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9th century

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	Topics 9th century Topic Home The 9th century is the period from 801801 Sorry, no overview for this topic to 900900 Sorry, no overview for this topic in accordance with the Julian calendarJulian calendar The Julian calendar was introduced in 46 BC by Julius Caesar and took force in 45 BC .... in the Christian/Common EraCommon Era The Common Era , sometimes known as the Current Era or as the Christian Era, is the period of measured time begi... . Western European Art of the "Dark Ages" First and foremost, art existed because the Church required it. The basic tools of the Roman Catholic mass, thousands of golden art objects were made. Sacred cups, vessels, reliqueries, crucifixes, rosaries, altar pieces, and statues of the Virgin and Child or Saints all kept the flame of art from dying out in the period. Architecture began to revive to some extent by the 9th century. It took the form of Church facilities of all kinds, and the first castle fortifications since Roman times began to take form in simple "moat and baily" castles, or simple "strong point" tower structures, with little refinement. Worldwide Events The Arab merchant Shulama wrote that Chinese junkJunk (ship) A junk is a Chinese sailing vessel.... ships could carry 600 to 700 passengers aboard for sailing missions into the Indian OceanIndian Ocean Overview The Indian Ocean is the third largest body of water in the world, covering about 20% of the Earth's water surface.... . He wrote that the draft of Chinese ships was too deep for entering the Euphrates River (modern-day Iraq), which forced them to land small boats on the banks of the river for passengers and cargo instead. An unknown event causes the decline of the Maya Classical Era. BeowulfBeowulf *Beowulf* is a heroic epic poem.... might have been written down in this century, though it could also have been in the 8th century8th century The 8th century is the period from 701 - 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era.... . Reign of CharlemagneCharlemagne Charlemagne was the King of the Franks who conquered Italy and took the Iron Crown of Lombardy in 774 and, on a visit to ... , and concurrent (and controversially labeled) Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance The Carolingian Renaissance was a period of intellectual and cultural revival occurring in the late 8th and 9th century, wit... in Western Europe. Large-scale VikingViking The term Viking commonly denotes the ship-borne explorers, traders, and warriors of the Norsemen who originated in Scandinav... attacks on Europe begin, devastating countless numbers of people. Oseberg ship burialShip burial A ship burial or boat grave is a burial in which a ship or boat is used either as a container for the dead and the gra... . The Magyars arrive in what is now HungaryHungary Hungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovaki... , taking it from BulgariaBulgaria Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a country in Southeastern Europe.... . The Tukolor settle in the Senegal river valley. MuslimMuslim A Muslim is an adherent of Islam.... traders settle in the northwest and southeast of MadagascarMadagascar Summary Madagascar, , is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, off the eastern coast of Africa, close to Mozambique.... . 800800 Events... — Arab fleet sails up the TiberTiber The Tiber , the third-longest river in Italy at 406 km after the Po and the Adige, flows through Rome in its course from Mo... . 803803 Events... — Construction on the Leshan Giant BuddhaLeshan Giant Buddha The Leshan Giant Buddha is the tallest seated stone Buddha statue in the world.... in Tang DynastyTang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty followed the Sui Dynasty and preceded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period in China.... ChinaChina China is a cultural region and ancient civilization in East Asia.... is complete, after 90 years of rock-carving on a massive cliff-side. C. 813813 Events... –c. 915915 Events... — period of serious Arab naval raids on shores of Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seas. 830830 Events* Christian missionary Ansgar visits Birka, trade city of the Swedes.... - House of WisdomHouse of Wisdom The House of Wisdom was a library and translation institute in Abbassid-era Baghdad.... , a library and translation institute, established by al-Ma'munAl-Ma'mun Abu Jafar al-Ma'mun ibn Harun was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 813 until his death in 833.... , AbbasidAbbasid Abbasid is the dynastic name generally given to the caliph of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the I... caliphCaliph Caliph is the title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam.... , in BaghdadBaghdad Baghdad is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate.... to transfer the knowledge of Greeks, Persians, Indians, etc to Muslim world. Also The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and BalancingThe Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing , also known under a shorter name spelled as Hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala, Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala... which is one of the book of algebraAlgebra Algebra is a branch of mathematics concerning the study of structure, relation and quantity.... is written by Al-Khwarizmi who worked there. 