The Rhetoric of Reaction: Perversity, Futility, Jeopardy is a book by Albert O. Hirschman

Albert O. Hirschman

Albert Otto Hirschman is an influential economist who has authored several books on political economy and political ideology. His first major contribution was in the area of development economics. Here he emphasized the need for unbalanced growth...

, which styles the rhetoric

Rhetoric

Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the facility of speakers or writers who attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations. As a subject of formal study and a productive civic practice, rhetoric has played a central role in the Western...

 of conservativism in opposition to social change as consisting of three narratives: perversity, futility, and jeopardy, and that, further, these narratives are simplistic, flawed, and cut off debate. Hirschman illustrates this thesis with examples from the French revolution

French Revolution

The French Revolution , sometimes distinguished as the 'Great French Revolution' , was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France and Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years...

 and 19th and 20th centuries. He then discusses corresponding progressive narratives, and proposes

Conservative narratives

Hirschman describes the reactionary narratives thus:

• According to the perversity thesis, any purposive action to improve some feature of the political, social, or economic order only serves to exacerbate the condition one wishes to remedy.
• The futility thesis holds that attempts at social transformation will be unavailing, that they will simply fail to "make a dent."
• Finally, the jeopardy thesis argues that the cost of the proposed change or reform is too high as it endangers some previous, precious accomplishment.

He argues that these are "rhetorics of intransigence", that these do not further debate.

Progressive narratives

In the final chapter, Hirschman takes the opposite tack and discusses progressive narratives which are equally simplistic and flawed.

• The Synergy Illusion – the idea that all reforms work together and reinforce each other, rather than being competing;
• The Imminent Danger – urgent action is necessary to avoid imminent danger;
• History Is on Our Side

  Compare: “The arc of history is long, but it bends towards justice,” by Martin Luther King Jr.

Proposal

Hirschman advocates instead these "mature" bases for discussion:

1. There are dangers and risks in both action and inaction. The risks of both should be canvassed, assessed, and guarded against to the extent possible.
2. The baneful consequences of either action or inaction can never be known with the certainty affected by the two types of alarm-sounding Cassandras with whom we have become acquainted.