The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (commonly known as
The Pickwick Papers) is the first novel by
Charles DickensCharles John Huffam Dickens FRSA , pen-name "Boz", was the most popular English novelist of the Victorian era and one of the most popular of all time. He created some of literature's most memorable characters. His novels and short stories have never gone out of print...
. After the publication the widow of illustrator
Robert SeymourRobert Seymour , was an illustrator of the works of Charles Dickens and a caricaturist.-Family:Seymour was born in Somerset, England in 1798, the second son of Henry Seymour and Elizabeth Bishop. Soon after moving to London Henry Seymour died, leaving his wife, two sons and daughter impoverished...
claimed that the idea for the novel was originally her husband's; however, in his preface to the 1867 edition, Dickens strenuously denied any specific input, writing that "Mr Seymour never originated or suggested an incident, a phrase, or a word, to be found in the book."
Dickens was asked to contribute to the project as an up and coming writer following the success of
Sketches by BozSketches by "Boz," Illustrative of Every-day Life and Every-day People is a collection of short pieces published by Charles Dickens in 1836 accompanied by illustrations by George Cruikshank. It consists of 56 passages divided into four sections: "Our Parish", "Scenes", "Characters", and "Tales"...
, published in 1836 (most of Dickens' novels were issued in
shillingThe shilling is a unit of currency used in current and former English Commonwealth countries and still used in countries which have become republics, such as Kenya. The word shilling comes from schilling, an accounting term that dates back to Anglo-Saxon times where it was deemed to be the value of...
instalments before being published in the complete volume). Dickens increasingly took over the unsuccessful monthly publication after Seymour had committed suicide.
With the introduction of Sam Weller in chapter 10, the book became the first real publishing phenomenon, with bootleg copies, theatrical performances, Sam Weller joke books and other merchandise.
Plot summary
Written for publication as a
serialThe term "serial" refers to the intrinsic property of a series – namely, its order. In literature, the term is used as a noun to refer to a format by which a story is told in contiguous installments in sequential issues of a single periodical publication.More generally, "serial" is applied...
,
The Pickwick Papers is a sequence of loosely-related adventures. The novel's main character, Mr. Samuel Pickwick,
EsquireEsquire is a term of British origin , originally used to denote social status.Ultimately deriving from the medieval squires who assisted knights, the term came to be used automatically by men of gentle birth. The social rank of Esquire is that above gentleman...
, is a kind and wealthy old gentleman, and the founder and perpetual president of the Pickwick Club. To extend his researches into the quaint and curious phenomena of life, he suggests that he and three other "Pickwickians" (Mr. Nathaniel Winkle, Mr. Augustus Snodgrass, and Mr. Tracy Tupman) should make journeys to remote places from London and report on their findings to the members of the club. Their travels throughout the English countryside provide the chief theme of the novel.
Its main literary value and appeal is formed by its numerous memorable characters. Each character in
The Pickwick Papers, as in many other Dickens novels, is drawn comically, often with exaggerated personalities. Alfred Jingle provides an aura of comic villainy. His misadventures repeatedly land the Pickwickians in trouble. These include Jingle's elopement with the spinster, Aunt Rachael of Dingley Dell manor, misadventures with Dr. Slammer, and others.
Other notable adventures include Mr. Pickwick's legal case against his landlady, Mrs Bardell, who (through an apparent misunderstanding on her part) is suing him for the
breach of promiseBreach of promise is a former common law tort.From at least medieval times until the early 20th century, a man's promise of engagement to marry a woman was considered, in many jurisdictions, a legally binding contract...
to marry her. Another is Mr. Pickwick's incarceration at
Fleet prisonFleet Prison was a notorious London prison. It was built in 1197 and situated off what is now Farringdon Street, on the eastern bank of the Fleet River after which it was named...
for his stubborn refusal to pay the compensation to her; the unscrupulous Dodson and Fogg's law firm prosecuted poor Pickwick.
Mr. Pickwick, Sam Weller, and Weller Senior also appear in Dickens's serial,
Master Humphrey's ClockMaster Humphrey's Clock was a weekly periodical edited and written entirely by Charles Dickens and published from April 4, 1840—December 4, 1841. It began with a frame story in which Master Humphrey tells about himself and his small circle of friends , and their penchant for telling stories...
.
