Wiki journalism
Encyclopedia
Wiki journalism is a form of participatory journalism or crowdsourcing
, which uses wiki
technology to facilitate collaboration between users. It is a kind of collaborative journalism
. The largest example of wiki journalism is Wikinews
. According to Paul Bradshaw
, there are five broad types of wiki journalism: Second draft wiki journalism, a ‘second stage’ piece of journalism, during which readers can edit an article produced in-house; crowdsourcing wiki journalism, a means of covering material which could not have been produced in-house (probably for logistical reasons), but which becomes possible through wiki technology; supplementary wiki journalism, creating a supplement to a piece of original journalism, e.g. a tab to a story that says "Create a wiki for related stories"; open wiki journalism, in which a wiki is created as an open space, whose subject matter is decided by the user, and where material may be produced that would not otherwise have been commissioned; and logistical wiki journalism, involving a wiki limited to in-house contributors which enables multiple authorship, and may also facilitate transparency, and/or an
ongoing nature.
was launched in 2004 as an attempt to build an entire news operation on wiki technology. Where Wikinews – and indeed Wikipedia
- has been most successful, however, is in covering large news events involving large numbers of people, such as Hurricane Katrina
and the Virginia Tech Shootings, where first hand experience, or the availability of first hand accounts, forms a larger part of the entry, and where the wealth of reportage makes a central ‘clearing house’ valuable.
Thelwall & Stuart (2007) identify Wikinews and Wikipedia as becoming particularly important during crises such as Hurricane Katrina, which “precipitate discussions or mentions of new technology in blogspace.”
Mike Yamamoto notes that "In times of emergency, wikis are quickly being recognized as important gathering spots not only for news accounts but also for the exchange of resources, safety bulletins, missing-person reports and other vital information, as well as a meeting place for virtual support groups." He sees the need for community as the driving force behind this.
In June 2005 the LA Times decided to experiment with a 'wikitorial
' on the Iraq war, publishing their own editorial online but inviting readers to "rewrite" it using wiki technology.
The experiment received broad coverage both before and after launch in both the mainstream media and the blogosphere. In editorial terms the experiment was generally recognised as a failure as Glaister described:
In September 2005 Esquire magazine used Wikipedia itself to 'wiki' an article about Wikipedia by AJ Jacobs. The draft called on users to help Jacobs improve the article, with the intention of printing a 'before' and 'after' version of the piece in the printed magazine. He included some intentional mistakes to make the experiment "a little more interesting".
The article received 224 edits in the first 24 hours, rising to 373 by 48 hours, and over 500 before the article was ‘frozen’ in order to be printed.
In 2006 Wired
also experimented with an article about wikis. When writer Ryan Singel submitted the 1,000 word draft to his editor, "instead of paring the story down to a readable 800 words, we posted it as-is to a SocialText-hosted wiki on August 29, and announced it was open to editing by anyone willing to register."
When the experiment closed, Singel noted that "there were 348 edits of the main story, 21 suggested headlines and 39 edits of the discussion pages. Thirty hyperlinks were added to the 20 in the original story." He continued that "one user didn't like the quotes I used from Ward Cunningham
, the father of wiki software, so I instead posted a large portion of my notes from my interview on the site, so the community could choose a better one."
Singel felt that the final story was "more accurate and more representative of how wikis are used" but not a better story than would have otherwise been produced:
However, continued Singel, that didn't make the experiment a failure, and he felt the story "clearly tapped into a community that wants to make news stories better ... Hopefully, we'll continue to experiment to find ways to involve that community more."
In April 2010, the Wahoo Newspaper partnered with WikiCity Guides
to extend its audience and local reach. “With this partnership, the Wahoo Newspaper provides a useful tool to connect with our readers, and for our readers to connect with one another to promote and spotlight everything Wahoo has to offer,” said Wahoo Newspaper Publisher Shon Barenklau. Despite relatively little traffic as compared to its large scale, WikiCity Guides is recognized as the largest wiki in the world with over 13 million active pages.
models such as OhMyNews
and peer-to-peer publishing models such as Slashdot
, and which, he argues “uniquely addresses an historic ‘knowledge gap’ – the general lack of content sources for the period between when the news is published and the history books are written.”
