The Animation Show
Encyclopedia
The Animation Show is a touring festival of animated short films that was first held in fall 2003. It was created by award-winning animators Mike Judge
Mike Judge
Michael Craig Judge is an American animator, film director, writer and voice actor, best known as the creator and star of the animated television series Beavis and Butt-head , King of the Hill , and The Goode Family .He also wrote, directed and in some instances produced the films Beavis and...

 and Don Hertzfeldt
Don Hertzfeldt
Don Hertzfeldt is the creator of many short animated films, including the Academy-Award nominated Rejected and Everything Will Be OK. His animated films have received over 150 awards and have been presented around the world. Before the age of thirty, his films were already the subject of several...

.

Following the demise of other American touring festivals of animation, such as Spike and Mike's Classic Festival of Animation
Spike and Mike's Festival of Animation
Spike & Mike's is a collection of short animated films which annually tours theaters, film festivals, and college campuses in North America...

,In the early 2000s, Spike and Mike phased out their general "Classic" festival of animation, but retained their adult "Sick and Twisted" festival; thus general animation did not have an outlet through this channel. the stated purpose of the Animation Show was to bring animated short films back into proper cinemas, where most of them were intended to be seen, and to "free these artists from the dungeons of Internet exhibition". It was the first-ever festival of animation to be curated by working animators and was described as a "passion project" by its creators, not something intended to turn a giant profit. A sister series of Animation Show DVD volumes are also available, but the producers stress that the theatrical and DVD lineups are intentionally a little bit different, to encourage audiences to not just wait for the DVD but to visit the cinema and view these films properly. As stated on the Animation Show programs and flyers, once the current edition of the Show is out of theaters, it's "gone forever".

Mike Judge
Mike Judge
Michael Craig Judge is an American animator, film director, writer and voice actor, best known as the creator and star of the animated television series Beavis and Butt-head , King of the Hill , and The Goode Family .He also wrote, directed and in some instances produced the films Beavis and...

 and Don Hertzfeldt
Don Hertzfeldt
Don Hertzfeldt is the creator of many short animated films, including the Academy-Award nominated Rejected and Everything Will Be OK. His animated films have received over 150 awards and have been presented around the world. Before the age of thirty, his films were already the subject of several...

 programmed the first three Animation Show programs together. Don Hertzfeldt
Don Hertzfeldt
Don Hertzfeldt is the creator of many short animated films, including the Academy-Award nominated Rejected and Everything Will Be OK. His animated films have received over 150 awards and have been presented around the world. Before the age of thirty, his films were already the subject of several...

 parted ways with the festival in 2008 and the fourth season of the Animation Show was released without his involvement.

In June of 2009 the Animation Show announced its next, and fifth, program would be released in 2010. As of 2011 there have been no new Animation Show programs or activity.

2003

The first season's 2003 tour visited over 200 North American theaters with occasional appearances from the producers (Mike and Don) and Q&A's with many of the award-winning filmmakers involved. The program included "everything from forgotten classics to the very latest in computer animation". This included many current Academy Award nominees, as well as the restoration of a 5 minute excerpt from Ward Kimball
Ward Kimball
Ward Walrath Kimball was an animator for the Walt Disney Studios. He was one of Walt Disney's team of animators known as Disney's Nine Old Men.-Career:...

's 1957 Disney film, "Mars and Beyond". The tour concluded with the DVD release of Animation Show, Volume One.
  • "Welcome to The Show" by Don Hertzfeldt
    Don Hertzfeldt
    Don Hertzfeldt is the creator of many short animated films, including the Academy-Award nominated Rejected and Everything Will Be OK. His animated films have received over 150 awards and have been presented around the world. Before the age of thirty, his films were already the subject of several...

  • "Strange Invaders" by Cordell Barker
    Cordell Barker
    Cordell Barker is a Canadian animator based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He began animating in his late teens after taking on an apprenticeship at Kenn Perkins Animation. He has worked on commercial campaigns for entities such as Coca-Cola, Bell Canada, Lors, Nike, and the Government of Canada...

  • "The Adventures of Ricardo (Madonna)" by Corky Quakenbush
  • "Mt. Head" by Koji Yamamura
    Koji Yamamura
    is a Japanese independent animator who, since leaving a career as a background artist at an animation studio, currently directs, writes, edits, animates, creates the model sheets and background art for and sometimes produces his own short films and has worked on many commissions such as music...

