Thermofax
Encyclopedia
Thermo-Fax is 3M's trademarked name for a photocopying technology which it introduced in 1950. It was a form of thermographic printing
and an example of a dry silver process. It was a significant advance as no chemicals were required, other than those contained in the copy paper itself. A thin sheet of heat sensitive copy paper was placed on the original document to be copied, and exposed to infrared
energy. Where the image on the original contained carbon, the image absorbed the infrared energy and was heated. The heated image then transferred heat to the heat sensitive paper producing a blackened copy image of the original.
machines. Tattoo artists use these spirit masters as tattoo stencils, to quickly and accurately mark the outlines of a tattoo on the skin of the person to be tattooed using a transfer solution. Textile and Printmaking artists use these machines for creating silk screens in several seconds by running a piece of Riso film through with a photocopied image. Riso film is a Japanese silk screen product composed of a saran type plastic that has been bonded to screen mesh of various sizes. When the Riso film is exposed to the infrared bulb inside the machine, the saran plastic emulsion side opens up wherever there was ink toner on the photocopy. Paint and other mediums can then be screened once the film is mounted on a frame. The imaging barrel inside the Thermofax is 8.5" wide, but the film can be almost any length. These modern uses have kept up demand for most models of Thermofax machines. i.e. Model 45EGA was manufactured with an electrical problem that required a conversion kit to be installed for safe use. Those 45EGA models that were not converted are considered fire hazards.
tended to curl, and being heat-sensitive, copies were not archival. The darkness setting was tricky to adjust, and drifted as the machine warmed up. Copy darkness often varied across a page, some portions of the text being too light and others too dark. Since the heat absorption of ink does not necessarily correlate with its visible appearance, there were occasional idiosyncrasies; some inks that looked nearly black to the eye might not copy at all, and an exposure setting that worked well for some originals might require a change to make usable copies with another.
Thermographic printing
Thermographic printing refers to two types of printing, both of which rely on heat to create the letters or images on a sheet of paper.The simplest type is where the paper has been coated with a material that changes colour on heating. This is called thermal printing and was used in older model...
and an example of a dry silver process. It was a significant advance as no chemicals were required, other than those contained in the copy paper itself. A thin sheet of heat sensitive copy paper was placed on the original document to be copied, and exposed to infrared
Infrared
Infrared light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible light, measured from the nominal edge of visible red light at 0.74 micrometres , and extending conventionally to 300 µm...
energy. Where the image on the original contained carbon, the image absorbed the infrared energy and was heated. The heated image then transferred heat to the heat sensitive paper producing a blackened copy image of the original.
Model 12
The first commercially available Thermofax machine was the Model 12. The 'layup' of the original and the copy paper was placed on a stationary glass platen and an infrared lamp and reflector assembly moved beneath the glass, radiating upward. The layup was held in position by a lid with an inflatable rubber bladder that was latched down by the user.Model 17
In subsequent versions, beginning with the Model 17, the layup was fed into a slot, and continuously exposed as it passed the lamp and reflector. The Model 17 and successors were table top machines, approximately the size of a typewriter from the same era.Q system
A variation of this technology was a billing system called the Q System, which was typically used by medical and dental offices. A 'master' composed of a sheet of heavy backing paper and a thin sheet of ruled paper attached to it at the top edge was created for each patient. Billing entries were then made in pencil on the thin sheet for each patient visit. To create a billing copy, a sheet of heat sensitive paper was inserted between the backing and the entry sheet and passed through the ThermoFax machine, usually a Model 47.Transparencies
As copying technology advanced, Thermofax machines were subsequently marketed as a method of producing transparencies (viewgraphs) for overhead projector presentations. A sheet of heat-sensitive clear stock was placed on top of the original, and passed through a ThermoFax, producing a black image on the clear stock. This application saw common usage well into the 1980s, and specialized uses thereafter.Modern uses
As of 2009, Thermofax machines were still widely used by artists. In addition to making copies, Thermofax machines can be used to make a "spirit master" for spirit duplicatorSpirit duplicator
A spirit duplicator was a low-volume printing method used mainly by schools and churches. It was also used by members of science fiction fandom and early comic book fandom to produce fanzines...
