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Borneo-Philippines languages



 
 
The Borneo-Philippines languages (or Outer Hesperonesian or Outer Western Malayo-Polynesian languages) are a branch of the Austronesian family
Austronesian languages

The Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Maritime Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia....
 which includes the languages of the Philippines
Philippines

The Philippines, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines, is a country in Southeast Asia with Manila as its capital city. It comprises 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean....
, much of Borneo
Borneo

Borneo is the List of islands by area and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. Administratively, this island is divided between Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei....
, the northern peninsula of Sulawesi
Sulawesi

Sulawesi is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the Maluku Islands....
, and Madagascar
Madagascar

Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar , is an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The main island, also called Madagascar, is the List of islands by area, and is home to 5% of the world's plant and animal species, of which more than 80% are Endemism to Madagascar....
.

In this classification, the older clade of Western Malayo-Polynesian (WMP), or Hesperonesian, has been broken up into "outer" (Borneo-Philippines) and "inner" (Sunda-Sulawesi
Sunda-Sulawesi languages

The Sunda-Sulawesi languages are a branch of the Austronesian languages posited in Wouk and Ross . They include most of the languages of Sulawesi and the Greater Sunda Islands, as well as a few outliers such as Chamorro language and Palauan language....
) clades, and Western Malayo-Polynesian is considered merely a geographic term.








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The Borneo-Philippines languages (or Outer Hesperonesian or Outer Western Malayo-Polynesian languages) are a branch of the Austronesian family
Austronesian languages

The Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Maritime Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia....
 which includes the languages of the Philippines
Philippines

The Philippines, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines, is a country in Southeast Asia with Manila as its capital city. It comprises 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean....
, much of Borneo
Borneo

Borneo is the List of islands by area and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. Administratively, this island is divided between Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei....
, the northern peninsula of Sulawesi
Sulawesi

Sulawesi is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the Maluku Islands....
, and Madagascar
Madagascar

Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar , is an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The main island, also called Madagascar, is the List of islands by area, and is home to 5% of the world's plant and animal species, of which more than 80% are Endemism to Madagascar....
.

In this classification, the older clade of Western Malayo-Polynesian (WMP), or Hesperonesian, has been broken up into "outer" (Borneo-Philippines) and "inner" (Sunda-Sulawesi
Sunda-Sulawesi languages

The Sunda-Sulawesi languages are a branch of the Austronesian languages posited in Wouk and Ross . They include most of the languages of Sulawesi and the Greater Sunda Islands, as well as a few outliers such as Chamorro language and Palauan language....
) clades, and Western Malayo-Polynesian is considered merely a geographic term.

Classification

There are a large number of small clusters of languages in the Borneo-Philippines family whose interrelationship remains uncertain.

Parenthetical headings below are geographic conveniences and do not imply a genealogical relationship.

(Northern Philippines)
  • Bashiic languages (4 languages between Luzon and Formosa
    Taiwan

    Taiwan is an island in East Asia. "Taiwan" is also commonly used to refer to the country governed by the Republic of China and to the ROC itself, which governs the island of Taiwan, Orchid Island and Green Island, Taiwan in the Pacific Ocean off the Taiwan coast, the Penghu islands in the Taiwan Strait, and Kinmen and the Matsu Islands...
    , including Ivatan
    Ivatan language

    The Ivatan language, also known as Ibatan or Chirin nu Ibatan , is an Austronesian languages language spoken exclusively in the Batanes Islands....
     of the Philippines and Yami
    Tao language

    The Tao language , also known as Yami , is a Batanic languages spoken by the Tao people of Taiwan who live on Orchid Island, 46 kilometers southeast of the main island of Taiwan....
     of Taiwan
    Taiwan

    Taiwan is an island in East Asia. "Taiwan" is also commonly used to refer to the country governed by the Republic of China and to the ROC itself, which governs the island of Taiwan, Orchid Island and Green Island, Taiwan in the Pacific Ocean off the Taiwan coast, the Penghu islands in the Taiwan Strait, and Kinmen and the Matsu Islands...
    )
  • Northern Luzon languages
    • Ilokano
      Ilokano language

