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Adenosine diphosphate

 

 
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Adenosine diphosphate
 
 
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Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide
Nucleotide

Nucleotides are molecules that comprise the structural units of RNA and DNA. Additionally, nucleotides play central roles in metabolism. In that capacity, they serve as sources of chemical energy , participate in cell signaling , and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions ....
. It is an ester
Ester

An ester is an often Aroma compound organic chemistry or partially organic compound formed by the reaction between an acid and an alcohol or aromatic alcohol with the elimination of water....
 of pyrophosphoric acid
Pyrophosphoric acid

Pyrophosphoric acid, also known under the name diphosphoric acid, is a syrupy liquid or a viscous off-white solid. Pyrophosphoric acid is colorless, odorless, hygroscopic and is soluble in water , diethyl ether, and ethyl alcohol....
 with the nucleoside
Nucleoside

Nucleosides are glycosylamines consisting of a nucleobase bound to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar. Examples of these include cytidine, uridine, adenosine, guanosine, thymidine and inosine....
 adenosine
Adenosine

Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule moiety via a ?-N9-glycosidic bond....
. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate
Pyrophosphate

In chemistry, the anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. Pyrophosphates were originally prepared by heating phosphates: the prefix pyro- derived from Greek, means "fire" in this context....
 group
Functional group

In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules....
, the pentose
Pentose

A pentose is a monosaccharide with five carbon atoms.They either have an aldehyde functional group in position 1 , or a ketone functional group in position 2 ....
 sugar
Sugar

Sugar is a class of edible crystalline substances, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose. Human taste buds interpret its flavor as sweet. Sugar as a basic food carbohydrate primarily comes from sugar cane and from sugar beet, but also appears in fruit, honey, sorghum, sugar maple , and in many other sources....
 ribose
Ribose

Ribose, primarily occurring as D-ribose, is an organic compound that occurs widely in nature. It is an aldopentose, that is a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms that, in its acyclic form, has an aldehyde functional group at one end....
, and the nucleobase
Nucleobase

Nucleobases are the parts of DNA and RNA that may be involved in pairing . The main ones are cytosine, guanine, adenine , thymine and uracil , abbreviated as C, G, A, T, and U, respectively....
 adenine
Adenine

Adenine is a nucleobase with a variety of roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy-rich adenosine triphosphate and the cofactor s nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide , and Protein biosynthesis, as a chemical component of DNA and RNA....
.

ADP is the product of ATP
Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
 dephosphorylation
Dephosphorylation

Dephosphorylation is the essential process of removing phosphate groups from an organic compound by hydrolysis. Its opposite is phosphorylation....
 by ATPase
ATPase

ATPases are a class of enzymes that catalysis the decomposition of adenosine triphosphate into adenosine diphosphate and a free phosphate ion....
s. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthase
ATP synthase

An ATP synthase is a general term for an enzyme that can synthesize adenosine triphosphate from adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate by using some form of energy....
s. ATP is an important energy transfer molecule in cells.

ADP is stored in dense bodies
Dense bodies

Dense bodies can refer to:* granules in blood platelets* electron-dense portions of smooth muscle which thin filaments bind....
 inside blood
Blood

Blood is a specialized bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's Cell s ? such as nutrients and oxygen ? and transports waste products away from those same cells....
 platelet
Platelet

Platelets, or Thrombocyte, are small, irregularly shaped anuclear cells, 2-4?m in diameter, which are derived from fragmentation of precursor megakaryocytes....
s and is released upon platelet activation. ADP interacts with a family of ADP receptors found on platelets (P2Y1, P2Y12
P2Y12

In the field of molecular biology, the P2Y12 protein is found on the surface of blood platelet cells and is an important regulator in blood coagulation....
 and P2X1), leading to further platelet activation.






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Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide
Nucleotide

Nucleotides are molecules that comprise the structural units of RNA and DNA. Additionally, nucleotides play central roles in metabolism. In that capacity, they serve as sources of chemical energy , participate in cell signaling , and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions ....
. It is an ester
Ester

An ester is an often Aroma compound organic chemistry or partially organic compound formed by the reaction between an acid and an alcohol or aromatic alcohol with the elimination of water....
 of pyrophosphoric acid
Pyrophosphoric acid

Pyrophosphoric acid, also known under the name diphosphoric acid, is a syrupy liquid or a viscous off-white solid. Pyrophosphoric acid is colorless, odorless, hygroscopic and is soluble in water , diethyl ether, and ethyl alcohol....
 with the nucleoside
Nucleoside

Nucleosides are glycosylamines consisting of a nucleobase bound to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar. Examples of these include cytidine, uridine, adenosine, guanosine, thymidine and inosine....
 adenosine
Adenosine

Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule moiety via a ?-N9-glycosidic bond....
. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate
Pyrophosphate

In chemistry, the anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. Pyrophosphates were originally prepared by heating phosphates: the prefix pyro- derived from Greek, means "fire" in this context....
 group
Functional group

