Antoinette Brown
Encyclopedia
Antoinette Louisa Brown, later Antoinette Brown Blackwell (May 20, 1825 – November 5, 1921), was the first woman to be ordained as a minister in the United States
. She was a well-versed public speaker on the paramount issues of her time, and distinguished herself from her contemporaries with her use of religious faith in her efforts to expand women's rights
.
, the daughter of Joseph Brown and Abby Morse. After daring to inject a prayer into her family's religious observance, she was accepted into her family's branch of the Congregational Church
at age nine. She spoke in church in her youth. Shortly after becoming a member of the congregation, she began to preach during Sunday meetings. At the age of sixteen, after completing her requisite early schooling at Monroe County Academy, Antoinette herself taught school. However, the teenager was not simply content to be a schoolmarm and set her sights on a degree in theology from Oberlin College and a career in the pulpit.
For four years, Antoinette taught school and saved enough money to cover the cost of her tuition at Oberlin College
in Ohio. Supported by her parents, who believed not only in equal education for men and women, but also for blacks, she enrolled at Oberlin College in 1846. At the college, she completed the literary course, the prescribed course for women students. She spent her vacations in teaching and in the study of Hebrew and Greek. In 1847, after graduating with her bachelor’s degree, she lobbied the college for admission to the college’s theological course with its emphasis on Congregationalist ministry. The administration, opposed to the idea of a woman engaging in any kind of formal theological learning and training, eventually capitulated but with a specific set of pre-conditions: Antoinette may enroll in the courses, but she was not to receive formal recognition. Despite the stipulations made regarding her participation in the theology course, Antoinette was a prolific writer and charismatic public speaker. Her exegesis on the writings of the Apostle Paul was published in the Oberlin Quarterly Review. It is there, from a brief excerpt, that her understanding of what may now be popularly called feminist theology, takes shape as she writes: “Paul meant only to warn against ‘excesses, irregularities, and unwarrantable liberties’ in public worship.’” She insisted that the Bible and its various pronouncements about women were for a specific span of time and certainly not applicable to the 19th century.
. She spoke in 1850 at the first National Women's Rights Convention
, giving a speech that was well-received and served as the beginning of a speaking tour in which she would address issues such as abolition, temperance, and women's rights. Brown spoke at many of the subsequent annual National Women's Rights Conventions.
Brown was eventually given a license to preach by the Congregational Church in 1851 and then offered a position as rector of a Congregationalist church in South Butler, New York (see Butler, New York
) in 1852. She temporarily suspended her vast speaking engagements, writing to her friend (and later sister-in-law) Lucy Stone
that she had lectured eighteen times in almost as many days, and was ordained by a socially radical Methodist minister named Luther Lee, a passionate and vocal advocate of women’s right to theological education and leadership. At her ordination, Lee delivered a sermon testifying to Antoinette’s suitability as a preacher and her calling from God: “If God and mental and moral culture have not already qualified her,” he said to the crowd assembled for the occasion, “we cannot, by anything we may do by way of ordaining or setting her apart… All we are here to do… is… to subscribe our testimony to the fact, that in our belief, our sister in Christ, Antoinette L. Brown, is one of the ministers of the New Covenant, authorized, qualified, and called by God to preach the gospel of his Son Jesus Christ.” Unfortunately, Lee’s unqualified support of Antoinette was not enough to provide her with a sustainable lifestyle at South Butler. The Boston Investigator reported her departure with the headline: “REV. ANTOINETTE BROWN, more recently Rev. Mrs. Blackwell, seems to have made a failure in her first pastorate.” It was not her personal failure as the papers were anxious to suggest, but rather a growing insecurity of belief in the orthodoxy of the Congregational ministry, compounded with a lack of sustainable resources for her work. In 1857, she returned to her work as an orator and reformer with her new husband, Samuel C. Blackwell.
With regard to her own prospect of marriage, Brown believed that it was best to remain single, because single women experienced greater levels of independence than married women. Upon meeting Samuel Blackwell, her opinions began to waver in favor of marriage. The two married on January 24, 1856, and had seven children, but two died in infancy.
Brown continued her career until domestic responsibilities combined with her disagreement with many aspects of the women's rights movement and caused her to discontinue lecturing. Writing became her new outlet for initiation positive change for women; in her works she encouraged women to seek out masculine professions, and asked men to share in household duties, yet she retained the belief that women's primary role is care of the home and family. Brown was the author of several books in the fields of theology and philosophy. She also combined science and philosophy, writing The Sexes Throughout Nature
in 1875, in which she argued that evolution resulted in two sexes that were different but equal. She answered Charles Darwin
and Herbert Spencer
who she considered to be the most influential men of her day aware she would be considered presumptuous for criticizing evolutionary theory but wrote that "will never be lessened by waiting". Darwin had written a letter to her in 1869, thanking her for a copy of her book, Studies in General Science. She also wrote a novel, The Island Neighbors, in 1871, and a collection of poetry, Sea Drift, in 1902.