      Ilokano is the third most-spoken language of the Republic of the Philippines.An Austronesian languages, it is related to such languages as Indonesian language, Malay language, Fijian language, Maori language , Hawaiian language, Malagasy language , Samoan language, Tahitian language, Chamorro language , Tetum , and Paiwan language ....
       (encircles the Cordillera)
    • Northern Cordilleran languages (15 languages of the cordillera and east coast of Luzon, including Ibanag
      Ibanag language

      The Ibanag language is spoken by up to 500,000 speakers in the Philippines, in the northeastern provinces of Isabela province and Cagayan, especially in Tuguegarao City, Solana, Cagayan, Cabagan, Isabela, and Ilagan, Isabela and with overseas immigrants in countries located in the Middle East, United Kingdom and the U.S.A.....
       and Agta
      Agta

      Agta can refer to:*any of of the Philippine island of Luzon, along to east coast from the northern tip to the latitude of Manila.*the Aeta people of the Philippines....
      )
    • South-Central Cordilleran languages (25 languages in the mountains of northern Luzon, including Pangasinan
      Pangasinan language

      The Pangasinan language is one of the twelve major languages in the Philippines.The language is spoken by more than one and a half million Pangasinan people in the province of Pangasinan alone....
       and the Igorot
      Igorot

      Igorot name for the people of the Cordillera Administrative Region region, in the Philippines island of Luzon. The Igorot form two subgroups: the larger group lives in the south, central and western areas, and is very adept at rice-Terrace farming; the smaller group lives in the east and north....
       languages)
    • Arta (within the Pangasinan area)
  • Central Luzon languages (5 languages near Mount Pinatubo
    Mount Pinatubo

    Mount Pinatubo is an active stratovolcano located on the island of Luzon, at the intersection of the borders of the Philippine provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, and Pampanga....
    , including Kapampangan
    Kapampangan language

    Kapampangan is one of the major languages of the Philippines. It is the major language spoken by the people in Pampanga. The language is also called Pampango, Capampan?gan, Pampangue?o, and Amanung Sisuan....
    )
    • Sambalic languages
      Sambalic languages

      The Sambalic languages are part of the Central Luzon languages language family. The largest Sambalic languages are Tina language, Bolinao language, and Botolan language, with approximately 70,000 , 50,000 , and 32,867 speakers, respectively....
       (including Tina
      Tina language

      Tina is a Sambalic language spoken by approximately 70,000 Sambal people, primarily in the Zambales municipalities of Santa Cruz, Zambales, Candelaria, Zambales, Masinloc, Palauig, and Iba, Zambales in the Philippines; speakers can also be found in Quezon, Palawan....
      , Bolinao
      Bolinao language

      The Bolinao language is spoken primarily in the Pangasinan municipality of Anda, Pangasinan and the town of Bolinao, Pangasinan. It has approximately 50,000 speakers , making it the second most widely spoken Sambalic language....
      , and Botolan
      Botolan language

      Botolan is a Sambalic language spoken by 32,867 Sambal people, primarily in the Zambales municipalities of Botolan, Zambales and Cabangan, Zambales in the Philippines....
      )
  • Northern Mindoro languages (or North Mangyan
    Mangyan

    Mangyan is the generic name for the eight indigenous peoples groups found in Mindoro, each with its own tribal name, language, and customs. The total population may be around 100,000, but no official statistics are available because of the difficulties of counting remote and reclusive tribal groups, many of which have no contact with the o...
    ; 3 languages)


(Visayas
Visayas

Visayas is one of the three island groups in the Philippines, along with Luzon and Mindanao. It consists of several islands, primarily surrounding the Visayan Sea....
 and southern Luzon
Luzon

Luzon is the largest and most economically and politically important island in the Philippines and one of the three island groups in the country, with Visayas and Mindanao being the other two....
)
  • South Mangyan languages (3 languages of Mindoro
    Mindoro

    Mindoro is the seventh-largest island in the Philippines. It is located southwest of Luzon, and northeast of Palawan. In past times, it has been called Ma-i or Mait by ancient China traders and, by Spain, as Mina de Oro from where the island got its current name....
    , including Buhid
    Buhid language

    The Buhid language is a language spoken by Mangyans in the provinces of the Philippines of Mindoro in the Philippines. It is divided into eastern and western dialects....
     and Hanunoo
    Hanunoo language