848848 Events... –852852 Summary Events... — The west bank of the TiberTiber The Tiber , the third-longest river in Italy at 406 km after the Po and the Adige, flows through Rome in its course from Mo... is annexed into the city of RomeRome Overview Rome is the capital of Italy and of its region, called Latium.... . A defensive wallDefensive wall A defensive wall is a fortification used to defend a city from potential aggressors.... , commissioned by Pope Leo IVPope Leo IV Pope Leo IV was pope from 847 to 855.... , is built around what came to be called the Leonine CityLeonine City The Leonine City is that part of the city of Rome around which Pope Leo IV commissioned the construction of a wall for milit... . 851851 Events... — The Arab merchant Suleiman al-Tajir visits the Chinese seaportSeaport A seaport is a facility for receiving seafaring ships and transferring cargo to and from them.... at GuangzhouGuangzhou Guangzhou is the capital of Guangdong Province in southern China.... in southern China, and observes the manufacturing of porcelainPorcelain Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating to high temperature selected and refined materials often including clay in t... , the Islamic mosqueMosque A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith.... built at Guangzhou, the granaryGranary A granary is a storehouse for threshed grain or animal feed.... system of the city, and how its municipal administration functioned. 863863 Events... — The Chinese author Duan ChengshiDuan Chengshi Duan Chengshi is known as the author of the earliest known version of Cinderella and a scholar of the Tang Dynasty of China.... describes the slave trade, ivoryIvory Ivory is a hard, white, opaque substance that is the bulk of the teeth and tusks of animals such as the elephant, hippopotam... trade, and ambergrisAmbergris Ambergris is a solid, waxy, flammable substance of a dull grey or blackish color, with the shades being variegated like mar... trade of SomaliaSomalia Somalia , formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic, is a coastal nation at the Horn of Africa in East Africa.... in East AfricaEast Africa East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easternmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geo... . 870870 Events... — Prague CastlePrague Castle The Prague Castle is the castle in Prague where the Czech kings, Holy Roman Emperors and presidents of the Czech Republic ha... founded. 800800 Events... –909909 Events... — rule of Aghlabids as an independent Muslim dynasty in North Africa. 850Facts About 850 Events... –875875 Events... — The first Norse settlers arrive on IcelandIceland Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland is a volcanic island nation in the northern Atlantic Ocean between Greenl... . 859859 Events* Battle of Abelda: Asturias beats the Muslims;... Muslim established the oldest university in the world, University of Al KaraouineFacts About University of Al Karaouine The University of Al Karaouine in Fez, Morocco was founded in 859.... , in Fez, Morocco 863863 Events... –879879 Events... — period of schism between eastern and western churches. 864864 Events... — Christianization of BulgariaChristianization of Bulgaria The Christianization of Bulgaria is the process of converting 9th-century medieval Bulgaria to Christianity.... under Boris IBoris I of Bulgaria Boris I or sometimes Boris-Mihail, Bulgarian: ????? I, known also as Bogoris was the ruler of Bulgaria 852&n... 875875 Events... –884884 Events... — Huang ChaoHuang Chao Huang Chaod. 884) was the leader of infamous Huang Chao Rebellion in medieval China that brought down once mighty Tang Dynas... leads an unsuccessful rebellion against the Tang DynastyTang Dynasty Summary The Tang Dynasty followed the Sui Dynasty and preceded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period in China.... in China. Late 9th century: BulgariaBulgaria Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a country in Southeastern Europe.... stretches from the mouth of the DanubeDanube The Danube is the longest river of the European Union and Europe's second-longest .... to EpirusEpirus (region) Epirus is a geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in south-eastern Europe.... and BosniaBosnia (region) Historically and geographically, the region known as Bosnia comprises the northern part of the present-day country of Bosnia... . In ItalyItaly Italy, officially the Italian Republic , is a Southern European country.... , some cities became free republics: for instance ForlìForlì Forl? is a comune and city in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, famed as the birthplace of the great painter Melozzo da Forl?, of the ... , in the 889889 Overview Events... . The Christian NubiaNubia Today Nubia is the region in the south of Egypt, along the Nile and in northern Sudan, but in ancient times it was an indepe... n kingdom reaches its peak of prosperity and military power.. Harald FairhairHarald I of Norway Harald Fairhair or Harald Finehair , was the founder and first king over Norway.... was victorious at the battle of HafrsfjordBattle of Hafrsfjord The Battle of Hafrsfjord has traditionally been regarded as the battle in which Norway for the first time was unified under ... , and NorwayNorway Insert non-formatted text hereNorway is a Nordic country on the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, bordering S... was unified into one kingdom. ChessChess Summary Chess is an abstract strategy board game and mental sport for two players.... reaches JapanJapan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of China, Korea, and Russia, stretching from... . 