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Transport

Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin Latin

Latin is an ancient Indo-European language [i] originally spoken in Latium [i], ... 

 trans and portare .

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Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin Latin

Latin is an ancient Indo-European language [i] originally spoken in Latium [i], ... 

 trans and portare .

Aspects of transport

The field of transport has several aspects: loosely they can be divided into a triad of infrastructure, vehicle Vehicle

This article is about the means of transport.... 

s, and operations. Infrastructure includes the transport networks that are used, as well as the nodes or terminals . The vehicles generally ride on the networks, such as automobile Automobile

An automobile is a wheel [i]ed passenger [i] vehicle [i] that carries its own motor [i]. ... 

s, bicycles Bicycle

A bicycle, or bike, can be defined generally as a pedal-driven [i] human-powered vehicle [i]... 

, buses Bus

A bus is a large automobile intended to carry numerous persons in addition to the driver [i] and... 

, train Train

In rail transport [i], a train consists of rail vehicles that move along guides to transport freight or ... 

s, airplane Fixed-wing aircraft

A fixed-wing aircraft is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the wings in relation to the aircra... 

s. The operations deal with the control of the system, such as traffic signal Traffic light

A traffic light, also known as traffic signal, stop light, or semaphore [i], ... 

s and ramp meter Ramp meter

A ramp meter or metering light is a device, usually a basic traffic light [i] or a two-phase light ... 

s, railroad switch Railroad switch

A railroad [i] switch, or points — in technical usage, also a turnout — is a mec ... 

es, air traffic control Air traffic control

Air traffic control is a service provided by ground-based controllers [i] who di ... 

, etc, as well as policies, such as how to finance Finance

Finance studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses [i] and organizations raise, all ... 

 the system .

Broadly speaking, the design of networks are the domain of civil engineering Civil engineering

In modern usage, civil engineering is a broad field of engineering [i] that deals with the planning [i]... 

 and urban planning Urban planning

Urban, city, or town planning is the discipline of land use planning [i] which deals with the physi ... 

, the design of vehicles of mechanical engineering Mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering is a professional engineering [i] discipline that involves the application of principles of physics [i]... 

 and specialized subfields such as nautical engineering Naval architecture

Naval architecture is the science of design of water borne transport, ships [i], boats [i], barges [i] ... 

 and aerospace engineering, and the operations are usually specialized, though might appropriately belong to operations research or systems engineering.

Modes and categories


Modes are combinations of networks, vehicle Vehicle

This article is about the means of transport.... 

s, and operations, and include walking Walking

Walking is the main form of animal [i] locomotion [i] on land [i], distinguished from running [i] ... 

, the road transport Road transport

Road transport or road transportation is transport [i] on road [i]s, that is most transport over ... 

 system, rail transport Rail transport

Rail transport is the transport [i] of passenger [i]s and goods [i] along railways or ... 

, ship transport and modern aviation Aviation

Aviation refers to flying using aircraft [i], machines designed by humans for atmospheric flight [i]. ... 

.

;Categories of transport
  • Animal-powered transport Animal powered transport

    animal-powered transport [i] is a broad category of the human [i] use of non-human working animal [i]s ... 

  • Aviation Aviation

    Aviation refers to flying using aircraft [i], machines designed by humans for atmospheric flight [i]. ... 

  • Cable transport Cable transport

    Cable transport refers to the broad class of transport [i] modes that rely on vehicles pulled by cables, ... 

  • Conveyor transport
  • Human-powered transport Human-powered transport

    Human-powered transport is transport [i] of person and/or goods powered by human [i] muscle [i].

... 


  • Hybrid transport Hybrid vehicle

    A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle using an on-board rechargeable energy storage system [i] and a fuelled pow... 

  • New Mobility Agenda
  • Ship transport
  • Space transport
  • Sustainable transportation
  • Transport on other planets
  • Proposed future transport


animal-powered transport Animal powered transport

animal-powered transport [i] is a broad category of the human [i] use of non-human working animal [i]s ... 

 is a broad category of the human Human

Humans, or human beings, are biped [i]al primate [i]s belonging to the mammal [i]ian species ... 

 use of non-human working animals for the movement of people and goods. Humans may ride some of the larger of these animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, singly or in teams, to pull sled Sled

A sled, sledge or sleigh is a vehicle [i] with runner [i]s for sliding instead of wheel [i]s ... 

s or wheeled vehicle Vehicle

This article is about the means of transport.... 

s.

Vehicle


Vehicle Vehicle

This article is about the means of transport.... 

s are non-living means of transportation. They are most often man-made , although some other means of transportation Transport

Transport or transportation is the movement [i] of people [i] and goods [i] ... 

 which are not made by man can also be called vehicles; examples include iceberg Iceberg

An iceberg is a large piece of ice [i] that has broken off from a snow-formed glacier [i] or ice shelf [i] ... 

s and floating tree trunks.