    The Hanuno'o language is a language spoken by Mangyans in the provinces of the Philippines of Mindoro in the Philippines.It is written in the Hanunoo script....
    )
  • Kalamian languages (2 languages between Mindoro and Palawan
    Palawan

    Palawan is an island province of the Philippines located in the MIMAROPA Regions of the Philippines. Its capital is Puerto Princesa City, and it is the largest province in the country in terms of total area of jurisdiction....
    , Tagbanwa
    Tagbanwa

    Tagbanwa, also known as Apurahuano, is one of the indigenous writing systems of the Philippines. The Tagbanwa language, an Austronesian language, with about 8, 000 speakers in the central and northern regions of Palawan, is dying out as the younger generations of Tagbanua are learning Cuyonon and Tagalog language....
     and Agutaynen
    Agutaynen language

    The Agutaynen language is spoken on Agutaya, Palawan in the provinces of the Philippines of Palawan in the Philippines.External links*...
    )
  • Palawano language
    Palawano language

    The Palawano languages are spoken on the island of Palawan in the province of Palawan in the Philippines.There are actually three related, but not mutually intelligible, languages which called themselves "Tribes of Palawan#Palawanon" ...
    s (5 languages of the Palawanos
    Ethnic Groups of Palawan

    Palawan, the largest province in the Philippines, is home to several indigenous ethnolinguistic groups namely, the Tribes of Palawan#Tagbanua, Tribes of Palawan#Palawano, Tribes of Palawan#Tau't Bato, and the Batak tribes....
    )
  • Central Philippine languages
    Central Philippine languages

    The Central Philippine languages are the most geographically widespread group of languages in the Philippines, being spoken in southern Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao, and Sulu....
    • Tagalog
      Tagalog language

      Tagalog is one of the major languages used in the Philippines. It is a basis for the Filipino language, which is the principal language of the national television and radio, though broadsheet newspapers are almost completely in English....
       (Filipino
      Filipino language

      The Filipino language is the national language and an official language of the Philippines as designated in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It is an Austronesian language that is the de facto standard language of Tagalog language....
      )
    • Bikol languages
      Bikol languages

      Bikol languages a group of Central Philippine languages spoken particularly on the Bicol Peninsula on the island of Luzon and parts of Catanduanes and Burias Island, Masbate Province....
       (8 languages of southern Luzon called Bikol
      Bikol language

      Central Bicolano , is one of the individual languages of the Bikol language , which in is part of the group of Bikol languages. It belongs to Coastal Bikol....
      )
    • Visayan languages
      Visayan languages

      The Visayan languages of the Languages of the Philippines, along with Tagalog language and Bikol language, are part of the Central Philippine languages language family....
       (20 languages in and around the Sibuyan
      Sibuyan Sea

      The Sibuyan Sea is a small sea in the Philippines that separates the Visayas from the northern Philippine island of Luzon. It is bounded by the island of Panay Island to the south, Mindoro to the west, and to the north the Bicol Peninsula of Luzon Island....
       and Visayan Sea
      Visayan Sea

      The Visayan Sea is a small sea within the Philippines archipelago, surrounded on three sides by the islands of the Visayas. The Eastern Visayas and Western Visayas lie to the east and west, while the Central Visayas lie to the south....
      s, including northern Mindanao; major languages are Cebuano
      Cebuano language

      Cebuano is an Austronesian language language spoken in the Philippines by about 20 million people. It is the largest member of the Visayan languages, and is also referred to as "Visayan"....
      , Hiligaynon
      Hiligaynon language

      Hiligaynon is an Austronesian language spoken in Western Visayas in the Philippines. Hiligaynon is concentrated in the provinces of Iloilo and Negros Occidental....
      , Waray-Waray
      Waray-Waray language

      W?ray-W?ray or War?y is a language spoken in the provinces of Samar Province, Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, Leyte province , and Biliran in the Philippines....
      , Kinaray-a
      Kinaray-a language

      Kinaray-a is an Austronesian languages language spoken mainly in Antique Province in the Philippines. It is also spoken in Iloilo province and certain villages in Mindanao that trace their roots to Antique Province or Kinaray-a speaking areas of Iloilo Province....
      , Tausug
      Tausug language

