Union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists of Russia
Encyclopedia
The Union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists of Russia is part of the large family of Evangelical Christian Baptists, a Protestant evangelical movement which began in the Russian Empire
, in the midst of the Orthodox
establishment. It originally attracted peasants, urban artisans, the lower military, and ethnic minorities. After initial favor in the Soviet era, followed by official disapproval, the church is now flourishing with about 500,000 adherents.
opened the space for different forms of Christianity in Russian society. A key moment came in 1867, when Nikita Isaevich Voronin was baptized in the Kura river in Tbilisi
, Caucasus, in present-day Georgia
. German Mennonites in Ukraine and Lutherans in the Baltic coast, started a revival, named "Stundist", which led to the formation of churches composed by adult-baptized believers. Vasily Pashkov, a retired army colonel in St Petersburg, introduced the evangelical message in the upper classes in the city, adhering to the principles of the Plymouth Brethren
and later would emerge in the Union of the Evangelical Christians in All-Russia.
by encouraging Baptist and Methodist missionaries. However, when the missionaries began to help their members by administering welfare programs and building homes, the government clamped down. Laws passed in April 1929 declared that "the activity of all religious units be confined to the exercise of religion, and be not permitted any economic or cultural work which exceeds the limits of their ministry to the spiritual needs of Soviet citizens" and prevented churches being used by anyone outside the community served.
In July 1929 Russian Baptists conducted a mass and total Baptism in the Moscow River, a month after the Soviet Congress had passed a resolution limiting religious propaganda. The official press reported negatively on the event.
In June 1942, at the height of the second world war, a plea came from the 4,000,000 Russian Baptist for Christians in the U.S. and Great Britain to pray for Russia's victory. The number may have been exaggerated, but indicated that the Baptist church was strong.
In 1944 the Union of Evangelical Christians and the Russian Baptist Union became the All-Union of the Evangelical Christians-Baptists, and later added the Pentecostals by government pressure.
Estonian baptists were also pressured to join the Russian Baptist Union; the government's interest in uniting these denomations was perceived by the faith communities as an attempt to control them better and to provoke them to fight each other (there were theological differences about infant vrs adult baptism among the churches forming this union, and other doctrinal issues that provoked disagreement), and thus make it easier for the government to liquidate their communities with greater ease . Churches that failed to cooperate in forming this union could be closed down by the government.
Despite the differences and theological disagreements, many of these churches came to recognize the need to cooperate with each other in the hostile atheistic society and tried to build friendship between their communities.
In the summer of 1946 Louie De Votie Newton
, the president of the Southern Baptist Convention
of the USA was invited by Stalin to visit Russia on a five-week tour and to investigate the status of its 2,000,000 Baptists. He reported that the churches were open seven days a week, carrying on highly active programs of religious instruction, culture and recreation.
Baptists were depitcted in Soviet propaganda as being dangerous and unintelligent
. The goal of the Soviet government was to root out all religion and churches were considered enemies of the people. At the same time, churches played an important role by cooperating with the state on an international level by giving a positive depiction of Soviet society. Promoting the peace movement was included in this role. The period during the war and afterwards was very leninent on most religions in Soviet history (relatively speaking), however, beginning in the late 1950s the state began to more aggressively attack religion. Christians ( including baptists and all others) were isolated from public life and the mass media as well as the education system, which was filled with atheistic propaganda .
Administrative harassment with baptist churches occurred; such as refusing permission to move to a new prayerhouse by claiming that the new building was not sanitary (even though the old building that they were then confined too was even less sanitary) . The KGB collected agents from different Christian churches; however, it may have had difficulties in recruiting agents from baptists and similar evangelical churches; a fourth department KGB report from 1956 said in refernence to them
Christians (baptists included) could be expelled from a university, and had difficulties finding a job if they were open about their faith. Christian youth work and work among children was forbidden, churches were required to pay higher electricity rates, pastors could not receive state pension and churches were forbidden from doing social work . Evangelism occurred illegally. Baptists used 'revival weeks' as a means of public outreach due to the harsh conditions that forbade open evangelism; music was also an especially important tool of evangelization .
Once Khrushchev's heightened attack on religion began in the late 50s, many baptist activities were shut down .
In 1959 an article in the official organ Izvestia
said that "The Baptists and other evangelical sects mislead people with high-flown words, and try to divert them from industrious life, from the enlightened happenings of our great era. They try to disrupt Soviet morality".
In 1960 leaders of the Russian Baptists claimed a membership of 3,000,000.