machines. Tattoo artists use these spirit masters as tattoo stencils, to quickly and accurately mark the outlines of a tattoo on the skin of the person to be tattooed using a transfer solution. Textile and Printmaking artists use these machines for creating silk screens in several seconds by running a piece of Riso film through with a photocopied image. Riso film is a Japanese silk screen product composed of a saran type plastic that has been bonded to screen mesh of various sizes. When the Riso film is exposed to the infrared bulb inside the machine, the saran plastic emulsion side opens up wherever there was ink toner on the photocopy. Paint and other mediums can then be screened once the film is mounted on a frame. The imaging barrel inside the Thermofax is 8.5" wide, but the film can be almost any length. These modern uses have kept up demand for most models of Thermofax machines. i.e. Model 45EGA was manufactured with an electrical problem that required a conversion kit to be installed for safe use. Those 45EGA models that were not converted are considered fire hazards.
Disadvantages
The Thermofax process was temperamental. The coated paperCoated paper
Coated paper is paper which has been coated by a compound to impart certain qualities to the paper, including weight, surface gloss, smoothness or reduced ink absorbency. Kaolinite or calcium carbonate are used to coat paper for high quality printing used in packaging industry and in magazines...
tended to curl, and being heat-sensitive, copies were not archival. The darkness setting was tricky to adjust, and drifted as the machine warmed up. Copy darkness often varied across a page, some portions of the text being too light and others too dark. Since the heat absorption of ink does not necessarily correlate with its visible appearance, there were occasional idiosyncrasies; some inks that looked nearly black to the eye might not copy at all, and an exposure setting that worked well for some originals might require a change to make usable copies with another.
Cost comparison
Thermofax copies were inexpensive. One business book asserts that research conducted by Xerox before introducing their copier came to the conclusion that "nobody would pay 5¢ for a plain-paper copy when they could get a Thermofax copy for a cent-and-a-half." Fortunately, "Xerox ignored the research."US Army terminology
In some segments of the US Army the contemporary terminology for a Thermofax copier was the "burn machine," so named because of the heat involved in the process and the warmth of the resulting copy. Resultant terminology included "a burn copy" and "burn a copy." Possibly apocryphal, a senior officer is said to have once ordered, with respect to an important classified document, "Burn this for me." In response to which, a junior officer did just that.Contemporary references
Contemporary references to the Thermofax process were not complimentary:- They did have—what did they call that brown stuff? Thermofax, right. That's the first copying machine and they didn't look like anything at all. They were brown and they faded.
- Marjorie Spock had invested in one of the earliest models of thermofax machines, which she kept in her basement. It was a crude affair that continually overheated, belching smoke and vile-smelling fumes from odd sprockets and sending out scorched brown paper, sometimes completely burned and only barely legible at best.
- The only thing we had then was what they called a thermofax machine, which was very strange. It was on a very bad tissue paper kind of thing and a very obscure image. But we were desperate and it was the only way to make copies.
Cultural references
- Thermofax is the name of a dragon in the text adventure WishbringerWishbringerWishbringer: The Magick Stone of Dreams is an interactive fiction computer game written by Brian Moriarty and published by Infocom in 1985. It was intended to be an easier game to solve than the typical Infocom release, and provide a good introduction to interactive fiction for inexperienced players...
by InfocomInfocomInfocom was a software company, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, that produced numerous works of interactive fiction. They also produced one notable business application, a relational database called Cornerstone....
. - A Thermo-fax machine is used to copy plans for a bank security van heist in the British film PayrollPayroll (film)Payroll is a 1961 British crime thriller starring Michael Craig, and based on the novel by Derek Bickerton. The story is about a gang of villains that stage a wages robbery, which turns into a disaster. Most of the film was shot on location in and around Gateshead and Newcastle upon Tyne...
(1961)