Vehicles may be propelled by animals, e.g. a chariot Chariot

A chariot is a two-wheel [i]ed, horse [i]-drawn vehicle [i]. ... 

 or an ox-cart. However, animals on their own, though used as a means of transportation, are not called vehicles. This includes humans carrying another human, for example a child or a disabled person.

Most land vehicles have wheel Wheel

A wheel is a round object that, together with an axle [i], allows low friction [i] in motion by rolling [i] ... 

s. Please see the wheel Wheel

A wheel is a round object that, together with an axle [i], allows low friction [i] in motion by rolling [i] ... 

 article for examples of vehicles with and without wheels.

Movement without the help of a vehicle or an animal is called locomotion. The word vehicle itself comes from the Latin vehiculum.

Aviation Aviation

Aviation refers to flying using aircraft [i], machines designed by humans for atmospheric flight [i]. ... 


A fixed-wing aircraft Fixed-wing aircraft

A fixed-wing aircraft is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the wings in relation to the aircra... 

  is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the wings in relation to the aircraft is not used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the aircraft generates lift. A more rare type of aircraft that is neither fixed-wing nor rotary-wing is an ornithopter Ornithopter

An ornithopter is an aircraft [i] that flies by wing-flapping. ... 

. A heliplane Gyrodynes and Heliplanes

A Gyrodyne is an intermediate form of heavier-than-air aircraft [i] having some of the characteristics o ... 

 is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing.



Fixed-wing aircraft include a large range of craft from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliner Airliner

An airliner is a large fixed-wing aircraft [i] whose primary function is the transportation of paying pa ... 

s and military cargo aircraft Transport

Transport or transportation is the movement [i] of people [i] and goods [i] ... 

. Some aircraft use fixed wings to provide lift only part of the time and may or may not be referred to as fixed-wing.

The current term also embraces aircraft Aircraft

An aircraft is any machine [i] capable of atmospheric [i] flight [i]. ... 

 with folding wings that are intended to fold when on the ground. This is usually to ease storage or facilitate transport on, for example, a vehicle trailer or the powered lift connecting the hangar deck of an aircraft carrier Aircraft carrier

Additive synthesis is a technique of audio synthesis which creates music [i]al timbre [i].
... 

 to its flight deck. It also embraces aircraft, such as the General Dynamics F-111 General Dynamics F-111

The General Dynamics [i] F-111 is a medium-range strategic bomber [i], reconnaissance [i], and tactical strike [i]... 

, Grumman Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation

The Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, later Grumman Aerospace Corporation, was a leading p... 

 F-14 Tomcat F-14 Tomcat

The Grumman [i] F-14 Tomcat is a supersonic [i], twin-engine,... 

 and the Panavia Panavia Aircraft GmbH

Panavia Aircraft is a multinational company established by the three partner nations of the Tornado [i] ... 

 Tornado Panavia Tornado

The Panavia Tornado is a family of twin-engine fighters, which was jointly developed by the United Kingdom [i] ... 

, which can vary the sweep angle Swing-wing

A swing-wing is a wing [i] configuration that allows it to alter its planform [i] for various flight con ... 

 of their wings during flight. These aircraft are termed "variable geometry" aircraft. When the wings of these aircraft are fully swept, usually for high speed cruise, the trailing edges of their wings about the leading edges of their tailplanes, giving an impression of a single delta wing Delta wing

The delta wing is a wing [i] planform [i] in the form of a triangle, named after the Greek uppercase delta [i] ... 

 if viewed in plan. There are also rare examples of aircraft which can vary the angle of incidence Angle of incidence

An angle of incidence is the angle between a beam incident on a surface and the line perpendicular to th... 

 of their wings in flight, such the F-8 Crusader F-8 Crusader

[i] built by [[Vought|Chance-Vought]... 

, which are also considered to be "fixed-wing".

Two necessities for all fixed-wing aircraft are air flow over the wings for lifting of the aircraft, and an open area for landing. The majority of aircraft, however, also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and/or passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water.

The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the rocket Rocket

The traditional definition of a rocket is a vehicle [i], missile [i] or aircraft [i] which obtains thrust [i] ... 

. Commercial jet aircraft can reach up to 875 km/h. Single-engined aircraft are capable of reaching 175 km/h or more at cruise speed. Supersonic aircraft can reach speeds faster than sound. The record is currently held by the SR-71 SR-71 Blackbird

The Lockheed SR-71, unofficially known as the Blackbird and by its crews as the Habu, was an... 

 with a speed of 3,529.56 km/h.

