike Vallely
Mike Vallely
Mike Vallely , also known as Mike V, is a professional skateboarder. Mike is also a musician, actor, television personality, stuntman, professional wrestler and FHL hockey player.-Early life:...

. The issue was settled out of court in 2006. It was also the first of the videos to be taken off the market due to copyright restrictions. Some of the musicians (or their legal representation) were unhappy with Margera using their music without their permission. This would later happen with CKY2K and the box set including all three videos and the documentary.

CKY4: The Latest & Greatest

CKY 4, the fourth film in the series, was released on November 10, 2002. It has a marked improvement in editing techniques compared to the other films, mostly due to Bam Margera
Bam Margera
Brandon Cole "Bam" Margera is an American professional skateboarder, television and radio personality, actor and daredevil. He released a series of videos under the CKY banner and came to prominence after being drafted into MTV's Jackass crew...

's newly-acquired wealth and ability to purchase motion picture film cameras and utilize advanced post-production facilities. However, it also features a lot of older video material, some unseen, some extended and some off-cuts from previous CKY films. Scenes include Don Vito's 50 Shots of Peach Schnapps (Bonus Feature) and Ryan Dunn
Ryan Dunn
Ryan Matthew Dunn was an American reality television personality and daredevil best known for being a member of the Jackass and Viva La Bam crew. He hosted Homewrecker and Proving Ground...

 rolling off a roof in a barrel.

CKY4 is the only CKY video to be censored, and one of the few DVDs to have been censored three times.
  • A DVD Easter Egg
    Easter egg (media)
    Image:Carl Oswald Rostosky - Zwei Kaninchen und ein Igel 1861.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Example of Easter egg hidden within imagerect 467 383 539 434 desc none...

     showed Bam and his then-girlfriend mid-coitus
    Sexual intercourse
    Sexual intercourse, also known as copulation or coitus, commonly refers to the act in which a male's penis enters a female's vagina for the purposes of sexual pleasure or reproduction. The entities may be of opposite sexes, or they may be hermaphroditic, as is the case with snails...

     with altered color mixes to avoid nudity. This wasn't the first time CKY videos have attracted trouble of this sort, but none of the previous videos cut legal sexually themed scenes until this one in mid-2003.
  • In 2002, Brandon DiCamillo and CKY drummer Jess Margera wrote a rap
    Rap
    Rap may refer to:*Rapping, performance in which rhyming lyrics are used, with or without musical accompaniment ; while an MC performs spoken verses in time to a beat/ melody**Hip hop subculture**Hip hop music...

     about Masters Of The Universe
    Masters of the Universe
    Masters of the Universe is a media franchise created by Mattel....

     characters Skeletor
    Skeletor
    Skeletor is a featured villain in the Masters of the Universe franchise and the arch-enemy and main antagonist of He-Man. Depicted as a muscular blue humanoid with a purple hood over his yellowing bare-bone skull, Skeletor seeks to conquer Castle Grayskull so he can learn its ancient secrets,...

     and Beast Man
    Beast Man
    Beast Man is a fictional character in the popular toy line and cartoon series Masters of the Universe; the savage right-hand man of Skeletor, he has control over many wild creatures and has brute strength.-Figure:...

     engaging in extreme homosexual behavior, called Skeletor vs Beastman. Mattel
    Mattel
    Mattel, Inc. is the world's largest toy company based on revenue. The products it produces include Fisher Price, Barbie dolls, Hot Wheels and Matchbox toys, Masters of the Universe, American Girl dolls, board games, and, in the early 1980s, video game consoles. The company's name is derived from...

    , owners of the Masters Of The Universe franchise, heard about the rap, and were displeased. Margera was sent a cease-and-desist order, and subsequent editions of the DVD (the last two of the four editions released) have replaced this video with skateboarding footage.
  • CKY guitarist Chad Ginsburg, a large fan of punk rocker G.G. Allin, visited his grave one day and after consuming an entire bottle of Jim Beam
    Jim Beam
    Jim Beam is a brand of bourbon whiskey produced in Clermont, Kentucky. It is currently one of the best selling brands of bourbon in the world. Since 1795 , seven generations of the Beam family have been involved in whiskey production for the company that produces the brand, which was given the name...

     bourbon (Allin's favorite beverage), he proceeded to urinate on the grave, and left an autographed copy of Infiltrate.Destroy.Rebuild.
    Infiltrate.Destroy.Rebuild.
    -The Video Album:Infiltrate•Destroy•Rebuild: The Video Album was released in 2003, and contained the following features:*Music videos for all ten songs from Infiltrate•Destroy•Rebuild*'Making-of' videos for all ten music videos...

     which was later stolen. Mixed in between the grave footage is CKY performing Allin's song "Bite It, You Scum".
  • At the end of the "lil key key" skit performed by Chris Raab
    Chris Raab
    Christian Joseph Raab, , better known by his stage name Raab Himself, is an American television personality, known as a former member of the CKY Crew featured in the MTV series Viva La Bam and Jackass ....

    , there was a "Secret Easter Egg" also got cut in 2003 for unknown reasons.


The Skeletor vs Beastman is still listed as a selectable chapter on the third edition release of the DVD, but the skateboarding footage is shown.
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