Participatory journalism, he argues, has “has recast online journalism not as simply reporting or publishing, but as a lifecycle, where software is crafted, users are empowered, journalistic content is created and the process repeats improves upon itself.”
Francisco identifies wikis as a ‘next step’ in participatory journalism: “Blogs helped individuals publish and express themselves. Social networks allowed those disparate bloggers to be found and connected. Wikis are the platforms to help those who found one another be able to collaborate and build together.”
Wikis allow news operations to effectively cover issues on which there is a range of opinion so broad that it would be difficult, if not impossible, to summarise effectively in one article alone. Examples might include local transport problems, experiences of a large event such as a music festival or protest march, guides to local restaurants or shops, or advice. The WikiTravel
site is one such example, “A worldwide travel guide written entirely by contributors who either live in the place they’re covering or have spent enough time there to post relevant information.” (Gillmor, 2004, p150)
Organisations willing to open up wikis to their audience completely may also find a way of identifying their communities’ concerns: Wikipedia, for instance, notes Eva Dominguez “reflects which knowledge is most shared, given that both the content and the proposals for entries are made by the users themselves.”
Internally, wikis also allow news operations to coordinate and manage a complex story which involves a number of reporters: journalists are able to collaborate by editing a single webpage that all have access to. News organisations interested in transparency might also publish the wiki ‘live’ as it develops, so readers can view as it develops, and look at previous versions, while the discussion space which accompanies each entry also has the potential to create a productive dialogue with users.
There are also clear economic and competitive advantages to allowing users to create articles. With the growth of low-cost micropublishing
facilitated by the internet and blogging software in particular, and the convergence
-fuelled entry into the online news market by both broadcasters and publishers, news organisations face increased competition from all sides. At the same time, print and broadcast advertising revenue is falling while competition for online advertising revenue is fierce and concentrated on a few major players: in the USA, for instance, according to Jeffrey Rayport
99% of gross advertising money 2006 went to the top 10 websites.
Wikis offer a way for news websites to increase their reach, while also increasing the time that users spend on their website, a key factor in attracting advertisers. And, according to Dan Gillmor
, “When [a wiki] works right, it engenders a community – and a community that has the right tools can take care of itself” (2004, p149).A useful side-effect of community for a news organisation is reader loyalty.
Andrew Lih notes the importance of the “spirit of the open source movement” (2004b p6) in its development, and the way that wikis function primarily as “social software – acting to foster communication and collaboration with other users.”
“By emphasising social interaction over technological solutions, the project harnesses the creative energies of the participants, rather than forcing them to work in any strict or prescribed process … His human orientation promotes personal engagement and investment in the community, building stronger bonds and imbuing a sense of belonging. By not being constricted by process or content management structure, users are empowered by the software system and not victims of it. Users become stakeholders in the content and in the outcome of their articles.”
Specifically, Lih attributes the success of the wiki model to four basic features: user friendly formatting; structure by convention, not enforced by software; “soft” security and ubiquitous access; and wikis transparency and edit history feature.
Economically, wikis offer the attractions of free “user generated” content, and, in the case of published articles, free subediting. But these attractions are misleading: the disadvantages of the form mean costs elsewhere, in maintenance and monitoring.
Student-run wikis provide opportunities to integrate learning by doing into a journalism education program.
Writing in 2004 Lih also identified authority as an issue for Wikipedia: “While Wikipedia has recorded impressive accomplishments in three years, its articles have a mixed degree of quality because they are, by design, always in flux, and always editable. That reason alone makes people wary of its content.”
Security is a common problem in wiki technology. Wikipedia’s own entry on wikis notes: “Wikis by their very nature are susceptible to intentional disruption, known as "trolling". Wikis tend to take a soft security
approach to the problem of vandalism; making damage easy to undo rather than attempting to prevent damage.”