Rail


Rail transport Rail transport

Rail transport is the transport [i] of passenger [i]s and goods [i] along railways or ... 

 is the transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. A typical railway track consists of two parallel steel Steel

Steel is a metal [i] alloy [i] whose major component is iron [i], with carbon [i] content between 0.02% ... 

  rails Rail tracks

Rail tracks are used on railway [i]s, which, together with railroad switch [i]es, guide trains [i] witho ... 

, generally anchored perpendicular Perpendicular

In geometry [i], two lines [i] are considered perpendicular if one falls on the other in such a way ... 

 to beams


In rail transport, a train Train

In rail transport [i], a train consists of rail vehicles that move along guides to transport freight or ... 

 consists of rail vehicles that move along guides to transport freight or passengers from one place to another. The guideway usually consists of conventional rail tracks Rail tracks

Rail tracks are used on railway [i]s, which, together with railroad switch [i]es, guide trains [i] witho ... 

, but might also be monorail Monorail

A monorail is a transit [i] system running on a single-rail [i] guideway. ... 

 or maglev Maglev train

Magnetic levitation transport, or maglev, is a form of transportation that suspends, guides and pr... 

. Propulsion for the train is provided by a separate locomotive Locomotive

A locomotive is a railway [i] vehicle [i] that provides the motive power for a train [i]... 

, or from individual motors in self-propelled multiple unit Multiple unit

A multiple unit is a passenger train [i] whose carriages [i] have their own motor [i] ... 

s. Most trains are powered by diesel engine Diesel engine

The diesel engine is a type of internal combustion engine [i]; more specifically, it is a compression ... 

s or by electricity Electricity

Electricity is a general term for the variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge [i] ... 

 supplied by trackside systems Railway electrification system

A railway electrification system is a way of supplying electric power [i] to electric locomotive [i] ... 

. Historically the steam engine Steam engine

A steam engine is an external combustion [i] heat engine [i] that makes use o ... 

 was the dominant form of locomotive power through the mid-20th century 20th century

The 20th century started on 1 January [i] 1901 [i] and ended on 31 December [i] 2000 [i], according to t... 

, but other sources of power are possible.

Road transport Road transport

Road transport or road transportation is transport [i] on road [i]s, that is most transport over ... 


Automobile

An automobile Automobile

An automobile is a wheel [i]ed passenger [i] vehicle [i] that carries its own motor [i]. ... 

 is a wheel Wheel

A wheel is a round object that, together with an axle [i], allows low friction [i] in motion by rolling [i] ... 

ed passenger vehicle Vehicle

This article is about the means of transport.... 

 that carries its own motor Internal combustion engine

The internal combustion engine is a heat engine [i] in which the burning of a fuel [i] occurs ... 

. Different types of automobiles include cars, bus Bus

A bus is a large automobile intended to carry numerous persons in addition to the driver [i] and... 

es, truck Truck

truck [i] is a motor vehicle [i] for transport [i]ing goods. ... 

s, and van Van

A van is a vehicle used for transport [i]ing goods or groups of people.... 

s. Some include motorcycles Motorcycle

A motorcycle is a two-wheeled vehicle [i] powered by an engine [i]. ... 

 in the category, but cars are the most typical automobiles. The term automobile is derived from Greek auto- and Latin mobilis , referring to the fact that it "moves by itself". Earlier terms for automobile include motorwagen, and horseless carriage. Although the term "car" is presumed to be derived through the shortening of the term "carriage", the word has its origin before 1300 A.D. in English as, "carr"—derived from similar words in French and much earlier Greek words—for a vehicle that moves, especially on wheels, that was applied to chariots Chariot

A chariot is a two-wheel [i]ed, horse [i]-drawn vehicle [i]. ... 

, small carts, and later—to carriages Carriage

The classic definition of a carriage is a four-wheeled horse [i]-drawn private passenger vehicle with leaf spring [i] ... 

 that carried more people and larger loads. As of 2002 there were 590 million passenger cars worldwide , of which 140 million in the U.S. United States

The United States of America, also known as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., a... 

  .

The automobile was thought of as an environmental improvement over horses when it was first introduced in the 1880s. Before its introduction, in New York City New York City

[i] in the [[United States]... 

 alone, more than 1,800 tons of manure Manure

Manure is organic matter [i] used as fertilizer [i] in agriculture [i]. ... 

 had to be removed from the streets daily, although the manure was used as natural fertilizer Fertilizer

Fertilizers or fertilisers are compounds given to plant [i]s with the intention of promoting grow ... 

 for crops and to build top soil. In 2006, the automobile is recognized as one of the primary sources of world-wide air pollution Air pollution

Air [i] pollution [i] is a broad term applied to any chemical [i], physical [i] ... 

 and a cause of substantial noise pollution Noise pollution

Noise pollution, usually called environmental noise in technical venues, is unwanted human-created... 

 and adverse health effects.
See also
  • Bus Bus

    A bus is a large automobile intended to carry numerous persons in addition to the driver [i] and... 

