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ATP citrate lyase
 
 
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ATP citrate lyase is an enzyme
Enzyme

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products....
 that represents an important step in fatty acid biosynthesis.

citrate lyase is the primary enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cytosolic acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism, used in many biochemical reactions. Its main use is to convey the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidation for energy production....
 in many tissues. The enzyme is a tetramer of apparently identical subunits. The product, acetyl-CoA, serves several important biosynthetic pathways, including lipogenesis
Lipogenesis

Lipogenesis is the process by which simple sugars such as glucose are converted to fatty acids, which are subsequently Esterification with glycerol to form the Triglyceride that are packaged in Very low density lipoprotein and secreted from the liver....
 and cholesterogenesis.






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Encyclopedia


ATP citrate lyase is an enzyme
Enzyme

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products....
 that represents an important step in fatty acid biosynthesis.

Function

ATP citrate lyase is the primary enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cytosolic acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism, used in many biochemical reactions. Its main use is to convey the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidation for energy production....
 in many tissues. The enzyme is a tetramer of apparently identical subunits. The product, acetyl-CoA, serves several important biosynthetic pathways, including lipogenesis
Lipogenesis

Lipogenesis is the process by which simple sugars such as glucose are converted to fatty acids, which are subsequently Esterification with glycerol to form the Triglyceride that are packaged in Very low density lipoprotein and secreted from the liver....
 and cholesterogenesis. It is activated in by insulin.

Reaction

In the presence of ATP
Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
 and Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A

Coenzyme A is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the Fatty acid metabolism#Synthesis and Fatty acid metabolism#.CE.B2-Oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvic acid in the citric acid cycle....
, catalyzes the cleavage of citrate
Citrate

A citrate can refer either to the conjugate base of citric acid, , or to the esters of citric acid. An example of the former, a salt is trisodium citrate; an ester is triethyl citrate....
 to yield acetyl CoA, oxaloacetate, ADP
Adenosine diphosphate

Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate Functional group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine....
, and orthophosphate:

citrate + ATP + CoA-->oxaloacetate + Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule in metabolism, used in many biochemical reactions. Its main use is to convey the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidation for energy production....
 + ADP + Pi.


This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.8.

Location

The enzyme is cytosolic in plants and animals.

Structure

The enzyme is composed of two subunits in green plants (including Chlorophyceae
Chlorophyceae

The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. For example the chlorophycean CW clade, and chlorophycean DO clade, are defined by the arrangement of their flagella....
, Marchantimorpha, Bryopsida
Bryopsida

The Bryopsida constitute the largest class of mosses, containing 95% of all moss species. It consists of approximately 9,500 species, common throughout the whole world....
, Pinaceae
Pinaceae

The family Pinaceae , is in the order Pinales and includes many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance such as cedars, firs, Tsugas, larches, pines and spruces....
, monocotyledon
Monocotyledon

Monocotyledons or monocots are one of two major groups of flowering plants that are traditionally recognised, the other being dicotyledons or dicots....
s, and eudicots), species of fungi, Glaucophyte
Glaucophyte

The glaucophytes, also known as glaucocystophytes or glaucocystids, are a small group of freshwater microscopic algae. Together with the red algae and Viridiplantae they form the Archaeplastida....
s, Chlamydomonas
Chlamydomonas

Chlamydomonas is a genus of green alga. They are unicellular flagellates. Chlamydomonas is used as a model organism for molecular biology, especially studies of flagellum motility and chloroplast dynamics, biogenesis, and genetics....
, and prokaryote
Prokaryote

The prokaryotes are a group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus , or any other cell membrane-bound organelles. They differ from the eukaryotes, which have a cell nucleus....
s.

Animal ACL enzymes are homomeric, presumably an evolutionary fusion of the ACLA and ACLB genes probably occurred early in the evolutionary history of this kingdom.

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