Dan Gillmor puts it another way: “When vandals learn than someone will repair their damage within minutes, and therefore prevent the damage from being visible to the world, the bad guys tend to give up and move along to more vulnerable places.” (2004, p149)
Attempts to address the security issue vary. Wikipedia’s own entry on wikis again explains:
Walsh (2007) quotes online media consultant Nico Macdonald on the importance of asking people to identify themselves:
Walsh (2007) argues that “Even if you don’t plan on moderating a community, it’s a good idea to have an editorial presence, to pop in and respond to users’ questions and complaints. Apart from giving users the sense that they matter – and they really should – it also means that if you do have to take drastic measures and curtail (or even remove) a discussion or thread, it won’t seem quite so much like the egregious action of some deus ex machina.”
Ryan Singel of Wired also feels there is a need for an editorial presence, but for narrative reasons: “in storytelling, there's still a place for a mediator who knows when to subsume a detail for the sake of the story, and is accustomed to balancing the competing claims and interests of companies and people represented in a story.”
‘Edit wars’ are another problem in wikis, where contributors continually overwrite each other’s contributions due to a difference of opinion. The worst cases, notes Lih, “may require intervention by other community members to help mediate and arbitrate”.
Eva Dominguez recognises the potential of wikis, but also the legal responsibilities that publishers must answer to: “The greater potential of the Internet to carry out better journalism stems from this collaboration, in which the users share and correct data, sources and facts that the journalist may not have easy access to or knowledge of. But the media, which have the ultimate responsibility for what is published, must always be able to verify everything. For example, in the case of third-party quotes included by collaborating users, the journalist must also check that they are true.”
One of the biggest disadvantages may be readers’ lack of awareness of what a wiki even is: only 2% of Internet users even know what a wiki is, according to a Harris Interactive poll (Francisco, 2006).
American columnist Bambi Francisco
argues that it is only a matter of time before more professional publishers and producers begin to experiment with using “wiki-styled ways of creating content” in the same way as they have picked up on blogs.
The Telegraph’s Web News Editor, Shane Richmond, wrote: “Unusually, it may be business people who bring wikis into the mainstream. That will prepare the ground for media experiments with wikis [and] I think it's a safe bet that a British media company will try a wiki before the end of the year.”
Richmond added that The Telegraph
were planning an internal wiki as a precursor to public experiments with the technology. “Once we have a feel for the technology, we will look into a public wiki, perhaps towards the end of the year.”
Crowdsourcing
Crowdsourcing is the act of sourcing tasks traditionally performed by specific individuals to a group of people or community through an open call....
, which uses wiki
Wiki
A wiki is a website that allows the creation and editing of any number of interlinked web pages via a web browser using a simplified markup language or a WYSIWYG text editor. Wikis are typically powered by wiki software and are often used collaboratively by multiple users. Examples include...
technology to facilitate collaboration between users. It is a kind of collaborative journalism
Collaborative journalism
Collaborative journalism is a mode of journalism where multiple reporters or news organizations, without affiliation to a common parent organization, report on and contribute news items to a news story together...
. The largest example of wiki journalism is Wikinews
Wikinews
Wikinews is a free-content news source wiki and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. The site works through collaborative journalism. Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales has distinguished Wikinews from Wikipedia by saying "on Wikinews, each story is to be written as a news story as opposed to an...
. According to Paul Bradshaw
Paul Bradshaw (journalist)
Paul Bradshaw is an online journalist and blogger, a Reader in Online Journalism at Birmingham City University and a Visiting Professor at City University's School of Journalism in London. He manages his own blog, the Online Journalism Blog , and is the co-founder of Help Me Investigate, an...