  • Road train Road train

    A road train is a truck [i]ing concept used in remote areas of Australia [i], United States [i] and Western Canada [i] ... 

  • Semi-trailer truck Semi-trailer truck

    [image:truck.car.transporter.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|DAF tractor with an auto-transport semi-trailer [i] ... 

  • Truck Truck

    truck [i] is a motor vehicle [i] for transport [i]ing goods. ... 

  • Limousine Limousine

    A limousine is an unusually long luxury car [i], traditionally black [i] or white [i] in color.... 

  • Taxicab Taxicab

    Taxicab, short forms taxi or cab, is a type of public transport [i] for a single passenger, or s ... 

  • Share taxi Share taxi

    A share taxi is a mode of transport [i] that falls between private transport and conventional bus trans ... 

  • Carpooling Carpool

    Carpooling, is shared use of a car [i], in particular for commuting [i] to work, often by peo ... 



Bicycle



A bicycle Bicycle

A bicycle, or bike, can be defined generally as a pedal-driven [i] human-powered vehicle [i]... 

, or bike, is a pedal Bicycle pedal

A bicycle pedal [i] provides the connection between the cyclist [i]'s foot or shoe and the crankarm [i] ... 

-driven human-powered vehicle Human-powered transport

Human-powered transport is transport [i] of person and/or goods powered by human [i] muscle [i].
... 

 with two wheel Bicycle wheel

* Cassette [i], the set of sprockets that attaches to the hub on the rear wheel
... 

s attached to a frame Bicycle frame

A bicycle frame is the main component of a bicycle [i], onto which wheel [i]s and other components [i] ... 

, one behind the other. First introduced in 19th-century Europe 19th century

The 19th century lasted from 1801 [i] through 1900 [i] in the Gregorian calendar [i].
... 

, bicycles evolved quickly into their familiar, current design. Numbering over 1,000,000,000 in the world today, bicycles provide the principal means of transportation Transport

Transport or transportation is the movement [i] of people [i] and goods [i] ... 

 in many regions and a popular form of recreational transport in others.

The bicycle is one of the most notable of human inventions. The basic shape and configuration of the frame, wheels, pedals, saddle and handlebars has hardly changed since the first chain-driven Chain drive

Chain drive was the main feature which differentiated the safety bicycle [i] introduced in 1885, with it... 

 model was developed around 1885, although many important detail improvements have been made since, especially in recent years using modern materials and computer-aided design Computer-aided design

Computer-aided design is the use of a wide range of computer [i]-based tools that assist engineer [i]s,... 

.

A remarkable aspect of the bicycle is its widespread adoption in many different fields of human activity, e.g. as a child's toy, in adult recreation and fitness, as a means of everyday transport, in cyclo-touring, for use in many cycle sports, and as a basis for static gymnasium or home fitness versions.

The bicycle has affected history considerably in both the cultural and industrial realms. In its early years, bicycle construction drew on pre-existing technologies; more recently, bicycle technology has contributed, in turn, to other, newer areas. Beyond recreation and transportation, bicycles have been adapted for use in many occupations, including the military, local policing, courier services, and sports. A recurrent theme in bicycling has been the tension between bicyclists and drivers of motor vehicles, each group arguing for its fair share of the world's roadways.

Water transport 


Watercraft

A watercraft is a vehicle Vehicle

This article is about the means of transport.... 

 designed to float on and move across water Water

Water is a taste [i]less, odor [i]less substance that is essential to all known forms of life [i] and i ... 

 for pleasure, physical exercise , transporting people and/or goods, or military missions.

The common need for buoyancy unites all watercraft, and makes each one's hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance, and appearance.

Most watercraft would be described as either ship Ship

A ship is a large, sea-going watercraft [i]. ... 

s or boat Boat

A boat is a structure designed to float on water coupled with a system of propulsion, such as a screw [i] ... 

s; although nearly all ships are larger than nearly all boats, the distinction between those two categories is not one of size per se.
  • A rule of thumb Rule of thumb

    A rule of thumb is a principle with broad application that is not intended to be strictly accurate or re... 

     says "a boat can fit on a ship, but a ship can't fit on a boat", and a ship usually has sufficient size to carry its own boats, such as lifeboat Lifeboat

    A lifeboat is a rigid or inflatable boat [i] designed to rescue people in trouble at sea.... 

    s, dinghies Dinghy

    A dinghy is a small utility boat [i] attached to a larger boat. ... 

