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Buyeo or Fuyu dialects (?? in Korean
Korean language

Korean is the official language of North Korea and South Korea. It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in People's Republic of China....
, Fúyú in Chinese
Chinese language

Chinese or the Sinitic language is a language family consisting of language mutually unintelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the two branches of Sino-Tibetan languages of languages....
) are a hypothetical
Hypothesis

A hypothesis consists either of a suggested explanation for an observable phenomenon or of a reasoned proposal predicting a possible causal correlation among multiple phenomena....
 language family
Language family

A language family is a group of languages related Genetic from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family.As with Alpha taxonomy, the evidence of relationship is observable shared characteristics....
 that consists of ancient Korean dialects of the northern Korean Peninsula and southern Manchuria. According to the Chinese ancient records, the present day Korean dialects of Buyeo, Goguryeo
Goguryeo

Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Koreans Empire located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Primorsky Krai....
, Dongye
Dongye

Dongye was a state which occupied portions of the northeastern Korean peninsula from roughly 150 BCE to around 400 CE. It bordered Goguryeo and Okjeo to the north, Jinhan confederacy to the south, and China's Lelang Commandery to the west....
, Okjeo
Okjeo

Okjeo was a small tribal state which arose in the northern Korean peninsula from perhaps 2nd century BCE to 5th century CE.Dong-okjeo occupied roughly the area of the Hamgyong provinces of North Korea, and Buk-okjeo occupied the Tumen River region....
, Baekje
Baekje

Baekje , or Paekche , was a kingdom located in southwest Korea. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla....
  (and possibly Gojoseon
Gojoseon

Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom, considered the first proper nation of the Korean people. According to the Samguk Yusa and other Korean medieval-era records, Gojoseon is said to have been founded in 2333 BC by the legendary Dangun, who is said to be the grandson of Heaven ....
 as well) were similar. The Buyeo language itself is unknown except for a small number of words which suggest that it was very similar to the language of Silla, which likely consisted of an earlier wave of migration from the same northern region, and significantly different from the Mohe and Tungusic languages
Tungusic languages

The Tungusic languages are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. Although it is a very debated subject, many linguists consider them to be part of the Altaic languages language phylum, which, if it actually exists as a genetic entity, also includes the Turkic languages and Mongolic languages language families....
.

relationships of the poorly attested Buyeo dialects are disputed.

possibility of a relationship between the Japanese language
Japanese language

IPA: [n?iho?go] is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities. It is related to the Ryukyuan languages....
 and Goguryeo language
Goguryeo language

The Goguryeo language was spoken in the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo , one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The language is also known as Koguryo, Koguryoic, and Koguryoan....
 of the Korean peninsula was first noticed by two Japanese scholars in 1907.






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Buyeo or Fuyu dialects (?? in Korean
Korean language

Korean is the official language of North Korea and South Korea. It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in People's Republic of China....
, Fúyú in Chinese
Chinese language

Chinese or the Sinitic language is a language family consisting of language mutually unintelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the two branches of Sino-Tibetan languages of languages....
) are a hypothetical
Hypothesis

A hypothesis consists either of a suggested explanation for an observable phenomenon or of a reasoned proposal predicting a possible causal correlation among multiple phenomena....
 language family
Language family

A language family is a group of languages related Genetic from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family.As with Alpha taxonomy, the evidence of relationship is observable shared characteristics....
 that consists of ancient Korean dialects of the northern Korean Peninsula and southern Manchuria. According to the Chinese ancient records, the present day Korean dialects of Buyeo, Goguryeo
Goguryeo

Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Koreans Empire located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and southern Primorsky Krai....
, Dongye
Dongye

Dongye was a state which occupied portions of the northeastern Korean peninsula from roughly 150 BCE to around 400 CE. It bordered Goguryeo and Okjeo to the north, Jinhan confederacy to the south, and China's Lelang Commandery to the west....
, Okjeo
Okjeo

Okjeo was a small tribal state which arose in the northern Korean peninsula from perhaps 2nd century BCE to 5th century CE.Dong-okjeo occupied roughly the area of the Hamgyong provinces of North Korea, and Buk-okjeo occupied the Tumen River region....
, Baekje
Baekje

Baekje , or Paekche , was a kingdom located in southwest Korea. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla....
  (and possibly Gojoseon
Gojoseon

Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom, considered the first proper nation of the Korean people. According to the Samguk Yusa and other Korean medieval-era records, Gojoseon is said to have been founded in 2333 BC by the legendary Dangun, who is said to be the grandson of Heaven ....
 as well) were similar. The Buyeo language itself is unknown except for a small number of words which suggest that it was very similar to the language of Silla, which likely consisted of an earlier wave of migration from the same northern region, and significantly different from the Mohe and Tungusic languages
Tungusic languages

The Tungusic languages are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. Although it is a very debated subject, many linguists consider them to be part of the Altaic languages language phylum, which, if it actually exists as a genetic entity, also includes the Turkic languages and Mongolic languages language families....
.