, there are five broad types of wiki journalism: Second draft wiki journalism, a ‘second stage’ piece of journalism, during which readers can edit an article produced in-house; crowdsourcing wiki journalism, a means of covering material which could not have been produced in-house (probably for logistical reasons), but which becomes possible through wiki technology; supplementary wiki journalism, creating a supplement to a piece of original journalism, e.g. a tab to a story that says "Create a wiki for related stories"; open wiki journalism, in which a wiki is created as an open space, whose subject matter is decided by the user, and where material may be produced that would not otherwise have been commissioned; and logistical wiki journalism, involving a wiki limited to in-house contributors which enables multiple authorship, and may also facilitate transparency, and/or an
ongoing nature.
Examples
WikinewsWikinews
Wikinews is a free-content news source wiki and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. The site works through collaborative journalism. Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales has distinguished Wikinews from Wikipedia by saying "on Wikinews, each story is to be written as a news story as opposed to an...
was launched in 2004 as an attempt to build an entire news operation on wiki technology. Where Wikinews – and indeed Wikipedia
Wikipedia
Wikipedia is a free, web-based, collaborative, multilingual encyclopedia project supported by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Its 20 million articles have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world. Almost all of its articles can be edited by anyone with access to the site,...
- has been most successful, however, is in covering large news events involving large numbers of people, such as Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was a powerful Atlantic hurricane. It is the costliest natural disaster, as well as one of the five deadliest hurricanes, in the history of the United States. Among recorded Atlantic hurricanes, it was the sixth strongest overall...
and the Virginia Tech Shootings, where first hand experience, or the availability of first hand accounts, forms a larger part of the entry, and where the wealth of reportage makes a central ‘clearing house’ valuable.
Thelwall & Stuart (2007) identify Wikinews and Wikipedia as becoming particularly important during crises such as Hurricane Katrina, which “precipitate discussions or mentions of new technology in blogspace.”
Mike Yamamoto notes that "In times of emergency, wikis are quickly being recognized as important gathering spots not only for news accounts but also for the exchange of resources, safety bulletins, missing-person reports and other vital information, as well as a meeting place for virtual support groups." He sees the need for community as the driving force behind this.
In June 2005 the LA Times decided to experiment with a 'wikitorial
Wikitorial
A wikitorial is a term coined by the Los Angeles Times to describe a traditional editorial that can be edited in the fashion of a wiki . On June 17, 2005 the Los Angeles Times wrote the first Wikitorial, entitled: War and Consequences. The new Wikitorial was about the War in Iraq...
' on the Iraq war, publishing their own editorial online but inviting readers to "rewrite" it using wiki technology.
The experiment received broad coverage both before and after launch in both the mainstream media and the blogosphere. In editorial terms the experiment was generally recognised as a failure as Glaister described:
"By early morning, readers were inserting a tone that was more shrill than the high-minded balance of the original: "The Bush administration should be publicly charged and tried for war crimes and crimes against humanity."
“At 9am, the editorial was erased by a reader and substituted with another. Bizarrely, the new version echoed the position of the original.
“By mid-morning, the editorial had been replaced by the more reductive "Fuck USA".
“By lunchtime, the founder of Wikipedia got in on the act, "forking" the editorial into two pieces, representing opposing viewpoints.
“At 4am the paper's managing editor got a call from the office. Explicit images known as "goatses" had appeared on the wikitorial page. The experiment was terminated.”
In September 2005 Esquire magazine used Wikipedia itself to 'wiki' an article about Wikipedia by AJ Jacobs. The draft called on users to help Jacobs improve the article, with the intention of printing a 'before' and 'after' version of the piece in the printed magazine. He included some intentional mistakes to make the experiment "a little more interesting".
The article received 224 edits in the first 24 hours, rising to 373 by 48 hours, and over 500 before the article was ‘frozen’ in order to be printed.
In 2006 Wired
Wired (magazine)
Wired is a full-color monthly American magazine and on-line periodical, published since January 1993, that reports on how new and developing technology affects culture, the economy, and politics...
also experimented with an article about wikis. When writer Ryan Singel submitted the 1,000 word draft to his editor, "instead of paring the story down to a readable 800 words, we posted it as-is to a SocialText-hosted wiki on August 29, and announced it was open to editing by anyone willing to register."