    , or runabouts.
  • Often local law Law

    Law is the set of rules or norms [i] of conduct which forbid, permit or mandate specified actions... 

     and regulation will define the exact size that distinguishes a ship from boats.
  • Traditionally submarine Submarine

    A submarine is a specialized watercraft [i] that can operate underwater [i].... 

    s were called "boats", perhaps reflecting their cramped conditions: small size reduces the need for power, and thus the need to surface or snorkel for a supply of the air that running diesel engines requires; in contrast, nuclear-powered submarines' reactor Nuclear reactor

    A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reaction [i]s are initiated, controlled, and sustai ... 

    s supply abundant power without consuming air, and such craft are large, much roomier, and classed as ships.


Another definition says a ship is any floating craft that transports cargo for the purpose of earning revenue; in that context, passenger ships transport "supercargo", another name for passengers or persons not working on board. However, neither fishing boats nor ferrie Ferry

A ferry is a form of transport, usually a boat [i] or ship [i], carrying passengers and sometimes their ... 

s are considered ships, though both carry cargo .

English seldom uses the term "watercraft" to describe any specific individual object : rather the term serves to unify the category that ranges from small boat Boat

A boat is a structure designed to float on water coupled with a system of propulsion, such as a screw [i] ... 

s to the largest ship Ship

A ship is a large, sea-going watercraft [i]. ... 

s, and also includes the diverse watercraft for which some term even more specific than ship or boat comes to mind first.
Ship transport
Ship transport is the process of moving people, goods, etc. by barge Barge

A barge is a flat-bottomed boat [i], built mainly for river [i] and canal [i] transport of heavy goods. ... 

, boat Boat

A boat is a structure designed to float on water coupled with a system of propulsion, such as a screw [i] ... 

, ship Ship

A ship is a large, sea-going watercraft [i]. ... 

 or sailboat Sailboat

The term sailboat has a broad meaning generally including yachts and smaller vessels of many configurat... 

 over a sea Sea

A sea is a large expanse of saline water [i] connected with an ocean [i], or a large, usually s... 

, ocean Ocean

Oceans cover almost three quarters of the surface of the Earth [i], and nearly half of the world's mar ... 

, lake Lake

A lake is a body of water or other liquid of considerable size surrounded by land.... 

, canal Canal

Canals are man-made waterway [i]s, usually connecting existing lake [i]s, river [i]s, or ocean [i]s. ... 

 or river River

A river is a large natural waterway [i]. ... 

. This is frequently undertaken for purposes of commerce, recreation Recreation

Recreation is the employment of time in a non-profitable way, in many ways also a therapeutic refreshmen... 

 or military Military

A military or military force has seen many different incarnations throughout time.... 

 objectives.

A hybrid of ship transport and road transport Road transport

Road transport or road transportation is transport [i] on road [i]s, that is most transport over ... 

 is the historic horse-drawn boat. Hybrids of ship transport and air transport Aviation

Aviation refers to flying using aircraft [i], machines designed by humans for atmospheric flight [i]. ... 

 are kite surfing Kitesurfing

Kite surfing, also known as kitesurfing and kiteboarding [i] involves using a power kite [i] to pull a s ... 

 and parasailing Parasailing

Parasailing, also known as parascending, is a recreational activity where a person is towed behi... 

.

The first craft were probably types of canoe Canoe

A canoe is a relatively small boat [i], typically human-powered, but also commonly sailed. ... 

s cut out from tree Tree

A tree is a large, perennial [i], wood [i]y plant [i]. ... 

 trunks. The colonization of Australia Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere [i] c ... 

 by Indigenous Australians Indigenous Australians

Indigenous Australians are the first human inhabitants of the Australia [i]n continent and its nearby is ... 

 provides indirect but conclusive evidence for the latest date for the invention of ocean-going craft; land bridges linked southeast Asia through most of the Malay Archipelago Malay Archipelago

*The Lesser Sunda Islands [i]
... 

 but a strait Strait

A strait is a narrow channel of water [i] that connects two larger bodies of water, and thus lies betwee ... 

 had to be crossed to arrive at New Guinea New Guinea

New Guinea, located just north of Australia [i], is the world's second largest [i] ... 

, which was then linked to Australia. Ocean-going craft were required for the colonization Colony

In politics [i] and in history [i], a colony is a territory [i] under the immediate political control of ... 

 to happen.

Early sea transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind Wind

Wind is the roughly horizontal movement of air [i] caused by uneven heating of the Earth's surface. ... 

 for propulsion, and often, in earlier times with smaller vessels, a combination of the two.

Also there have been horse-powered boats, with horses on the deck providing power .