In 1860, at the last National Woman’s Rights Convention held before the outbreak of the civil war, Antoinette engaged in the heated debate about divorce with her colleagues and contemporaries, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. She was opposed to an easy divorce arguing, “the married partner can not annul his obligations to the other… All divorce is naturally and morally impossible.” Antoinette, a staunch abolitionist and suffragette, contrary to the hopes of her friends and fellow suffragettes, supported the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which did not include the right of free women to vote. During the controversy, she and Lucy Stone founded the American Woman Suffrage Association as a counterweight to Anthony’s National Woman Suffrage Association.
In 1869, Brown and Stone separated from other preeminent women's rights activists to form the American Woman Suffrage Association in support of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution
. In 1873, she founded the Association for the Advancement of Women in an attempt to address women's issues that similar organizations ignored. She was elected president of the New Jersey Woman Suffrage Association in 1891, and helped found the American Purity Association. She also lectured on behalf of the poor of New York City.
Oberlin College awarded Brown an honorary Master's and Doctoral degrees in 1878 and 1908, respectively.
In 1878 she returned to organized religion, becoming a Unitarian. She applied to the American Unitarian Association
and was recognized as a minister. She spoke in Unitarian churches and resumed her lecture touring.
In 1893 Brown attended the Parliament of Religions during the Columbian Exposition in Chicago. There she said, "Women are needed in the pulpit as imperatively and for the same reason that they are needed in the world—because they are women. Women have become—or when the ingrained habit of unconscious imitation has been superseded, they will become—indispensable to the religious evolution of the human race."
In 1902 she helped found the Unitarian Society of Elizabeth, New Jersey, serving as its minister.
In 1920, at age 95, she was the only participant of the 1850 Women's Rights Convention in Worcester, Massachusetts, to see the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution
, which gave women the right to vote. She voted for Warren G. Harding
in the 1920 presidential election.
Antoinette Brown Blackwell died at the age of 96 in Elizabeth, New Jersey
.
Her childhood home
was listed on the National Register of Historic Places
in 1989.
In 1975 the United Church of Christ
at its 10th General Synod began awarding the Antoinette Brown Awards to ordained UCC women who "exemplify the contributions that women can make through ordained ministry, have provided outstanding ministry in a parish or other church related institutions, including women in specialized ministry, and have a sensitivity concerning the challenges and possibilities of women in ministry and advocacy on behalf of all women in the church."
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
. She was a well-versed public speaker on the paramount issues of her time, and distinguished herself from her contemporaries with her use of religious faith in her efforts to expand women's rights
Women's rights
Women's rights are entitlements and freedoms claimed for women and girls of all ages in many societies.In some places these rights are institutionalized or supported by law, local custom, and behaviour, whereas in others they may be ignored or suppressed...
.
Early life
Brown was born in Henrietta, New YorkHenrietta, New York
Henrietta is a town in Monroe County, New York, United States. It is a suburb of Rochester. The population was 42,581 at the 2010 census. Established in 1818, the town is named after Henrietta Laura Pulteney, Countess of Bath, daughter of Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet, a major British...
, the daughter of Joseph Brown and Abby Morse. After daring to inject a prayer into her family's religious observance, she was accepted into her family's branch of the Congregational Church
Congregational church
Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs....
at age nine. She spoke in church in her youth. Shortly after becoming a member of the congregation, she began to preach during Sunday meetings. At the age of sixteen, after completing her requisite early schooling at Monroe County Academy, Antoinette herself taught school. However, the teenager was not simply content to be a schoolmarm and set her sights on a degree in theology from Oberlin College and a career in the pulpit.
Education
Oberlin College
Oberlin College is a private liberal arts college in Oberlin, Ohio, noteworthy for having been the first American institution of higher learning to regularly admit female and black students. Connected to the college is the Oberlin Conservatory of Music, the oldest continuously operating...
in Ohio. Supported by her parents, who believed not only in equal education for men and women, but also for blacks, she enrolled at Oberlin College in 1846. At the college, she completed the literary course, the prescribed course for women students. She spent her vacations in teaching and in the study of Hebrew and Greek. In 1847, after graduating with her bachelor’s degree, she lobbied the college for admission to the college’s theological course with its emphasis on Congregationalist ministry. The administration, opposed to the idea of a woman engaging in any kind of formal theological learning and training, eventually capitulated but with a specific set of pre-conditions: Antoinette may enroll in the courses, but she was not to receive formal recognition. Despite the stipulations made regarding her participation in the theology course, Antoinette was a prolific writer and charismatic public speaker. Her exegesis on the writings of the Apostle Paul was published in the Oberlin Quarterly Review. It is there, from a brief excerpt, that her understanding of what may now be popularly called feminist theology, takes shape as she writes: “Paul meant only to warn against ‘excesses, irregularities, and unwarrantable liberties’ in public worship.’” She insisted that the Bible and its various pronouncements about women were for a specific span of time and certainly not applicable to the 19th century.