Central characters
- Samuel Pickwick - the main protagonist and founder of the Pickwick Club. Following his description in the text, Pickwick is usually portrayed by illustrators as a round-faced, clean-shaven, portly gentleman wearing spectacles
- Nathaniel Winkle - a young friend of Pickwick's and his travelling companion; he considers himself a sportsman, though no one has ever seen him in action
- Augustus Snodgrass - another young friend and companion; he considers himself a poet, though he has never been known to write anything
- Tracy Tupman - yet another; a fat and elderly man who nevertheless considers himself a romantic lover
- Sam Weller - Mr. Pickwick's valet
- Tony Weller - Sam's father, a coachman; does not really know if his name is written as Veller or Weller
- Alfred Jingle - a strolling actor, and a charlatan
Supporting characters
- Joe - the "fat boy" who consumes great quantities of food and constantly falls asleep in any situation at any time of day; Joe's sleep problem is the origin of the medical term Pickwickian syndrome
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome is a condition in which severely overweight people fail to breathe rapidly enough or deeply enough, resulting in low blood oxygen levels and high blood carbon dioxide levels...
which ultimately led to the subsequent description of Obstructive Sleep Apnea SyndromeSleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. Each episode, called an apnea , lasts long enough so that one or more breaths are missed, and such episodes occur repeatedly throughout sleep...
.
- Job Trotter - Mr Jingle's wily servant, whose true slyness is only ever seen in the first few lines of a scene, before he adopts his usual pretence of meekness.
- Mr. Wardle - owner of a farm in Dingley Dell. Pickwick's friend. Joe is his servant.
- Rachael Wardle - the spinster aunt who tries in vain to elope with the unscrupulous Jingle
- Mr. Perker - an attorney of Mr. Pickwick
- Mary - "a well-shaped female servant" and Sam Weller's "Valentine"
- Mrs. Bardell - Mr. Pickwick's widowed landlady
- Emily Wardle - one of Mr. Wardle's daughters
- Arabella Allen - a friend of Emily Wardle
- Ben Allen - Arabella's brother, a dissipated medical student
- Bob Sawyer - Ben Allen's friend and fellow student
Film, TV or theatrical adaptations
The novel has been filmed at least three times:
- 1913 - a silent
Silent Movie is a 1976 comedy film directed by and starring Mel Brooks, and released by 20th Century Fox on June 17, 1976. The ensemble cast includes Dom DeLuise, Marty Feldman, Bernadette Peters, Sid Caesar, Anne Bancroft, Henny Youngman, Liza Minnelli, Burt Reynolds, James Caan, and Paul...
short starring John Bunny as Pickwick and H. P. Owen as Sam Weller
- 1921 - The Adventures of Mr Pickwick, silent, starring Frederick Volpe and Hubert Woodward
- 1952 - starring James Hayter, Nigel Patrick
Nigel Patrick was an English actor and stage director born into a theatrical family.-Biography:...
, Alexander GaugeAlexander Gauge was a British actor best known for playing Friar Tuck in The Adventures of Robin Hood from 1955 to 1960....
and Harry FowlerHarry James Fowler, MBE is a British actor in film and TV. He started in juvenile roles, most notably in the first recognised Ealing Comedy Hue and Cry, made in 1947. Fowler later married one of his co-stars in the film, Joan Dowling, who committed suicide in 1954...
(the first sound version)
.jpg)
There have also been
BBCThe British Broadcasting Corporation, usually referred to by its abbreviation as the "BBC", is the longest established and largest broadcaster in the world...
radioRadio is the transmission of signals by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space...
and
televisionTelevision is a widely used telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images, either monochromatic or color, usually accompanied by sound. "Television" may also refer specifically to a television set, television programming or television transmission...
adaptations. The first TV adaptation was by
Constance CoxConstance Cox was a British script writer.She specialised in adaptations of books by Charles Dickens and other classic literature. She was born in Surrey, England, UK. She was one of the first writers to adapt for television. Pickwick Papers was written for television for the first time by her in...
. In 1985 BBC released a
12-part 350-minute productionThe Pickwick Papers is a 1985 BBC adaption of The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens. It starred Nigel Stock, Alan Parnaby, Clive Swift and Patrick Malahide, with narration spoken by Ray Brooks.- Plot summary :...
starring
Nigel StockNigel Stock was a British actor of stage, screen, radio and television, who played major character roles in many films and television dramas.- Early life :...