Ship transport was frequently used as a mechanism for conducting warfare War

War is a conflict involving the organized use of weapon [i]s and physical force by state [i]s or other l ... 

. Military use of the seas and waterways is covered in greater detail under navy Navy

A navy is the branch of a country's military [i] forces principally designated for naval warfare [i] and ... 

.

In the 1800s the first steam ships Steamboat

A steamboat or steamship, sometimes called a steamer, is a boat [i] or vessel [i] which is p... 

 were developed, using a steam engine Steam engine

A steam engine is an external combustion [i] heat engine [i] that makes use o ... 

 to drive a paddle wheel Paddle steamer

A paddle steamer, paddleboat, or paddlewheeler is a ship [i] or boat [i] propelled by one or ... 

 or propeller Propeller

A propeller is a device which transmits power by converting it into thrust [i] for propulsion [i] of a v ... 

 to move the ship. The steam Steam

In physical chemistry [i], and in engineering [i], steam refers to vaporized water [i]. ... 

 was produced using wood or coal Coal

Coal is a fossil fuel [i] extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining . ... 

. Now most ships have an engine Engine

An engine is something that produces an effect from a given input.... 

 using a slightly refined type of petroleum Petroleum

Petroleum or crude oil is a black, dark brown or greenish liquid [i] found in porous rock formati ... 

 called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarine Submarine

A submarine is a specialized watercraft [i] that can operate underwater [i].... 

s, use nuclear power Nuclear power

Nuclear power is the controlled use of nuclear reactions [i] to release energy for work including propulsion [i] ... 

 to produce the steam.

Recreation Recreation

Recreation is the employment of time in a non-profitable way, in many ways also a therapeutic refreshmen... 

al or education Education

Education is the process by which an individual is encouraged and enabled to develop fully his or her in... 

al craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engine Internal combustion engine

The internal combustion engine is a heat engine [i] in which the burning of a fuel [i] occurs ... 

s to drive one or more propeller Propeller

A propeller is a device which transmits power by converting it into thrust [i] for propulsion [i] of a v ... 

s, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, such as the Everglades Everglades

The Florida Everglades are subtropical [i] marsh [i]lands located in the southern portion of th ... 

, some craft, such as the hovercraft Hovercraft

A hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicle, is a vehicle or craft that can be supported by a cushion of ... 

, are propelled by large pusher-prop fans.

Although relatively slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than transport by air Aviation

Aviation refers to flying using aircraft [i], machines designed by humans for atmospheric flight [i]. ... 

 for trans-continental shipping Shipping

Shipping is basic process of transporting [i] goods [i] and cargo [i]. ... 

.

In the context of sea transport, a road is an anchorage Anchor

An anchor is a heavy object, often made out of metal, that is used to attach a ship to the bottom of a b... 

.
See also
  • Water taxi Water taxi

    [[ Image:DubaiAbra.jpg|thumbnail|300px|right|Water taxis in [[Dubai]] [i] are called [[abra|abras]] [i] and remain an ... 



Transport and communications

Transport and communication are both substitutes and complements. Though it might be possible that sufficiently advanced communication could substitute for transport, one could telegraph, telephone, fax, or email a customer rather than visiting them in person, it has been found that those modes of communication in fact generate more total interactions, including interpersonal interactions. The growth in transport would be impossible without communication, which is vital for advanced transportation systems, from railroads which want to run trains in two directions on a single track, to air traffic control which requires knowing the location of aircraft in the sky. Thus, it has been found that the increase of one generally leads to more of the other.

Transport and land use



There is a well-known relationship between the density of development, and types of transportation. Intensity of development is often measured by area of floor area ratio , the ratio of useable floorspace to area of land. As a rule of thumb, FARs of 1.5 or less are well suited to automobiles, those of six and above are well suited to trains. The range of densities from about two up to about four is not well served by conventional public Public transport

Public transport, public transportation, public transit or mass transit comprises all ... 

 or private transport. Many cities have grown into these densities, and are suffering traffic problems.

Land uses support activities. Those activities are spatially separated. People need transport to go from one to the other . Transport is a "derived demand," in that transport is unnecessary but for the activities pursued at the ends of trips.
Good land use keeps common activities close , and places higher-density development closer to transportation lines and hubs. Poor land use concentrates activities far from other destinations .

There are economies of agglomeration. Beyond transportation some land uses are more efficient when clustered. Transportation facilities consume land, and in cities, pavement can easily exceed 20 percent of the total land use. An efficient transport system can reduce land waste.

Transport in cities


Transport in cities, the ways that people and goods move through and serve the complex physical, economic and social metabolism of these living organisms, presents a special case.