862862 Events... — The beginning the Rurik DynastyRurik Dynasty The Rurik Dynasty was the ruling dynasty of what is now Belarus, Russia and Ukraine from 862 to 1598.... in RussiaRussia Summary Russia , also the Russian Federation , is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of Eurasia.... 885885 Events... — arrival of the disciples of SS. CyrilSaint Cyril Saint Cyril was a Greek monk, scholar, theologian, and linguist.... and MethodiusSaint Methodius Saint Methodius was a Greek scholar, archbishop of Great Moravia , and the main translator of the Bible into Old Church S... , Clement of OhridClement of Ohrid Saint Clement of Ohrid, was a medieval Bulgarian scholar and writer, the first Bulgarian archbishop.... and Naum of Preslav in Bulgaria. Development of the Cyrillic AlphabetCyrillic alphabet The Cyrillic alphabet is an alphabet used for several East and South Slavic languages; and many other languages of the for... . 867867 Events... — onward Revival of the Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of the... under the Macedonian dynastyMacedonian dynasty The following is a list of emperors of the Byzantine Empire belonging to the Macedonian dynasty, which is associated with th... . The Medieval Warm PeriodMedieval Warm Period Summary The Medieval Warm Period or Medieval Climate Optimum was a time of unusually warm climate in Europe, lasting from abo... begins. Significant people Adi Sankara Al-JahizFacts About Al-Jahiz Al-Jahiz was a famous Arab scholar probably of Abyssinian descent.... Alfred the GreatAlfred the Great Summary Alfred was king of the southern Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex from 871 to 899.... Arnulf of CarinthiaArnulf of Carinthia Arnulf was the Carolingian King of East Francia from 887 to his death.... Basil I the Macedonian (?as??e??? ?'), ruled–(886886 Events... ) Boris I of BulgariaBoris I of Bulgaria Boris I or sometimes Boris-Mihail, Bulgarian: ????? I, known also as Bogoris was the ruler of Bulgaria 852&n... CharlemagneCharlemagne Charlemagne was the King of the Franks who conquered Italy and took the Iron Crown of Lombardy in 774 and, on a visit to ... Clement of OhridClement of Ohrid Saint Clement of Ohrid, was a medieval Bulgarian scholar and writer, the first Bulgarian archbishop.... Han YuHan Yu Hn Y, was a precursor of Neo-Confucianism as well as an essayist and poet.... Harald I of NorwayHarald I of Norway Harald Fairhair or Harald Finehair , was the founder and first king over Norway.... Huang ChaoHuang Chao Huang Chaod. 884) was the leader of infamous Huang Chao Rebellion in medieval China that brought down once mighty Tang Dynas... Kenneth I of ScotlandKenneth I of Scotland Cined mac Ailpn , was king of the Picts and, according to national myth, first king of Scots.... Louis the PiousLouis the Pious Louis the Pious was Emperor and King of the Franks from 814 to his death 840. ... Naum of Preslav RurikRurik Rurik, Prince Lobanov-Rostovsky or Riurik was a Varangian who gained control of Ladoga in 862 and built the Holmgard... Saint CyrilSaint Cyril Saint Cyril was a Greek monk, scholar, theologian, and linguist.... and Saint MethodiusSaint Methodius Saint Methodius was a Greek scholar, archbishop of Great Moravia , and the main translator of the Bible into Old Church S... Taizu of Later Liang Wang Kon Inventions, discoveries, introductions First image of a rotary grindstone in a European source — illustration shows crank, first known use of a crank in the West First known printed book, the Diamond SutraDiamond Sutra The Diamond Sutra, or "The Sutra of the Perfection of Wisdom of the Diamond that Cuts Through Illusion," is a short Mahayana... , printed in China using woodblock printingWoodblock printing Summary Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text or images used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China some... in 868 AD. Invention of gunpowderGunpowder Gunpowder, whether black powder or smokeless powder, is a substance that burns very rapidly, releasing gases tha... by Chinese Taoist AlchemistsAlchemy Alchemy refers to both an early form of the investigation of nature and an early philosophical and spiritual discipline, bot... Vulgar LatinVulgar Latin Vulgar Latin is a blanket term covering the vernacular dialects of the Latin language spoken mostly in the western province... begins to devolve into various Romance languagesRomance languages The Romance languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, comprise all languages that descended from Latin... Decades and years