, Alan Parnaby,
Clive SwiftClive Walter Swift is a British actor who is best known for his starring role as Richard Bucket in the British sitcom Keeping Up Appearances....
and
Patrick MalahidePatrick Malahide is a British actor, who has played many major film and television roles.-Personal life:Malahide, real name Patrick Gerald Duggan, was born in Reading, Berkshire, the son of Irish immigrants, a cook mother and a school secretary father...
There was also a
London[]London is the capital of England and the United Kingdom. It has been a major settlement for two millennia, and the history of London goes back to its founding by the Romans, when it was named Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, the 'square mile', retains its medieval boundaries...
stage musical version entitled
PickwickPickwick was a musical, based on Charles Dickens's The Pickwick Papers, which opened on July 4, 1963. The original performances took place in the Saville Theatre, in London, England...
, by
Cyril OrnadelCyril Ornadel is a British conductor, songwriter and composer chiefly in musical theatre. He studied at the Royal College of Music....
,
Wolf MankowitzWolf Mankowitz was an English writer, playwright and screenwriter of Russian Jewish descent. He was born in Fashion Street in Spitalfields in the East End of London, the heart of London's Jewish community.This background provided him with the material for his most successful book A Kid for Two...
, and
Leslie BricusseLeslie Bricusse is a British lyricist and composer.Although best known for his partnership with Anthony Newley, Bricusse has worked with many other composers. Whilst at Cambridge University, he was Secretary of Footlights between 1952 and 1953 and Footlights President during the following year. He...
. It starred
Harry SecombeSir Harry Donald Secombe, CBE was a Welsh entertainer with a noted fine tenor singing voice and a talent for comedy. He is best known for playing Neddie Seagoon, the central character in The Goon Show , a BBC radio comedy series...
, later to become more famous as Mr. Bumble in the film version of
Oliver!Oliver! is a 1968 musical film directed by Carol Reed. The film is based on the stage musical Oliver!, with book, music and lyrics written by Lionel Bart. The screenplay was written by Vernon Harris....
. But
PickwickPickwick was a musical, based on Charles Dickens's The Pickwick Papers, which opened on July 4, 1963. The original performances took place in the Saville Theatre, in London, England...
(the musical) was not a success in the
United StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
when it opened there in 1965, and the show was never filmed. It did feature the song
If I Ruled the World"If I Ruled the World" is a popular song, composed by Leslie Bricusse and Cyril Ornadel, which was originally from the 1963 West End musical Pickwick...
, which became a modest hit.
Part of the Pickwick Papers featured in
Charles Dickens' Ghost Stories, a 60 minute animation made by Emerald City Films (1987). Including
The Ghost in the Wardrobe,
The Mail Coach Ghosts, and
The Goblin and the Gravedigger.
Publication
The novel was published in 19 issues over 20 months; the last was double-length and cost two
shillingThe shilling is a unit of currency used in current and former English Commonwealth countries and still used in countries which have become republics, such as Kenya. The word shilling comes from schilling, an accounting term that dates back to Anglo-Saxon times where it was deemed to be the value of...
s. In mourning for his sister-in-law Mary Hogarth, Dickens missed a deadline and consequently there was no number issued in May 1837. Numbers were typically issued on the last day of its given month:
- I - March 1836 (chapters 1-2);
- II - April 1836 (chapters 3-5);
- III - May 1836 (chapters 6-8);
- IV - June 1836 (chapters 9-11);
- V - July 1836 (chapters 12-14);
- VI - August 1836 (chapters 15-17);
- VII - September 1836 (chapters 18-20);
- VIII - October 1836 (chapters 21-23);
- IX - November 1836 (chapters 24-26);
- X - December 1836 (chapters 27-28);
- XI - January 1837 (chapters 29-31);
- XII - February 1837 (chapters 32-33);
- XIII - March 1837 (chapters 34-36);
- XIV - April 1837 (chapters 37-39);
- XV - June 1837 (chapters 40-42);
- XVI - July 1837 (chapters 43-45);
- XVII - August 1837 (chapters 46-48);
- XVIII - September 1837 (chapters 49-51);
- XIX-XX - October 1837 (chapters 52-56);
It is interesting to keep the number divisions and dates in mind while reading the novel, especially in the early parts.