      Tausug is a Visayan languages spoken in Sulu province in the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia by the Tausug people....
      )
    • Mamanwa (northern tip of Mindanao
      Mindanao

      Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost island in the Philippines. It is also one of the three island groups in the country, along with Luzon and Visayas....
      )
    • Mansakan languages (8 languages of the Davao Region
      Davao Region

      Davao Region, designated as Region XI, is one of the Regions of the Philippines of the Philippines, located on the southeastern portion of Mindanao....
      , including Davawenyo)


(Mindanao
Mindanao

Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost island in the Philippines. It is also one of the three island groups in the country, along with Luzon and Visayas....
)
  • Southern Philippine languages
    • Manobo languages (15 languages of central Mindanao, including Tasaday
      Tasaday

      The Tasaday were purportedly a group of uncontacted peoples people living deep in the rainforest on the Philippines island of Mindanao. When the media reported they had been living in isolation since the Stone Age, the group gained international fame in the 1970s....
      )
    • Danao languages (3 languages of east Mindanao, including Magindanao
      Maguindanao language

      Maguindanaon is an Austronesian language spoken by majority of the population of Maguindanao Province in the Philippines. It is also spoken by sizable minorities in different parts of Mindanao such as the cities of Zamboanga, Davao, and General Santos, and the provinces of North Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato, Sarangani, Zamboanga d...
       and Maranao
      Maranao language

      Maranao is an Austronesian languages language spoken in the provinces of Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur in the Philippines....
      )
    • Subanun languages (5 languages of the western peninsula of Mindanao)
  • South Mindanao languages (5 languages of the southern coast, including Tboli
    Tboli

    The T'boli are one of the indigenous peoples of Southern Mindanao. From the body of ethnographic and linguistic literature on Mindanao they are variously known as Tboli, T'boli, Tb?li, Tiboli, Tibole, Tagabili, Tagabeli, and Tagabulu....
    )
  • Sama-Bajaw languages (10 languages of the Sulu Archipelago
    Sulu Archipelago

    Sulu Archipelago is an island chain in the southwest Philippines. It is considered to be part of Moroland by the local independence movement. With the centers in Maimbung and Jolo, Sulu, the whole of this archipelago, Palawan and coastal regions of the Zamboanga Peninsula and North Borneo used to be part of the thalassocracy Sultanate of Sul...
     and Biliran
    Biliran

    Biliran is one of the smallest Provinces of the Philippiness in the Philippines and it is located in the Eastern Visayas Regions of the Philippines....
    , several called Sama or Bajaw)


(Borneo
Borneo

Borneo is the List of islands by area and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. Administratively, this island is divided between Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei....
 and Madagascar
Madagascar

Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar , is an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The main island, also called Madagascar, is the List of islands by area, and is home to 5% of the world's plant and animal species, of which more than 80% are Endemism to Madagascar....
)
  • Barito languages (12 languages of south Borneo and Madagascar, including Ngaju Dayak
    Ngaju language

    Ngaju is an Austronesian languages language spoken along the Kapuas, Kahayan River, Katingan, and Mentaya Rivers in south Borneo, Indonesia. There are three dialects--Pulopetak, Ba'amang, and Mantangai....
     and Malagasy
    Malagasy language

    This article is about the Malagasy language. For the Malagasy ethnic group, see Malagasy people. For the residents or citizens of Madagascar, see Demographics of Madagascar...
    )
  • Kayan languages (18 languages of central Borneo, including Kayan)
  • Penan (Punan-Nibong)
    Penan

    The Penan are a nomadic aboriginal people living in Sarawak and Brunei. They are one of the last such peoples remaining. The Penan are noted for their practice of 'molong' which means never taking more than necessary....
  • Land Dayak (Bidayuh)
    Bidayuh

    Bidayuh is the collective name for several indigenous groups found in southern Sarawak, on the island of Borneo, that are broadly similar in language and culture ....
     (12 languages of west Borneo, such as Lara’
    Lara language

    Rara is a language spoken by some 12,000 people in Borneo. Speakers are found in the Indonesian area of the island on the Upper Lundu River and Sambas River rivers, around Bengkayang east of Gunung Pendering, and to the north, in Pejampi and two other villages ....
    )
  • Melanau-Kajang languages
    • Kajang (Rejang) (3)
    • Melanau (Lower Rejang)
      Melanau language