Baptists were required to study the Soviet constitution.
In the last decades of Soviet history, many youth began to take an increasing interest in learning about religion, to the dislike of the state. In the 1970s many baptist churches began organizing illegal youth camps. In 1984 Billy Graham visited the Soviet Union and entered baptist churches.
The UECB is multiethnic, consisting of Russians, Ukrainians, Belorussians, Germans, Latvians, Armenians, Georgians, Ossets, Moldavians, Chuvashes, Komi, and other nationalities. There are about 2,000 congregations and 500,000 adherents through Russia and about 100,000 sympathizer abroad.
Regional Vice-Presidents:
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
, in the midst of the Orthodox
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Orthodox Church, officially called the Orthodox Catholic Church and commonly referred to as the Eastern Orthodox Church, is the second largest Christian denomination in the world, with an estimated 300 million adherents mainly in the countries of Belarus, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Georgia, Greece,...
establishment. It originally attracted peasants, urban artisans, the lower military, and ethnic minorities. After initial favor in the Soviet era, followed by official disapproval, the church is now flourishing with about 500,000 adherents.
Origins
The movement had various sources. The presence of the Old BelieversOld Believers
In the context of Russian Orthodox church history, the Old Believers separated after 1666 from the official Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon between 1652–66...
opened the space for different forms of Christianity in Russian society. A key moment came in 1867, when Nikita Isaevich Voronin was baptized in the Kura river in Tbilisi
Tbilisi
Tbilisi is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari River. The name is derived from an early Georgian form T'pilisi and it was officially known as Tiflis until 1936...
, Caucasus, in present-day Georgia
Georgia (country)
Georgia is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the southwest by Turkey, to the south by Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital of...
. German Mennonites in Ukraine and Lutherans in the Baltic coast, started a revival, named "Stundist", which led to the formation of churches composed by adult-baptized believers. Vasily Pashkov, a retired army colonel in St Petersburg, introduced the evangelical message in the upper classes in the city, adhering to the principles of the Plymouth Brethren
Plymouth Brethren
The Plymouth Brethren is a conservative, Evangelical Christian movement, whose history can be traced to Dublin, Ireland, in the late 1820s. Although the group is notable for not taking any official "church name" to itself, and not having an official clergy or liturgy, the title "The Brethren," is...
and later would emerge in the Union of the Evangelical Christians in All-Russia.
Soviet era
After the Soviet government came to power, they attempted to weaken the influence of the Russian Orthodox ChurchRussian Orthodox Church
The Russian Orthodox Church or, alternatively, the Moscow Patriarchate The ROC is often said to be the largest of the Eastern Orthodox churches in the world; including all the autocephalous churches under its umbrella, its adherents number over 150 million worldwide—about half of the 300 million...
by encouraging Baptist and Methodist missionaries. However, when the missionaries began to help their members by administering welfare programs and building homes, the government clamped down. Laws passed in April 1929 declared that "the activity of all religious units be confined to the exercise of religion, and be not permitted any economic or cultural work which exceeds the limits of their ministry to the spiritual needs of Soviet citizens" and prevented churches being used by anyone outside the community served.
In July 1929 Russian Baptists conducted a mass and total Baptism in the Moscow River, a month after the Soviet Congress had passed a resolution limiting religious propaganda. The official press reported negatively on the event.
In June 1942, at the height of the second world war, a plea came from the 4,000,000 Russian Baptist for Christians in the U.S. and Great Britain to pray for Russia's victory. The number may have been exaggerated, but indicated that the Baptist church was strong.
In 1944 the Union of Evangelical Christians and the Russian Baptist Union became the All-Union of the Evangelical Christians-Baptists, and later added the Pentecostals by government pressure.
Estonian baptists were also pressured to join the Russian Baptist Union; the government's interest in uniting these denomations was perceived by the faith communities as an attempt to control them better and to provoke them to fight each other (there were theological differences about infant vrs adult baptism among the churches forming this union, and other doctrinal issues that provoked disagreement), and thus make it easier for the government to liquidate their communities with greater ease . Churches that failed to cooperate in forming this union could be closed down by the government.
Despite the differences and theological disagreements, many of these churches came to recognize the need to cooperate with each other in the hostile atheistic society and tried to build friendship between their communities.
In the summer of 1946 Louie De Votie Newton
Louie De Votie Newton
Louis Devotie Newton was President of the Southern Baptist Convention in the United States, Baptist preacher, and author, as well as vice president of the Baptist World Alliance....