The Pickwick Papers, as Charles Dickens' first novel, is particularly chaotic: the first two numbers featured four illustrations by Robert Seymour and 24 pages of text. Seymour killed himself and was replaced by R.W. Buss for the third number; the format was changed to feature two illustrations and 32 pages of text per issue. Buss didn't work out as an illustrator and was replaced by
H.K. "Phiz" BrowneHablot Knight Browne was an English artist, famous as Phiz, the illustrator of the best-known books by Charles Dickens, Charles Lever and Harrison Ainsworth in their original editions.- Biography :...
for the fourth issue; Phiz continued to work for Dickens for 23 years (he last illustrated
A Tale of Two CitiesA Tale of Two Cities is a novel by Charles Dickens, set in London and Paris before and during the French Revolution. With 200 million copies sold, it is the most printed original English book, the most printed and among the most famous works of fiction.It depicts the plight of the French...
in 1859).
As a testament to the book's popularity, many other artists, beyond the three official illustrators, created drawings without the approval of the author or publisher, sometimes for bootleg copies or hoping that "Extra Plates" for the original issue would be included in later issues. The artists included
William HeathWilliam Heath was a British artist. He was best known for his published engravings which included caricatures, political cartoons, and commentary on contemporary life....
, Alfred H. Forrester ("Alfred Crowquill"), Thomas Onwhyn (who sometimes signed as "Sam Weller") and Thomas Sibson. In 1899
Joseph GregoJoseph Grego. was an art collector and exhibitor, author and journalist, inventor and graphics expert.-Family origins and Company Directorships:...
collected 350
Pickwick Paper illustrations, including portraits based on stage adaptations, with other notes and commentary in
Pictorial Pickwichiania
The Pic-Nic Papers
In 1841 the three-volume anthology titled
The Pic-Nic Papers was published composed of miscellaneous pieces by various authors. It was originated by Dickens to benefit the widow and children of 28-year old publisher John Macrone, who died suddenly in 1837. Dickens had begun soliciting submissions in 1838, and he eventually contributed the "Introduction" and one short story "The Lamplighter's Story". Other contributors included
William Harrison AinsworthWilliam Harrison Ainsworth was an English historical novelist born in Manchester. He trained as a lawyer, but the legal profession held no attraction for him. While completing his legal studies in London he met the publisher John Ebers, at that time manager of the King's Theatre, Haymarket...
,
Thomas MooreThomas Moore was an Irish poet, singer, songwriter, and entertainer, now best remembered for the lyrics of The Minstrel Boy and the The Last Rose of Summer.-Biography:...
,
Leitch RitchieLeitch Ritchie was a Scottish novelist and journalist. He was born at Greenock and worked as a clerk in Glasgow, but about 1820 adopted literature as his profession....
and Agnus Strickland. Macrone's widow eventually received 450 pounds from this charitable publication.
Models
Mary Weller, Charles Dickens's nurse, recalling her famous charge's occupations as a child said : 'Little Charles was a terrible boy to read.' "In the young Charles Dickens's reading we have in some ways the very core of his novels...the young Charles came upon the great picaresque novels of the eighteenth century -
Roderick Random,
Peregrine Pickle,
Humphrey Clinker,
Tom JonesTom Jones may refer to:*Sir Tom Jones , Welsh music singer*Tom Jones , lyricist of musical theater*Tom Jones , Australian politician representing Collie-Wellington district*T.G...
,
The Vicar of WakefieldThe Vicar of Wakefield is a novel by the Irish author Oliver Goldsmith. It was written in 1761 and 1762, and published in 1766. It was one of the most popular and widely read 18th century novels among 19th century Victorians, for instance mentioned in George Eliot's Middlemarch, Jane Austen's Emma,...
, their French counterpart
Gil BlasGil Blas is a picaresque novel by Lesage from 1715 to 1735. It is considered to be the last masterpiece of the picaresque genre.-Plot summary:...
, and their great predecessor
Don Quixote, fully titled The Ingenious Hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha , is a novel written by Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes...
. Don Quixote's connection with Mr. Pickwick, as Dostoevsky saw, is basic. With Don Quixote, of course, goes
Sancho PanzaSancho Panza is a fictional character in the novel Don Quixote written by Spanish author Don Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra in 1602. Sancho acts as squire to Don Quixote, and provides comments throughout the novel, known as sanchismos, that are a combination of broad humor, ironic Spanish proverbs,...
, who with the reinforcement of the faithful, shrewd, worldly servants of the young heroes Tom Jones, Peregrine Pickle, Roderick Random and the rest, goes to make up Sam Weller."