In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules....
, the pentose
Pentose

A pentose is a monosaccharide with five carbon atoms.They either have an aldehyde functional group in position 1 , or a ketone functional group in position 2 ....
 sugar
Sugar

Sugar is a class of edible crystalline substances, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose. Human taste buds interpret its flavor as sweet. Sugar as a basic food carbohydrate primarily comes from sugar cane and from sugar beet, but also appears in fruit, honey, sorghum, sugar maple , and in many other sources....
 ribose
Ribose

Ribose, primarily occurring as D-ribose, is an organic compound that occurs widely in nature. It is an aldopentose, that is a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms that, in its acyclic form, has an aldehyde functional group at one end....
, and the nucleobase
Nucleobase

Nucleobases are the parts of DNA and RNA that may be involved in pairing . The main ones are cytosine, guanine, adenine , thymine and uracil , abbreviated as C, G, A, T, and U, respectively....
 adenine
Adenine

Adenine is a nucleobase with a variety of roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy-rich adenosine triphosphate and the cofactor s nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide , and Protein biosynthesis, as a chemical component of DNA and RNA....
.

ADP is the product of ATP
Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
 dephosphorylation
Dephosphorylation

Dephosphorylation is the essential process of removing phosphate groups from an organic compound by hydrolysis. Its opposite is phosphorylation....
 by ATPase
ATPase

ATPases are a class of enzymes that catalysis the decomposition of adenosine triphosphate into adenosine diphosphate and a free phosphate ion....
s. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthase
ATP synthase

An ATP synthase is a general term for an enzyme that can synthesize adenosine triphosphate from adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate by using some form of energy....
s. ATP is an important energy transfer molecule in cells.

ADP is stored in dense bodies
Dense bodies

Dense bodies can refer to:* granules in blood platelets* electron-dense portions of smooth muscle which thin filaments bind....
 inside blood
Blood

Blood is a specialized bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's Cell s ? such as nutrients and oxygen ? and transports waste products away from those same cells....
 platelet
Platelet

Platelets, or Thrombocyte, are small, irregularly shaped anuclear cells, 2-4?m in diameter, which are derived from fragmentation of precursor megakaryocytes....
s and is released upon platelet activation. ADP interacts with a family of ADP receptors found on platelets (P2Y1, P2Y12
P2Y12

In the field of molecular biology, the P2Y12 protein is found on the surface of blood platelet cells and is an important regulator in blood coagulation....
 and P2X1), leading to further platelet activation. ADP in the blood is converted to adenosine
Adenosine

Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule moiety via a ?-N9-glycosidic bond....
 by the action of ecto-ADPases, inhibiting further platelet activation via adenosine receptor
Adenosine receptor

The adenosine receptors are a class of purinergic receptors, G-protein coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand.In humans, there are four adenosine receptors....
s. The anti-platelet drug Plavix (clopidogrel
Clopidogrel

Clopidogrel is an oral Antiplatelet drug to inhibit blood clots in coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease....
) inhibits the P2Y12 receptor.

ADP is the end-product that results when ATP loses one of its phosphate groups located at the end of the molecule. The conversion of these two molecules plays a critical role in supplying energy for many processes of life. The deletion of one of ATP’s phosphorus bonds generates approximately 7.3 kilocalories per Mole of ATP. ADP can be converted, or powered back to ATP through the process of releasing the chemical energy available in food; in humans this is constantly performed via aerobic respiration in the mitochondria. Plants use photosynthetic pathways to convert and store the energy from sunlight, via conversion of ADP to ATP. Animals use the energy released in the breakdown of glucose and other molecules to convert ADP to ATP, which can then be used to fuel necessary growth and cell maintenance.

See also

  • Nucleoside
    Nucleoside

    Nucleosides are glycosylamines consisting of a nucleobase bound to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar. Examples of these include cytidine, uridine, adenosine, guanosine, thymidine and inosine....
  • Nucleotide
    Nucleotide

    Nucleotides are molecules that comprise the structural units of RNA and DNA. Additionally, nucleotides play central roles in metabolism. In that capacity, they serve as sources of chemical energy , participate in cell signaling , and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions ....
  • DNA
    DNA

    Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetics instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses....
  • RNA
    RNA

    Ribonucleic acid is a type of molecule that consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nucleobase, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate....
  • Oligonucleotide
    Oligonucleotide

    An oligonucleotide is a short nucleic acid polymer, typically with twenty or fewer nucleotide. Although they can be formed by bond cleavage of longer segments, they are now more commonly synthesized by polymerizing individual nucleotide precursors....
  • Adenosine triphosphate
    Adenosine triphosphate

    This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
  • Apyrase
    Apyrase

    Apyrase is a calcium-activated plasma membrane-bound enzyme that catalyst the hydrolysis of Adenosine triphosphate to yield Adenosine monophosphate and inorganic phosphate....


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