Classification of the Buyeo languages

The relationships of the poorly attested Buyeo dialects are disputed.

Japanese-Koguryoic hypothesis

The possibility of a relationship between the Japanese language
Japanese language

IPA: [n?iho?go] is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities. It is related to the Ryukyuan languages....
 and Goguryeo language
Goguryeo language

The Goguryeo language was spoken in the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo , one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The language is also known as Koguryo, Koguryoic, and Koguryoan....
 of the Korean peninsula was first noticed by two Japanese scholars in 1907. According to this scenario, the ancestors of the Yamato people
Yamato people

The are the dominant native ethnic group of Japan. It is a term that came to be used around the late 19th century to distinguish the residents of the mainland Japan from other minority ethnic groups who have resided in the peripheral areas of Japan such as Ainu people, Ryukyuan people, Nivkhs, Oroks, as well as Korean people, Taiwanese people, and...
 settled Japan
Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
 from the region of the state of Buyeo
Buyeo (state)

Buyeo, Puyo , was an ancient Koreans kingdom located from today's Manchuria to northern North Korea, from around the 2nd century BC to 494....
, which was ancestral to Goguryeo. The Korean state of Baekje was later founded by Goguryeo princes, and considered itself descended from Buyeo. Baekje subsequently had close relations with Yamato period
Yamato period

The is the period of history of Japan when the Japanese Imperial court ruled from modern-day Nara Prefecture, then known as Yamato Province.While conventionally assigned to the period 250?710 , the actual start of Yamato rule is disputed....
 Japan; Christopher Beckwith
Christopher Beckwith

Christopher I. Beckwith is a professor of Central Eurasian Studies at Indiana University Bloomington in Bloomington, Indiana.He received his Doctor of Philosophy degree from Indiana University Bloomington in Uralic and Altaic Studies ....
 suggests that at that point the Japanese may have still recognized a relationship to Buyeo. Beckwith reconstructs about 140 Goguryeo words, mostly from ancient place names. Many include grammatical morphemes which appear to be cognate with morphemes of similar function in Japanese, such as genitive -no and attributive -si.

Buyeo-Silla hypothesis

There are a number of linguists including a renowned Korean linguist, Kim Bang-han and western linguists like Vovin
Alexander Vovin

Alexander Vovin is currently an interim chair and professor at the Ruhr University Bochum and a professor of East Asian languages at the University of Hawaii at Manoa....
 and Unger
J. Marshall Unger

James Marshall Unger, , is a professor of Japanese language at Ohio State University who specializes in historical linguistics and the writing systems of East Asia....
 who instead classify the Goguryeo language as Old Korean
Old Korean

Old Korean corresponds to the Korean language from the beginning of Three Kingdoms of Korea to the latter part of the Unified Silla, of which period is roughly from 1 AD to 1000 AD....
. Being strongly skeptical of the Buyeo-Japonic hypothesis, they emphasize that the so-called Japanese-like toponyms or pseudo-Goguryeo words were mostly found in the central part of Korean peninsula, which don’t reflect the Goguryeo language but previous substratum
Substratum

In linguistics, a stratum or strate refers to a language that influences, or is influenced by another through language contact. A substratum is a language which is influenced by another, while a superstratum is the language that exerts the influence....
 spoken by indigenous people of the central and southern part of Korean peninsula
Korean Peninsula

The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. It extends southwards for about 684 miles from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan on the east, the East China Sea to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the west, the Korea Strait connecting the first two bodies of water....
. Since it has been shown that a considerable number of Japanese-like toponyms (such as a Japanese-like numeral found in the historical homeland of Silla) were also distributed in southern part of Korean peninsula, the linguists propose that there was once a Japonic language spoken on the prehistoric Korean peninsula as the substratum language of Old Korean; Unger suggests that the ancestors of the Yayoi people would have settled Japanese Archipelago
Japanese Archipelago

The , which forms the country of Japan, extends roughly from northeast to southwest along the northeastern coast of the Eurasia mainland, washing upon the northwestern shores of the Pacific Ocean....
 from the central and southern part of Korean peninsula. The basis of this argument supporting Old Korean hypothesis is as follows: None of the Japanese-like toponyms have been found in the northern part of Korean peninsula and south-western part of Manchuria where the historical homeland of Buyeo and Goguryeo were situated. On the contrary, the Koreanic toponyms were evenly distributed all around the territory of the Three Kingdoms of Korea
Three Kingdoms of Korea

The Three Kingdoms of Korea refer to the ancient Korean empire of Goguryeo, and kingdom of Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria for much of the 1st millennium CE....
 from Manchuria to the Korean peninsula. The Goguryeo inscriptions include Grammatical morphemes, supporting the argument, which appear to be cognate with morphemes of similar function in Korean, such as a form of final predication -ti and nominative -i.

See also

  • List of Korea-related topics
    List of Korea-related topics

    This is a list of articles on Korea-related people, places, things, and concepts. For help on how to use this list, see the #Introduction below....


External links