Chapters
- The Pickwickian
- The first day's journey and the first evening's adventure; with their consequences
- A new acquaintance. The Stroller's Tale. A disagreeable interruption and an unpleasant encounter
- A field-day and bivouac. More new friends. An invitation to the country
- A short one. Showing, among other matters, how Pickwick undertook to drive and Mr. Winkle to ride; and how they both did it
- An old-fashioned card-party. The clergyman's verses. The story of the convict's return
- How Mr. Winkle, instead of shooting at the pigeon and killing the crow, shot at the cow and wounded the pigeon; how the Dingley Dell cricket club played All-Muggleton; and how the All-Muggleton dined at the Dingley Dell expense - with other interesting and instructive matters
- Strongly illustrative of the position that the course of true love is not a railway
- A discovery and a chase
- Clearing up all doubts (if any existed) of the disinterestedness of Mr. Jingle's character
- Involving another journey, and an antiquarian discovery. Regarding Mr. Pickwick's determination to be present at an election, and containing a manuscript of the old clergyman's
- Descriptive of a very important proceeding on the part of Mr. Pickwick, no less an epoch in his life than in his history
- Some account of Eatanswill, of the state of parties therein, and of the election of a member to serve in Parliament for that ancient, loyal, and patriotic borough
- Comprising a brief description of the company at the Peacock assembled, and a tale told by a bagman
- In which is given a faithful portraiture of two distinguished persons and an accurate description of a public breakfast in their house and grounds, which public breakfast leads to the recognition of an old acquaintance and the commencement of another chapter
- Too full of adventure to be briefly described
- Showing that an attack of rheumatism, in some cases, acts as a quickener to inventive genius
- Briefly illustrative of two points: first, the power of hysterics, and secondly, the force of circumstances
- A pleasant day, with an unpleasant termination
- Showing how Dodson and Fogg were men of business, and their clerks men of pleasure; and how an affecting interview took place between Mr. Weller and his long-lost parent; showing also what choice spirits assembled at the Magpie and Stump, and what a capital chapter the next one will be
- In which the old man lurches forth into his favourite theme and relates a story about a queer client
- Mr. Pickwick journeys to Ipswich and meets with a romantic adventure with a middle-aged lady in yellow curl-papers
- In which Mr. Samuel Weller begins to devote his energies to the return match between himself and Mr. Trotter
- Wherein Mr. Peter Magnus grows jealous, and the middle-aged lady apprehensive, which brings the Pickwickians within grasp of the law
- Showing, among a variety of pleasant matters, how majestic and impartial Mr. Nupkins was, and how Mr. Weller returned Mr. Job Trotter's shuttlecock as heavily as it came; with another matter, which will be found in its place
- Which contains a brief account of the progress of Bardell against Pickwick
- Samuel Weller makes a pilgrimage to Dorking and beholds his mother-in-law
- A good-humoured Christmas chapter, containing an account of a wedding, and some other sports beside, which, although in their way even as good customs as marriage itself, are not quite so religiously kept up in these degenerative times
- The story of the goblins who stole a sexton
- How the Pickwickians made and cultivated the acquaintance of a couple of nice young men belonging to one of the liberal professions, how they disported themselves on the ice, and how their first visit came to a conclusion
- Which is all about the law, and sundry great authorities learned therein
- Describes, far more fully than the court-newsman ever did, a bachelor's party given by Mr. Bob Sawyer at his lodgings in the borough
- Mr. Weller the elder delivers some critical sentiments respecting literary composition, and, assisted by his son Samuel, pays a small investment of retaliation to the account of the reverend gentleman with the red nose
- Is wholly devoted to a full and faithful report of the memorable trial of Bardell against Pickwick
- In which Mr. Pickwick thinks he had better go to Bath, and goes accordingly
- The chief features of which will be found to be an authentic version of the legend of Prince Bladud, and a most extraordinary calamity that befell Mr. Winkle
- Honourably accounts for Mr. Weller's absence by describing a soiree to which he was invited and went; also relates how he was entrusted by Mr. Pickwick with a private mission of delicacy and importance
- How Mr. Winkle, when he stepped out of the frying-pan, walked gently and comfortably into the fire
- Mr. Samuel Weller, being entrusted with a mission of love, proceeds to execute it; with what success will hereinafter appear