Abolition and Ordination
Without a preaching license following graduation, Brown decided to pause her ministerial ambitions to write for Frederick Douglass' abolitionist paper, The North StarNorth Star (newspaper)
The North Star was an anti-slavery newspaper. Abolitionist Frederick Douglass published the North Star until June 1851, when Douglass and Gerrit Smith agreed to merge the North Star with the Liberty Party Paper to form Frederick Douglass's Paper...
. She spoke in 1850 at the first National Women's Rights Convention
National Women's Rights Convention
The National Women's Rights Convention was an annual series of meetings that increased the visibility of the early women's rights movement in the United States. First held in 1850 in Worcester, Massachusetts, the National Women's Rights Convention combined both male and female leadership, and...
, giving a speech that was well-received and served as the beginning of a speaking tour in which she would address issues such as abolition, temperance, and women's rights. Brown spoke at many of the subsequent annual National Women's Rights Conventions.
Brown was eventually given a license to preach by the Congregational Church in 1851 and then offered a position as rector of a Congregationalist church in South Butler, New York (see Butler, New York
Butler, New York
Butler is a town in Wayne County, New York, United States. The population was 2,277 at the 2000 census.The Town of Butler is on the east border of the county and is west of Syracuse, New York.- History :Settlement began in 1803....
) in 1852. She temporarily suspended her vast speaking engagements, writing to her friend (and later sister-in-law) Lucy Stone
Lucy Stone
Lucy Stone was a prominent American abolitionist and suffragist, and a vocal advocate and organizer promoting rights for women. In 1847, Stone was the first woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree. She spoke out for women's rights and against slavery at a time when women were discouraged...
that she had lectured eighteen times in almost as many days, and was ordained by a socially radical Methodist minister named Luther Lee, a passionate and vocal advocate of women’s right to theological education and leadership. At her ordination, Lee delivered a sermon testifying to Antoinette’s suitability as a preacher and her calling from God: “If God and mental and moral culture have not already qualified her,” he said to the crowd assembled for the occasion, “we cannot, by anything we may do by way of ordaining or setting her apart… All we are here to do… is… to subscribe our testimony to the fact, that in our belief, our sister in Christ, Antoinette L. Brown, is one of the ministers of the New Covenant, authorized, qualified, and called by God to preach the gospel of his Son Jesus Christ.” Unfortunately, Lee’s unqualified support of Antoinette was not enough to provide her with a sustainable lifestyle at South Butler. The Boston Investigator reported her departure with the headline: “REV. ANTOINETTE BROWN, more recently Rev. Mrs. Blackwell, seems to have made a failure in her first pastorate.” It was not her personal failure as the papers were anxious to suggest, but rather a growing insecurity of belief in the orthodoxy of the Congregational ministry, compounded with a lack of sustainable resources for her work. In 1857, she returned to her work as an orator and reformer with her new husband, Samuel C. Blackwell.
Women's rights
Following her separation from the ministry, she focused increasingly on women's rights issues. While many women's rights activists opposed religion on the basis that it served to oppress women, Blackwell was steadfast in her belief that women's active participation in religion could serve to further their status in society. Unlike many of her peers, she cared more about improving women's status in society than for suffrage. She believed that the inherent differences between men and women limited men's effectiveness in representing women in politics; thus suffrage, would have little positive impact for women, unless it was coupled with tangible leadership opportunities. Brown also diverged in opinion from other reformers with her opposition to divorce as a means of easing women's marital restrictions.With regard to her own prospect of marriage, Brown believed that it was best to remain single, because single women experienced greater levels of independence than married women. Upon meeting Samuel Blackwell, her opinions began to waver in favor of marriage. The two married on January 24, 1856, and had seven children, but two died in infancy.
Brown continued her career until domestic responsibilities combined with her disagreement with many aspects of the women's rights movement and caused her to discontinue lecturing. Writing became her new outlet for initiation positive change for women; in her works she encouraged women to seek out masculine professions, and asked men to share in household duties, yet she retained the belief that women's primary role is care of the home and family. Brown was the author of several books in the fields of theology and philosophy. She also combined science and philosophy, writing The Sexes Throughout Nature
The Sexes Throughout Nature
The Sexes Throughout Nature is a book written by Antoinette Brown Blackwell, published by G. P. Putnam's Sons in 1875.-Overview and print history:...
in 1875, in which she argued that evolution resulted in two sexes that were different but equal. She answered Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin FRS was an English naturalist. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection.He published his theory...
and Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer was an English philosopher, biologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era....
who she considered to be the most influential men of her day aware she would be considered presumptuous for criticizing evolutionary theory but wrote that "will never be lessened by waiting". Darwin had written a letter to her in 1869, thanking her for a copy of her book, Studies in General Science. She also wrote a novel, The Island Neighbors, in 1871, and a collection of poetry, Sea Drift, in 1902.