When the experiment closed, Singel noted that "there were 348 edits of the main story, 21 suggested headlines and 39 edits of the discussion pages. Thirty hyperlinks were added to the 20 in the original story." He continued that "one user didn't like the quotes I used from Ward Cunningham
Ward Cunningham
Howard G. "Ward" Cunningham is an American computer programmer who developed the first wiki. A pioneer in both design patterns and Extreme Programming, he started programming the software WikiWikiWeb in 1994 and installed it on the website of his software consultancy, Cunningham & Cunningham , on...
, the father of wiki software, so I instead posted a large portion of my notes from my interview on the site, so the community could choose a better one."
Singel felt that the final story was "more accurate and more representative of how wikis are used" but not a better story than would have otherwise been produced:
"The edits over the week lack some of the narrative flow that a Wired News piece usually contains. The transitions seem a bit choppy, there are too many mentions of companies, and too much dry explication of how wikis work.
"It feels more like a primer than a story to me."
However, continued Singel, that didn't make the experiment a failure, and he felt the story "clearly tapped into a community that wants to make news stories better ... Hopefully, we'll continue to experiment to find ways to involve that community more."
In April 2010, the Wahoo Newspaper partnered with WikiCity Guides
WikiCity Guides
WikiCity Guides is an on-line publisher providing local content on places, events, and people which could be of interest to those associated with any of the 22,000 U.S. towns it covers. It serves these communities much like a collection of city guides, yet as a wiki, any of its readers are allowed...
to extend its audience and local reach. “With this partnership, the Wahoo Newspaper provides a useful tool to connect with our readers, and for our readers to connect with one another to promote and spotlight everything Wahoo has to offer,” said Wahoo Newspaper Publisher Shon Barenklau. Despite relatively little traffic as compared to its large scale, WikiCity Guides is recognized as the largest wiki in the world with over 13 million active pages.
Literature on wiki journalism
Andrew Lih places wikis within the larger category of participatory journalism, which also includes blogs, citizen journalismCitizen journalism
Citizen journalism is the concept of members of the public "playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating news and information," according to the seminal 2003 report We Media: How Audiences are Shaping the Future of News and Information...
models such as OhMyNews
OhmyNews
OhmyNews is a South Korean online newspaper website with the motto "Every Citizen is a Reporter". It was founded by Oh Yeon Ho on February 22, 2000....
and peer-to-peer publishing models such as Slashdot
Slashdot
Slashdot is a technology-related news website owned by Geeknet, Inc. The site, which bills itself as "News for Nerds. Stuff that Matters", features user-submitted and ‑evaluated current affairs news stories about science- and technology-related topics. Each story has a comments section...
, and which, he argues “uniquely addresses an historic ‘knowledge gap’ – the general lack of content sources for the period between when the news is published and the history books are written.”
Participatory journalism, he argues, has “has recast online journalism not as simply reporting or publishing, but as a lifecycle, where software is crafted, users are empowered, journalistic content is created and the process repeats improves upon itself.”
Francisco identifies wikis as a ‘next step’ in participatory journalism: “Blogs helped individuals publish and express themselves. Social networks allowed those disparate bloggers to be found and connected. Wikis are the platforms to help those who found one another be able to collaborate and build together.”
Advantages
A Wiki can serve as the collective truth of the event, portraying the hundreds of viewpoints and without taxing any one journalist with uncovering whatever represents the objective truth in the circumstance.Wikis allow news operations to effectively cover issues on which there is a range of opinion so broad that it would be difficult, if not impossible, to summarise effectively in one article alone. Examples might include local transport problems, experiences of a large event such as a music festival or protest march, guides to local restaurants or shops, or advice. The WikiTravel
Wikitravel
-External links:* *...
site is one such example, “A worldwide travel guide written entirely by contributors who either live in the place they’re covering or have spent enough time there to post relevant information.” (Gillmor, 2004, p150)
Organisations willing to open up wikis to their audience completely may also find a way of identifying their communities’ concerns: Wikipedia, for instance, notes Eva Dominguez “reflects which knowledge is most shared, given that both the content and the proposals for entries are made by the users themselves.”
