Tyari
Encyclopedia
Ţyāré is an Assyrian
tribe of ancient origins, and a historical district within Hakkari
. The area was traditionally divided into Upper and Lower Ţyāré - each consisting of several Assyrian villages. Before 1915, Ţyāré was home to Christian Assyrians from the Ţyāré tribe as well as a minority of Kurds. Following the Assyrian Genocide
, Ţyārāyé, along with other Assyrians residing in the Hakkâri highlands, were forced to leave their villages in Turkey and fled to join their brethren in northern Iraq
, and also to northwestern Iran
, northeastern Syria
, Armenia
, Georgia
, and to western countries. Very few Assyrian
s now live in Turkey, and the Hakkâri region has been empty of Assyrians since 1924. The number of Assyrians in Turkey today is less than 30,000.
where until World War I
lived Assyrians known as "Ţyārāyé" meaning the people of Ţyāré.
In Classical Syriac the word Ţyāré is the plural form of a sheepfold, or grazing area. Indeed, the Assyrians of Ţyāré were renowned even amongst neighboring Kurds for their yogurt, cheese and other dairy products mostly made from sheep or goat's milk. They were also famous for their textiles, which again were spun and woven from sheep's wool. They also made woolen felt for their characteristic pointed caps, and felt was also used for bedding. These industries have continued to some extent in their new rural settlements in Iraq and Syria. One anecdote mentions that on the flight of Assyrians from Urmia (Iran) to Bakuba (Iraq) in 1918, the Ţyāré Assyrians reached the end of the thousand mile trek with more sheep than when they had originally set out!
Some Lower Ţyāré clans:
Some Upper Ţyāré clans:
Assyrian Singers
Assyrian people
The Assyrian people are a distinct ethnic group whose origins lie in ancient Mesopotamia...
tribe of ancient origins, and a historical district within Hakkari
Hakkari
Hakkâri , is a city and the capital of the Hakkâri Province of Turkey. The name Hakkâri is derived from the Syriac word, Akkare, meaning farmers...
. The area was traditionally divided into Upper and Lower Ţyāré - each consisting of several Assyrian villages. Before 1915, Ţyāré was home to Christian Assyrians from the Ţyāré tribe as well as a minority of Kurds. Following the Assyrian Genocide
Assyrian genocide
The Assyrian Genocide refers to the mass slaughter of the Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac population of the Ottoman Empire during the 1890s, the First World War, and the period of 1922-1925...
, Ţyārāyé, along with other Assyrians residing in the Hakkâri highlands, were forced to leave their villages in Turkey and fled to join their brethren in northern Iraq
Iraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
, and also to northwestern Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
, northeastern Syria
Syria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....
, Armenia
Armenia
Armenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia...
, Georgia
Georgia (country)
Georgia is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the southwest by Turkey, to the south by Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital of...
, and to western countries. Very few Assyrian
Assyrian people
The Assyrian people are a distinct ethnic group whose origins lie in ancient Mesopotamia...
s now live in Turkey, and the Hakkâri region has been empty of Assyrians since 1924. The number of Assyrians in Turkey today is less than 30,000.
Etymology
Ţyāré may be a variation of the ancient "Autiyara". An inscription by the Persian King Darius (521-486 BC) states that his forces defeated one of his enemies in the Assyrian district of "Autiyara" which is probably the Christian Assyrian "Ţiyāré" in the mountains a short distance form NinevehNineveh
Nineveh was an ancient Assyrian city on the eastern bank of the Tigris River, and capital of the Neo Assyrian Empire. Its ruins are across the river from the modern-day major city of Mosul, in the Ninawa Governorate of Iraq....
where until World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
lived Assyrians known as "Ţyārāyé" meaning the people of Ţyāré.