In 1860, at the last National Woman’s Rights Convention held before the outbreak of the civil war, Antoinette engaged in the heated debate about divorce with her colleagues and contemporaries, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. She was opposed to an easy divorce arguing, “the married partner can not annul his obligations to the other… All divorce is naturally and morally impossible.” Antoinette, a staunch abolitionist and suffragette, contrary to the hopes of her friends and fellow suffragettes, supported the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which did not include the right of free women to vote. During the controversy, she and Lucy Stone founded the American Woman Suffrage Association as a counterweight to Anthony’s National Woman Suffrage Association.
In 1869, Brown and Stone separated from other preeminent women's rights activists to form the American Woman Suffrage Association in support of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments.Its Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship that overruled the Dred Scott v...
. In 1873, she founded the Association for the Advancement of Women in an attempt to address women's issues that similar organizations ignored. She was elected president of the New Jersey Woman Suffrage Association in 1891, and helped found the American Purity Association. She also lectured on behalf of the poor of New York City.
Later years
In 1878 she returned to organized religion, becoming a Unitarian. She applied to the American Unitarian Association
American Unitarian Association
The American Unitarian Association was a religious denomination in the United States and Canada, formed by associated Unitarian congregations in 1825. In 1961, it merged with the Universalist Church of America to form the Unitarian Universalist Association.According to Mortimer Rowe, the Secretary...
and was recognized as a minister. She spoke in Unitarian churches and resumed her lecture touring.
In 1893 Brown attended the Parliament of Religions during the Columbian Exposition in Chicago. There she said, "Women are needed in the pulpit as imperatively and for the same reason that they are needed in the world—because they are women. Women have become—or when the ingrained habit of unconscious imitation has been superseded, they will become—indispensable to the religious evolution of the human race."
In 1902 she helped found the Unitarian Society of Elizabeth, New Jersey, serving as its minister.
In 1920, at age 95, she was the only participant of the 1850 Women's Rights Convention in Worcester, Massachusetts, to see the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution
Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits any United States citizen to be denied the right to vote based on sex. It was ratified on August 18, 1920....
, which gave women the right to vote. She voted for Warren G. Harding
Warren G. Harding
Warren Gamaliel Harding was the 29th President of the United States . A Republican from Ohio, Harding was an influential self-made newspaper publisher. He served in the Ohio Senate , as the 28th Lieutenant Governor of Ohio and as a U.S. Senator...
in the 1920 presidential election.
Antoinette Brown Blackwell died at the age of 96 in Elizabeth, New Jersey
Elizabeth, New Jersey
Elizabeth is a city in Union County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a total population of 124,969, retaining its ranking as New Jersey's fourth largest city with an increase of 4,401 residents from its 2000 Census population of 120,568...
.
Her childhood home
Antoinette Louisa Brown Blackwell Childhood Home
The Antoinette Louisa Brown Blackwell Childhood Home is a historic home located at Henrietta in Monroe County, New York. It is a vernacular Federal style masonry residence constructed of random fieldstone with brick infill. It was built in 1830 as a -story side-gable-and-wing design and later...
was listed on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation...
in 1989.
In 1975 the United Church of Christ
United Church of Christ
The United Church of Christ is a mainline Protestant Christian denomination primarily in the Reformed tradition but also historically influenced by Lutheranism. The Evangelical and Reformed Church and the Congregational Christian Churches united in 1957 to form the UCC...
at its 10th General Synod began awarding the Antoinette Brown Awards to ordained UCC women who "exemplify the contributions that women can make through ordained ministry, have provided outstanding ministry in a parish or other church related institutions, including women in specialized ministry, and have a sensitivity concerning the challenges and possibilities of women in ministry and advocacy on behalf of all women in the church."
Books
- Studies in General Science. New York: G.P. Putnam and Son, 1869.
- The Sexes Throughout NatureThe Sexes Throughout NatureThe Sexes Throughout Nature is a book written by Antoinette Brown Blackwell, published by G. P. Putnam's Sons in 1875.-Overview and print history:...
. New York: G.P. Putnam and Son, 1875. - The Physical Basis of Immortality. New York: G.P. Putnam and Son, 1876.
- The Philosophy of Individuality. New York: G.P. Putnam and Son.
- The Making of the Universe. Boston, Massachusetts: The Gorham press, 1914.
- The Social Side of Mind and Action. New York: The Neale Publishing COmpany, 1915.
- The Island Neighbors. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1871. (Novel)
- Sea Drift. New York: J.T. White & Co., 1902. (Poetry)