, the president of the Southern Baptist Convention
Southern Baptist Convention
The Southern Baptist Convention is a United States-based Christian denomination. It is the world's largest Baptist denomination and the largest Protestant body in the United States, with over 16 million members...
of the USA was invited by Stalin to visit Russia on a five-week tour and to investigate the status of its 2,000,000 Baptists. He reported that the churches were open seven days a week, carrying on highly active programs of religious instruction, culture and recreation.
Baptists were depitcted in Soviet propaganda as being dangerous and unintelligent
. The goal of the Soviet government was to root out all religion and churches were considered enemies of the people. At the same time, churches played an important role by cooperating with the state on an international level by giving a positive depiction of Soviet society. Promoting the peace movement was included in this role. The period during the war and afterwards was very leninent on most religions in Soviet history (relatively speaking), however, beginning in the late 1950s the state began to more aggressively attack religion. Christians ( including baptists and all others) were isolated from public life and the mass media as well as the education system, which was filled with atheistic propaganda .
Administrative harassment with baptist churches occurred; such as refusing permission to move to a new prayerhouse by claiming that the new building was not sanitary (even though the old building that they were then confined too was even less sanitary) . The KGB collected agents from different Christian churches; however, it may have had difficulties in recruiting agents from baptists and similar evangelical churches; a fourth department KGB report from 1956 said in refernence to them
a special psychological approach is needed to recruit sectarians, among whom there are many religious fanatics.
Christians (baptists included) could be expelled from a university, and had difficulties finding a job if they were open about their faith. Christian youth work and work among children was forbidden, churches were required to pay higher electricity rates, pastors could not receive state pension and churches were forbidden from doing social work . Evangelism occurred illegally. Baptists used 'revival weeks' as a means of public outreach due to the harsh conditions that forbade open evangelism; music was also an especially important tool of evangelization .
Once Khrushchev's heightened attack on religion began in the late 50s, many baptist activities were shut down .
In 1959 an article in the official organ Izvestia
Izvestia
Izvestia is a long-running high-circulation daily newspaper in Russia. The word "izvestiya" in Russian means "delivered messages", derived from the verb izveshchat . In the context of newspapers it is usually translated as "news" or "reports".-Origin:The newspaper began as the News of the...
said that "The Baptists and other evangelical sects mislead people with high-flown words, and try to divert them from industrious life, from the enlightened happenings of our great era. They try to disrupt Soviet morality".
In 1960 leaders of the Russian Baptists claimed a membership of 3,000,000.
Baptists were required to study the Soviet constitution.
In the last decades of Soviet history, many youth began to take an increasing interest in learning about religion, to the dislike of the state. In the 1970s many baptist churches began organizing illegal youth camps. In 1984 Billy Graham visited the Soviet Union and entered baptist churches.
Today
Baptist communities in different corners of Russia have experienced state harassment in recent monthsThe UECB is multiethnic, consisting of Russians, Ukrainians, Belorussians, Germans, Latvians, Armenians, Georgians, Ossets, Moldavians, Chuvashes, Komi, and other nationalities. There are about 2,000 congregations and 500,000 adherents through Russia and about 100,000 sympathizer abroad.
Drug rehab centers
Union of Evangelical Christians runs the largest network of drug rehabilitation centers in Russia, without any financial or moral support from the federal government. Almost all of the 500+ such centers in Russia are currently run by them.Personnel
Leaders of the organization in 2010 were:- ECB President RS: Alexey V. Smirnov (elected 24 March 2010)
- Deputy Chairman: Evgeny Bakhmutsky
- Vice-President of Education: Peter Valterovich Mickiewicz
- Deputy Chairman: Reuben S. Voloshin
Regional Vice-Presidents:
- Far East region: Viktor Ivanovich Zaitsev (successor to Gennady AbramovGennady AbramovGennady Abramov was superintendent of the Union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists of Russia in Far East Russia.Pastor Gennady Abramov was regional vice president for the UECB in Russia's Far East, based in the city of Khabarovsk....
) - Siberian region: Edward Henry Adolfovich
- Ural region: Peter Ivanovich Zhuk
- Southern region: Viktor Levashov,
- Central Region: Sergey Zolotarevskii
- Volga Region: Alexander P. Mandziuk
- Northwest Region: Yuri SipkoYuri SipkoYuri K. Sipko is a Russian Baptist pastor who was vice president of the World Baptist Alliance and president of the Union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists of Russia from 2002 to 2010.-Early life:...
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