The city presents an unusual context for transport, mobility and policy choices because of the much higher densities of people and activities relative to the rest. This leads to a situation where environmental, economic Economics

In the social science [i]s, economics is the study of the production [i], ... 

, public health, social and quality of life considerations and constraints become at least equi-important to pure mobility objectives and requirements.

Traditionally, however, urban transport analysis, policies and the investments that follow have been lead by professional transport planners and traffic experts, who have by and large made use of the same forecasting and response tools that they have used to good effect in other transport sectors. The result of relying on these narrowly conceived, highly focused technical tools has led in most cities to a substantial overbuilding of the road and supporting infrastructure, which has purposely maximized throughput in terms of the numbers of vehicles and the speeds with which they pass through and move around in the built-up areas.

Too much infrastructure and too much smoothing of it for maximum vehicle throughput and speeds has created situations in which in many cities of the world there is not only too much traffic but also many - if not all - of the negative impacts that go with it. This is the dilemma of transport policy and practice in our cities today, with the negative results that can be clearly observed in all too many places.

It is only in recent years that these traditional practices have started to be questioned in many places, and as a result of new types of analysis which bring in a much broader range of skills than those traditionally relied on – spanning such areas as environmental impact analysis, public health, sociologists as well as economists who increasingly are questioning the viability of the old mobility solutions -- we are today at a turn in the road as far as transport in cities is concerned. It is relevant to note that by and large European cities and local government are leading the way in this transition in process.

It is critically important that analytic procedures and practices in the sector are radically revised and rendered more appropriate for the emerging and very different circumstances presented by 21st century cities. First, because that’s where half of the earth’s population already is. Second because these are the areas with by far the highest growth rates. Third, most of this growth is now taking place in the Global South, whose cities are growing at rates out of control. And hand in had with this because the number of motor vehicles is exploding, leading to levels of traffic and problems which far exceed anything ever seen in the past.

The field of transport planning and policy in cities is under enormous pressure for change, but despite this the traditional approaches continue to dominate in most places. This is certainly the main battle ground for transport policy in the years immediately ahead.

You can find more on this topic here in the sections on Sustainable Transportation and the New Mobility Agenda.

See also

  • Transport engineering Transport engineering

    Transport engineering aims to ensure the safe and efficient movement of people and goods .... 



Transport, energy, and the environment

Transport is a major use of energy Energy

In general, the concept [i] of energy refers to "the potential for causing changes." The word is used in ... 

, and transport burns most of the world's petroleum Petroleum

Petroleum or crude oil is a black, dark brown or greenish liquid [i] found in porous rock formati ... 

. Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon

[i] that consists only of the elements [[carbon]... 

 fuels produce carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound [i] composed of one carbon [i] and two oxygen [i] atoms. ... 

, a greenhouse gas Greenhouse gas

Greenhouse gases are gas [i]eous components of the atmosphere [i] that contribute to ... 

 widely thought to be the chief cause of global climate change Climate change

Climate change refers to the variation in the Earth [i]'s global climate [i] or in regional climates ove ... 

, and petroleum-powered engines, especially inefficient ones, create air pollution, including nitrous oxide Nitrous oxide

Nitrous oxide, also known as dinitrogen oxide or dinitrogen monoxide, is a chemical compound [i] ... 

s and particulate Particulate

Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter, aerosols or fine particles, a... 

s . Although vehicles in developed countries Developed country

A developed country is one that has a high income per capita.... 

 have been getting cleaner because of environmental regulations, this has been offset by an increase in the number of vehicles and more use of each vehicle.

Other environmental Natural environment

The natural environment comprises all living and non-living things that occur naturally [i] on Earth [i] ... 

 impacts of transport systems include traffic congestion, toxic runoff from roads and parking lots that can pollute water supplies and aquatic ecosystems, and automobile-oriented urban sprawl, which can consume natural habitat and agricultural lands.

Low-pollution fuels can reduce pollution. Low pollution fuels may have a reduced carbon Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element [i] in the periodic table [i] that has the symbol [i] C' ... 

 content, and thereby contribute less in the way of carbon dioxide emissions, and generally have reduced sulfur Sulfur

Sulfur or sulphur is the chemical element [i] in the periodic table [i] that has the symbol S' ... 

, since sulfur exhaust is a cause of acid rain Acid rain

Acid rain occurs when sulfur dioxide [i] and nitrogen oxides [i] are emitted into the atmosphere, under... 

. The most popular low-pollution fuel at this time is liquefied natural gas Liquefied natural gas

Liquefied natural gas or LNG is natural gas [i] that has been processed to remove impurities and h ... 