In Classical Syriac the word Ţyāré is the plural form of a sheepfold, or grazing area. Indeed, the Assyrians of Ţyāré were renowned even amongst neighboring Kurds for their yogurt, cheese and other dairy products mostly made from sheep or goat's milk. They were also famous for their textiles, which again were spun and woven from sheep's wool. They also made woolen felt for their characteristic pointed caps, and felt was also used for bedding. These industries have continued to some extent in their new rural settlements in Iraq and Syria. One anecdote mentions that on the flight of Assyrians from Urmia (Iran) to Bakuba (Iraq) in 1918, the Ţyāré Assyrians reached the end of the thousand mile trek with more sheep than when they had originally set out!
Villages
Both Upper and Lower Ţyāré consisted of several villages, thus providing the names of the various clans that resided there.Some Lower Ţyāré clans:
- AshīthaAshithaMaria Ashitha Crasta is an Indian model and actress.-Early life and education:The daughter of Lovis and Jennifer Crasta of Taccode, she was born in Mumbai but bought up as a Bangalorean...
- Bé-Qāshā Khoshābo
- Bé-Odishkā
- Nāshé d-Māthā
- Chammānāyé
- Khaţībnayé
- Bé-Rābin
- Bé-Merwatté
- Bné-Māthā who lived in Līzan, Zarné and Māthā d-Qasrā villages
- Bé-Rawolé
- Minyānish
- Bné-Belāthā who lived in Salabakkan and Bé-Allāthā villages
- Bné-Lagippā who lived in Lagippā, Kurkhé, Chambā d-Bé-Susīnā, Oryāthā, Bé-Zīzo and Margé villages
- Zawīthā
Some Upper Ţyāré clans:
- Dadoshnāyé
- Walţwāyé who lived in Khidhyānā, Māthā d-Marth Maryam, Rīshé d-Nahrā, Shwāwūthā and Sirţā villages
- Qallayāthā
- Rumtā
- Sarispīdho
- Ārosh
- Halmon
- Gérāmon
Clothing
- About the national dress worn by the Ţyāré men in the Bakuba camp Brigadier-Gen Austin wrote; "Fine upstanding fellows they are, ...their legs, encased in long loose baggy trousers of a greyish hue originally, but so patched all over with bits of blue, red, green and other colors that their pants are veritable patch work. A broad cloth, "Kammar band," or waist band, is folded several times round the trunk of the body, and a short cut-away jacket of amazing colors, worn over a thin cotton variegated shirt. The head-dress consists of conical felt cap as depicted in frescoes of Assyrians of thousands of years ago, and which has survived to this day."
- "There are 115 guests today. Among them are a number of Tyari men, whose wild looks, combined with the splendour of their dress and arms, are of great interest. Their jackets are one mass of gold embroidery, their shirts, with hanging sleeves, are striped satin; their trousers, of sailor cut, are silk, made from the cocoons of their own silkworms, woven with broad crimson stripes on a white ground, on which is a zigzag pattern; and their handsome jackboots are of crimson leather. With their white or red peaked felt hats and twisted silk pagris or head-cloths, their rich girdles, jewelled daggers, and inlaid pistols, they are very imposing."
Famous Ţyāré Assyrians
- Mar Addai IIMar Addai IIMar Addai II , born Shimun Giwargis, is the incumbent Catholicos Patriarch of the Ancient Church of the East and resides in the Apostolic See of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in Baghdad, Iraq.,He was elected to the position of Catholicos-Patriarch in February 1970, several months after the death of...
- Catholicos-Patriarch of the Ancient Church of the EastAncient Church of the EastThe Ancient Church of the East was established in 1968. It follows the traditions of one of the oldest Christian churches, the Church of the East, whose origins trace back to the See of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in central Mesopotamia...
, from the Be-Qasha Khoshabo clan of Ashitha Lower Tyare - Mar Narsai Toma - Metropolitan of Kirkuk (Iraq) for the Ancient Church of the EastAncient Church of the EastThe Ancient Church of the East was established in 1968. It follows the traditions of one of the oldest Christian churches, the Church of the East, whose origins trace back to the See of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in central Mesopotamia...
of Bne-legippa, Lower Tyare - Mar Toma Iramia - Metropolitan of Nineveh (Iraq) for the Ancient Church of the EastAncient Church of the EastThe Ancient Church of the East was established in 1968. It follows the traditions of one of the oldest Christian churches, the Church of the East, whose origins trace back to the See of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in central Mesopotamia...
of Bne-Matha, Lower Tyare - Mar Daniel Yakob - Metropolitan of Australia and New Zealand for the Ancient Church of the EastAncient Church of the EastThe Ancient Church of the East was established in 1968. It follows the traditions of one of the oldest Christian churches, the Church of the East, whose origins trace back to the See of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in central Mesopotamia...