- Introduces Mr. Pickwick to a new and not-uninteresting scene in the great drama of life
- What befell Mr. Pickwick when he got into the Fleet; what prisoners he saw there; and how he passed the night
- Illustrative, like the preceding one, of the old proverb that adversity brings a man acquainted with strange bedfellows. Likewise containing Mr. Pickwick's extraordinary and startling announcement to Mr. Samuel Weller
- Showing how Mr. Weller got into difficulties
- Treats of divers little matters which occurred in the Fleet, and of Mr. Winkle's mysterious behaviour, and shows how the poor Chancery prisoner obtained his release at last
- Descriptive of an affecting interview between Mr. Samuel Weller and a family party. Mr. Pickwick makes a tour of the diminutive world he inhabits, and resolves to mix with it, in the future, as little as possible
- Records a touching act of delicate feeling, not unmixed with pleasantry, achieved and performed by Messrs. Dodson and Fogg
- Is chiefly devoted to matters of business and the temporal advantage of Dodson and Fogg. Mr. Winkle appears under extraordinary circumstances. Mr. Pickwick's benevolence proves stronger than his obstinacy
- Relates how Mr. Pickwick, with the assistance of Samuel Weller, essayed to soften the heart of Mr. Benjamin Allen and to mollify the wrath of Mr. Robert Sawyer
- Containing the story of the bagman's uncle
- How Mr. Pickwick sped upon his mission, and how he was reinforced in the outset by a most unexpected auxiliary
- In which Mr. Pickwick encounters an old Acquaintance - to which fortunate Circumstances the Reader is mainly indebted for Matter of thrilling Interest herein set down, concerning two great Public Men of Might and Power
- Involving a serious change in the Weller Family, and the untimely Downfall of the red-nosed Mr. Stiggins
- Comprising the final exit of Mr. Jingle and Job Trotter; with a great morning of business in Gray's Inn Square. Concluding with a double knock at Mr. Perker's door.
- Containing some particulars relative to the double knock, and other matters; among which certain interesting disclosures relative to Mr. Snodgrass and a young lady are by no means irrelevant to this history
- Mr. Solomon Pell, assisted by a select committee of coachmen, arranges the affairs of the elder Mr. Weller
- An important conference takes place between Mr. Pickwick and Samuel Weller, at which his parent assists. An old gentlemen in a snuff-coloured suit arrives unexpectedly
- In which the Pickwick Club is finally dissolved, and everything concluded to the satisfaction of everybody
See also
- Pickwickian syndrome
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome is a condition in which severely overweight people fail to breathe rapidly enough or deeply enough, resulting in low blood oxygen levels and high blood carbon dioxide levels...
- The Spaniards Inn
- The Moosepath League
The Moosepath League is a series of books by Van Reid. The books are a loosely connect series of humorous adventures set in Maine in the late nineteenth century. The first book in the series was picked as a NY Times notable book of 1998....
books of Van Reid are a tribute to the Pickwick Papers with thoroughly pickwickian characters. In chapter four of Cordelia Underwood, Cordelia finds a copy of the Pickwick Papers in her uncle's chest.
External links
Source editions online
Other online books
- Dickens, Charles
Charles John Huffam Dickens FRSA , pen-name "Boz", was the most popular English novelist of the Victorian era and one of the most popular of all time. He created some of literature's most memorable characters. His novels and short stories have never gone out of print...
. The Pic-Nic Papers. London, H. Colburn, 1841.
- Fitzgerald, Percy Hethrington
Percy Hetherington Fitzgerald was a British author and critic, painter and sculptor. He was born in Ireland at Fane Valley, County Louth, educated at Stonyhurst College, Lancashire, and at Trinity College, Dublin...
. The history of Pickwick; an account of its characters, localities, allusions and illustrations, with a bibliography. London: Chapman and Hall. 1891.
- Fitzgerald, Percy Hethrington
Percy Hetherington Fitzgerald was a British author and critic, painter and sculptor. He was born in Ireland at Fane Valley, County Louth, educated at Stonyhurst College, Lancashire, and at Trinity College, Dublin...
. Pickwickian manners and customs. Westminster: Roxburghe Press. 1897.
- Grego, Joseph
Joseph Grego. was an art collector and exhibitor, author and journalist, inventor and graphics expert.-Family origins and Company Directorships:...
. Pictorial Pickwickiana; Charles Dickens and his illustrators. With 350 drawings and engravings Volume 1 and Volume 2. London Chapman and Hall. 1899.
- Neale, Charles Montague. An index to Pickwick, 1897. Index of words, characters, places.
Resources