. Hydrogen Hydrogen

|-
| Triple point [i] || 13.8033 K, 7.042 kPa
... 

 is an even lower-pollution fuel that produces no carbon dioxide, but producing and storing it economically is currently not feasible. Other alternative renewable energy Renewable energy

Renewable energy sources, or RES, capture their energy from existing flows of energy, from on-go... 

 sources such as biodiesel Biodiesel

Biodiesel refers to a diesel [i]-equivalent, processed fuel derived from biological sources. ... 

 are being researched heavily.

Another strategy is to make vehicles more efficient, which reduces pollution and waste by reducing the energy use. Electric vehicle Electric vehicle

An electric vehicle, or EV, is a vehicle [i] with one or more electric motor [i]s for propulsion. ... 

s use efficient electric motors, but their range is limited by either the extent of the electric transmission system or by the storage capacity of batteries. Electrified public transport generally uses overhead wires or third rails to transmit electricity to vehicles, and is used for both rail and bus transport. Battery electric vehicle Battery electric vehicle

A battery electric vehicle is an electric vehicle [i] that stores chemical energy [i] in rechargeable battery [i] ... 

s store their electric fuel onboard in a battery pack. Another method is to generate energy using fuel cell Fuel cell

A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device.... 

s, which may eventually be two to five times as efficient as the internal combustion engine Internal combustion engine

The internal combustion engine is a heat engine [i] in which the burning of a fuel [i] occurs ... 

s currently used in most vehicles. Another effective method is to streamline ground vehicles, which spend up to 75% of their energy on air-resistance, and to reduce their weight. Regenerative braking is possible in all electric vehicles and recaptures the energy normally lost to braking, and is becoming
common in rail vehicles. In internal combustion automobiles and buses, regenerative braking is not possible, unless electric vehicle components are also a part of the powertrain, these are called hybrid electric vehicle Hybrid vehicle

A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle using an on-board rechargeable energy storage system [i] and a fuelled pow... 

s.

Shifting travel from automobiles to well-utilized public transport can reduce energy consumption and traffic congestion.

Walking Walking

Walking is the main form of animal [i] locomotion [i] on land [i], distinguished from running [i] ... 

 and bicycling Cycling

Cycling is a recreation [i], a sport [i] and a means of transport [i] across land. ... 

 instead of traveling by motorized means also reduces the consumption of fossil fuels. While the use of these two modes generally declines as a given area becomes wealthier, there are some countries where bicycling comprises a significant share of trips. Some cities with particularly high modal shares of cycling are Oulu Oulu

|-
| City [i] || Oulu
... 

 , Copenhagen Copenhagen

Copenhagen is the capital [i] of Denmark [i] and the country's largest city , at present made up of 16 ... 

  and Groningen . A number of other cities, including London London

London is the capital [i] city of England [i] and of the United Kingdom [i]. ... 

, Paris Paris

native_name = Ville de Paris
|common_name = Paris
... 

, New York New York

New York is a state [i] in the northeastern [i] United States [i]. ... 

, Sydney Sydney

Sydney is the most populous city in Australia [i] with a metropolitan area [i] population of over 4.2 m ... 

, Bogotá Bogotá

Bogotofficially named Bogot, D.C., also called Santa Fe de Bogotis the capital [i] of Colombia [i] ... 

, Chicago Chicago

Chicago is the largest city [i] in the U.S. state [i] of Illinois [i], as well as the third-most populous [i] ... 

 and San Francisco San Francisco, California

The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth-largest city in California [i] and the fourteenth-lar ... 

 are creating networks of bicycle lane Segregated cycle facilities

Segregated cycle facilities may consist of a separate road [i], track, path or lane that is designated f ... 

s and bicycle paths, but the value of such devices for is highly controversial.

Research


Transport research facilities are mainly attached to universities or are steered by the state. In most countries one can see now how laboratories are brought into PPP-operation, where industry takes over part of the share.

Some major research centres in Europe:



  • Transport Research Laboratory 






USA:
  • Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Berkeley
  • National Transportation Research Center



The European Commission supports the co-operation and collaboration amongst the transport laboratories by funding projects like EXTR@Web and . Especially the transition from planned economy to achieving a stable position on the market will be a challenge for laboratories in the new member states. Another EU-project is coping with those problems.

See also


  • Cargo
  • List of transport topics
  • Transportation reference tables List of reference tables

    Reference:List of library and information science topics [i] ... 

  • Transport forecasting
  • Historic transport
  • Megaprojects
  • Cost overrun
  • Shipping Shipping

    Shipping is basic process of transporting [i] goods [i] and cargo [i]. ... 

  • Taxicab Taxicab

    Taxicab, short forms taxi or cab, is a type of public transport [i] for a single passenger, or s ... 

  • Share taxi Share taxi

    A share taxi is a mode of transport [i] that falls between private transport and conventional bus trans ...