      Melanau is an Austronesian languages language spoken in the coastal area of the Rejang delta on northwest Borneo, Sarawak, Malaysia and Brunei. There are several dialects--Mukah-Oya, Balingian, Bruit, Dalat, Igan, Sarikei, Segahan, Prehan, Segalang, and Siteng....
       (3)
  • Berawan-Lower Baram (Baram-Tinjar) (5)
  • Bintulu
  • Dayic languages (languages of Sabah-Sarawak-Kalimantan border area)
    • Kelabitic (Apo Duat) (5 languages, including Kelabit
      Kelabit

      The Kelabit, who have close ties to the Lun Bawang, are an indigenous people of the Sarawak highlands with a minority in the neighbouring state of Brunei....
      )
    • Murutic (Murut-Tidong)
      Murutic languages

      The Murutic languages are a family of 15 closely related Austronesian languages and 21 dialects, spoken in the northern inland regions of Borneo by the Murut people....
       (12 languages, including Tagol Murut
      Tagol Murut language

      The Tagol Murut language is spoken by the Tagol Murut people subgroup of the Murut people, and serves as the lingua franca of the whole group. It belongs to the Bornean languages subdivision of the Austronesian languages language family....
      )
  • Kenyah (11 languages of central Borneo called Kenyah
  • Rejang-Sajau languages (5, languages including Punan Bah-Biau
    Punan

    Punan Bah or Punan is an ethnic group found in Sarawak, Malaysia. They are distinct, unrelated to the Penan and also the other so called Punan found in Kalimantan the Indonesian part of Borneo....
    )
  • Sabahan languages (languages of Sabah
    Sabah

    Sabah is a Malaysian States of Malaysia located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo . It is the second largest state in Malaysia after Sarawak, which it borders on its south-west....
    )
    • Dusunic (Dusun-Bisaya) (15 languages, including Kadazan-Dusun
      Kadazan-Dusun

      Kadazan-Dusun is the term assigned to the unification of the classification of two Indigenous peoples tribes in Sabah, Malaysia—the ethnic groups Kadazan and Dusun....
      )
    • Ida’an
      Ida'an language

      The Ida'an language is a Malayo-Polynesian languages language spoken by the Ida'an people of Sabah, Malaysia.Begak is threatened with language death, as younger speakers are switching to Malay language....
    • Paitanic (5 languages, including Tambanuo
      Tambanuo

      The Tambanuo are an indigenous peoples ethnic group residing in Sabah, eastern Malaysia on the island of Borneo. They reside in the Labuk-Sugut, Kota Marudu, and Pitas districts of Kudat Division of Sabah....
      )


(Northern Sulawesi
Sulawesi

Sulawesi is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the Maluku Islands....
)
  • Sangiric languages (4 languages of very north, including Bantik
    Bantik language

    Bantik is an endangered language Austronesian languages spoken in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is the traditional language of the Bantik people, who are now switching to Manado Malay as their language for everyday communication, though Bantik is still used as a marker of ethnic identity....
    )
  • Minahasan languages (5 languages called Minahasa
    Minahasa

    The Minahasa are an ethnic group located in the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia . The Minahasa speak Manado Malay , a language closely related to the Malay language....
    )
  • Mongondow-Gorontalo languages (9 languages of Gorontalo
    Gorontalo

    The primary meaning of Gorontalo is a Gorontalo in the north of Sulawesi, Indonesia.Other geographical meanings of Gorontalo are:* Gorontalo Regency...
     and North Sulawesi
    North Sulawesi

    North Sulawesi is a Provinces of Indonesia of Indonesia. It is on the island of Sulawesi, and borders the province of Gorontalo to the west . The islands of Sangihe Islands and Talaud Islands form the northern part of the province, which border the Philippines....
     provinces, including Bolaang Mongondow
    Bolaang Mongondow language

    The Bolaang Mongondow language is spoken in the district of Bolaang Mongondow in North Sulawesi , Indonesia. An interesting characteristic of the language cannot pronounce the letter l, so it is spoken a somewhat like r instead....
    )