Internally, wikis also allow news operations to coordinate and manage a complex story which involves a number of reporters: journalists are able to collaborate by editing a single webpage that all have access to. News organisations interested in transparency might also publish the wiki ‘live’ as it develops, so readers can view as it develops, and look at previous versions, while the discussion space which accompanies each entry also has the potential to create a productive dialogue with users.
There are also clear economic and competitive advantages to allowing users to create articles. With the growth of low-cost micropublishing
Micropublishing
Micropublishing is when an individual or group use efficient publishing and distribution techniques to publish a work intended for a specific micromarket...
facilitated by the internet and blogging software in particular, and the convergence
Convergence (telecommunications)
Telecommunications convergence, network convergence or simply convergence are broad terms used to describe emerging telecommunications technologies, and network architecture used to migrate multiple communications services into a single network...
-fuelled entry into the online news market by both broadcasters and publishers, news organisations face increased competition from all sides. At the same time, print and broadcast advertising revenue is falling while competition for online advertising revenue is fierce and concentrated on a few major players: in the USA, for instance, according to Jeffrey Rayport
Jeffrey Rayport
Jeffrey F. Rayport is a consultant, author, and founder and chairman of Marketspace LLC, a strategic advisory practice that works with leading companies to reinvent how they interact with and relate to customers...
99% of gross advertising money 2006 went to the top 10 websites.
Wikis offer a way for news websites to increase their reach, while also increasing the time that users spend on their website, a key factor in attracting advertisers. And, according to Dan Gillmor
Dan Gillmor
Dan Gillmor is a noted American technology writer and columnist. He is director of the Knight Center for Digital Media Entrepreneurship at Arizona State University's Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication and a fellow at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard...
, “When [a wiki] works right, it engenders a community – and a community that has the right tools can take care of itself” (2004, p149).A useful side-effect of community for a news organisation is reader loyalty.
Andrew Lih notes the importance of the “spirit of the open source movement” (2004b p6) in its development, and the way that wikis function primarily as “social software – acting to foster communication and collaboration with other users.”
“By emphasising social interaction over technological solutions, the project harnesses the creative energies of the participants, rather than forcing them to work in any strict or prescribed process … His human orientation promotes personal engagement and investment in the community, building stronger bonds and imbuing a sense of belonging. By not being constricted by process or content management structure, users are empowered by the software system and not victims of it. Users become stakeholders in the content and in the outcome of their articles.”
Specifically, Lih attributes the success of the wiki model to four basic features: user friendly formatting; structure by convention, not enforced by software; “soft” security and ubiquitous access; and wikis transparency and edit history feature.
Economically, wikis offer the attractions of free “user generated” content, and, in the case of published articles, free subediting. But these attractions are misleading: the disadvantages of the form mean costs elsewhere, in maintenance and monitoring.
Student-run wikis provide opportunities to integrate learning by doing into a journalism education program.
Disadvantages
Shane Richmond identifies two obstacles that could slow down the adoption of wikis: inaccuracy and vandalism:
“vandalism remains the biggest obstacle I can see to mainstream media's adoption of wikis, particularly in the UK, where one libellous remark could lead to the publisher of the wiki being sued, rather than the author of the libel.
“Meanwhile, the question of authority is the biggest obstacle to acceptance by a mainstream audience.”
Writing in 2004 Lih also identified authority as an issue for Wikipedia: “While Wikipedia has recorded impressive accomplishments in three years, its articles have a mixed degree of quality because they are, by design, always in flux, and always editable. That reason alone makes people wary of its content.”
Security is a common problem in wiki technology. Wikipedia’s own entry on wikis notes: “Wikis by their very nature are susceptible to intentional disruption, known as "trolling". Wikis tend to take a soft security
Soft security
Soft security usually refers to security which protects something from harm in quiet and unobtrusive ways, often invisibly and after the fact, rather than with visible barriers before the fact...
approach to the problem of vandalism; making damage easy to undo rather than attempting to prevent damage.”