, of Ashitha, Lower Tyare - Mar Gewargis SliwaMar Gewargis SliwaMar Giwargis Sliwa is the Assyrian Church of the East metropolitan of Iraq and Russia.-See also:*Assyrian Church of the East*Assyrian Church of the East's Holy Synod...
- Metropolitan of Iraq for the Assyrian Church of the EastAssyrian Church of the EastThe Assyrian Church of the East, officially the Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East ʻIttā Qaddishtā w-Shlikhāitā Qattoliqi d-Madnĕkhā d-Āturāyē), is a Syriac Church historically centered in Mesopotamia. It is one of the churches that claim continuity with the historical...
, from the Be-Qasha Khoshabo clan of Ashitha, Lower Tyare - Mar Aprem Athniel - Bishop of Syria for the Assyrian Church of the EastAssyrian Church of the EastThe Assyrian Church of the East, officially the Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East ʻIttā Qaddishtā w-Shlikhāitā Qattoliqi d-Madnĕkhā d-Āturāyē), is a Syriac Church historically centered in Mesopotamia. It is one of the churches that claim continuity with the historical...
, of Sarispidho, Upper Tyare - Malik KhoshabaMalik KhoshabaMalik Khoshaba was an Assyrian leader of the ancient Bit-Tyari tribe who played a significant role during the Assyrian war of independence during World War I...
of Lizan, Lower Tyare - Malik Yousip, son of Malik KhoshabaMalik KhoshabaMalik Khoshaba was an Assyrian leader of the ancient Bit-Tyari tribe who played a significant role during the Assyrian war of independence during World War I...
- Malik Barkho of Lower Tyare
- Malik Shamizdin of Be-Allatha, Lower Tyare
- Malik Chikko
- Malik Ismail of Chamba d-Malik, Upper Tyare
- Malik Yaqo, son of Malik Ismail
- Soro Kirra of Ashitha, Lower Tyare
- Rabi Shmouel Yalda d-Be-Gerika of Bne-Matha, Lower Tyare
Assyrian Singers
- Emmanoel Bet-Younan
- David Simon
- Edwar Mousa
- Elizabeth Oshana
- Emmanuel Bet-Younan
- Faris Esho
- Johnny Talia
- Jowan David
- Juliana JendoJuliana JendoJuliana Jendo is an Assyrian–American singer. She was born and raised in Tel Tamer, Syria. Along with her family, she emigrated to the USA in 1980 and settled in Chicago, Illinois...
- Lida Lawendo
- Linda GeorgeLinda GeorgeLinda George is an ethnic Assyrian singer who resides in the United States Of America. The vast majority of her songs are sung in her native Assyrian language...
- Nagham Edwar Mousa
- Ninos David
- Sargon GabrielSargon GabrielSargon Gabriel is a famous Assyrian musician born in Baghdad, Iraq.Sargon Gabriel began singing as a teenager and made his first appearance on live television at the age of 17 in Baghdad, Iraq...
- Sargon Rasho
- Sargon Youkhana
- Shabeh Lawando
See also
- Assyrian peopleAssyrian peopleThe Assyrian people are a distinct ethnic group whose origins lie in ancient Mesopotamia...
- List of Assyrian tribes
- List of Assyrian settlements
- Assyrian war of independenceAssyrian war of independenceThe Assyrian struggle for Independence was waged by the Assyrian Patriarch and the chiefs of the Assyrians between 1843 and 1933, with later assistance from the British Empire, against the Ottoman Empire, the Soviet Union, the Persian Empire, the Kingdom of Iraq, the French Mandate of Syria, and...