Dan Gillmor puts it another way: “When vandals learn than someone will repair their damage within minutes, and therefore prevent the damage from being visible to the world, the bad guys tend to give up and move along to more vulnerable places.” (2004, p149)
Attempts to address the security issue vary. Wikipedia’s own entry on wikis again explains:
“For instance, some wikis allow unregistered users known as "IP addresses" to edit content, whilst others limit this function to just registered users. What most wikis do is allow IP editing, but privilege registered users with some extra functions to lend them a hand in editing; on most wikis, becoming a registered user is very simple and can be done in seconds, but detains the user from using the new editing functions until either some time passes, as in the English Wikipedia, where registered users must wait for three days after creating an account in order to gain access to the new tool, or until several constructive edits have been made in order to prove the user's trustworthiness and usefulness on the system, as in the Portuguese Wikipedia, where users require at least 15 constructive edits before authorization to use the added tools. Basically, "closed up" wikis are more secure and reliable but grow slowly, whilst more open wikis grow at a steady rate but result in being an easy target for vandalism.”
Walsh (2007) quotes online media consultant Nico Macdonald on the importance of asking people to identify themselves:
“The key is the user’s identity within the space – a picture of a person next to their post, their full name, a short bio and a link to their space online.”
“A real community has, as New Labour would say, rights and responsibilities. You have to be accountable for yourself. Online, you only have the ‘right’ to express yourself. Online communities are not communities in a real sense – they’re slightly delinquent. They allow or encourage delinquency.”
Walsh (2007) argues that “Even if you don’t plan on moderating a community, it’s a good idea to have an editorial presence, to pop in and respond to users’ questions and complaints. Apart from giving users the sense that they matter – and they really should – it also means that if you do have to take drastic measures and curtail (or even remove) a discussion or thread, it won’t seem quite so much like the egregious action of some deus ex machina.”
Ryan Singel of Wired also feels there is a need for an editorial presence, but for narrative reasons: “in storytelling, there's still a place for a mediator who knows when to subsume a detail for the sake of the story, and is accustomed to balancing the competing claims and interests of companies and people represented in a story.”
‘Edit wars’ are another problem in wikis, where contributors continually overwrite each other’s contributions due to a difference of opinion. The worst cases, notes Lih, “may require intervention by other community members to help mediate and arbitrate”.
Eva Dominguez recognises the potential of wikis, but also the legal responsibilities that publishers must answer to: “The greater potential of the Internet to carry out better journalism stems from this collaboration, in which the users share and correct data, sources and facts that the journalist may not have easy access to or knowledge of. But the media, which have the ultimate responsibility for what is published, must always be able to verify everything. For example, in the case of third-party quotes included by collaborating users, the journalist must also check that they are true.”
One of the biggest disadvantages may be readers’ lack of awareness of what a wiki even is: only 2% of Internet users even know what a wiki is, according to a Harris Interactive poll (Francisco, 2006).
American columnist Bambi Francisco
Bambi Francisco
Bambi Francisco is founder and CEO of Vator.tv - one of the largest social networks dedicated to high-tech entrepreneurs, and VatorNews - the largest video network focused on entrepreneurship and innovation....
argues that it is only a matter of time before more professional publishers and producers begin to experiment with using “wiki-styled ways of creating content” in the same way as they have picked up on blogs.
The Telegraph’s Web News Editor, Shane Richmond, wrote: “Unusually, it may be business people who bring wikis into the mainstream. That will prepare the ground for media experiments with wikis [and] I think it's a safe bet that a British media company will try a wiki before the end of the year.”
Richmond added that The Telegraph
The Daily Telegraph
The Daily Telegraph is a daily morning broadsheet newspaper distributed throughout the United Kingdom and internationally. The newspaper was founded by Arthur B...
were planning an internal wiki as a precursor to public experiments with the technology. “Once we have a feel for the technology, we will look into a public wiki, perhaps towards the end of the year.”