  • "Mars and Beyond (excerpt)" by Ward Kimball
    Ward Kimball
    Ward Walrath Kimball was an animator for the Walt Disney Studios. He was one of Walt Disney's team of animators known as Disney's Nine Old Men.-Career:...

  • "Ident" by Richard Goleszowski
    Richard Goleszowski
    Richard Goleszowski is an English animator.Goleszowski was born in Suffolk and grew up in Ipswich, attending Northgate Grammar School...

     for Aardman Animation
  • "Billy's Balloon
    Billy's Balloon
    Billy's Balloon is a 16mm animated short by Don Hertzfeldt. It was his 4th and final student film at UC Santa Barbara. Similar to his other cartoons, he utilizes a minimalist stick-figure technique....

    " by Don Hertzfeldt
    Don Hertzfeldt
    Don Hertzfeldt is the creator of many short animated films, including the Academy-Award nominated Rejected and Everything Will Be OK. His animated films have received over 150 awards and have been presented around the world. Before the age of thirty, his films were already the subject of several...

  • "The Adventures of Ricardo (Hulk)" by Corky Quakenbush
  • "The Cathedral
    The Cathedral
    The Cathedral is the title of a science fiction short story by Jacek Dukaj, winner of the Janusz A. Zajdel Award in 2000; and of a 2002 short animated movie by Tomasz Bagiński, based on the story, made in 3ds max . The film was nominated in 2002 for the Academy Award for Animated Short Film for...

    " by Tomek Baginski
  • "Intermission in the Third Dimension" by Don Hertzfeldt
    Don Hertzfeldt
    Don Hertzfeldt is the creator of many short animated films, including the Academy-Award nominated Rejected and Everything Will Be OK. His animated films have received over 150 awards and have been presented around the world. Before the age of thirty, his films were already the subject of several...

  • "La Course A L'Abime" by Georges Schwizgebel
    Georges Schwizgebel
    Georges Schwizgebel is a Swiss animation film director whose paint-on-glass-animated 2004 film L'Homme sans ombre won various awards....

  • "Parking' by Bill Plympton
    Bill Plympton
    William "Bill" Calvin Plympton is an American animator, former cartoonist, director, screenwriter and producer best known for his 1987 Academy Award-nominated animated short Your Face. and his series of shorts Guard Dog, Guide Dog, Hot Dog and Horn Dog.- Biography :Bill Plympton was born in...

  • "Fifty Percent Grey" by Ruairi Robinson
    Ruairi Robinson
    -Biography:He is known mainly for his science-fiction short films and animations, one of which was nominated for an Academy Award. Fifty Percent Grey was also included in the Animation Show of Shows...

  • "Early Pencil Tests" by Mike Judge
    Mike Judge
    Michael Craig Judge is an American animator, film director, writer and voice actor, best known as the creator and star of the animated television series Beavis and Butt-head , King of the Hill , and The Goode Family .He also wrote, directed and in some instances produced the films Beavis and...

  • "The Adventures of Ricardo (Birthday)" by Corky Quakenbush
  • "Vincent" by Tim Burton
    Tim Burton
    Timothy William "Tim" Burton is an American film director, film producer, writer and artist. He is famous for dark, quirky-themed movies such as Beetlejuice, Edward Scissorhands, The Nightmare Before Christmas, Ed Wood, Sleepy Hollow, Corpse Bride and Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet...

  • "Rejected
    Rejected
    Rejected is an animated short comedy film by Don Hertzfeldt that was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 2000. It received 27 awards from film festivals around the world....

    " by Don Hertzfeldt
    Don Hertzfeldt
    Don Hertzfeldt is the creator of many short animated films, including the Academy-Award nominated Rejected and Everything Will Be OK. His animated films have received over 150 awards and have been presented around the world. Before the age of thirty, his films were already the subject of several...

  • "Das Rad (The Rocks)" by Heidi Wittlinger
  • "The End of The Show" by Don Hertzfeldt
    Don Hertzfeldt
    Don Hertzfeldt is the creator of many short animated films, including the Academy-Award nominated Rejected and Everything Will Be OK. His animated films have received over 150 awards and have been presented around the world. Before the age of thirty, his films were already the subject of several...



The subsequent "Volume 1" DVD release did not include "Mars and Beyond", "Rejected
Rejected
Rejected is an animated short comedy film by Don Hertzfeldt that was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 2000. It received 27 awards from film festivals around the world....

", "Vincent", "Ident", or "Strange Invaders". Shorts added to the DVD were:
  • "Brother", "Cousin", and "Uncle" by Adam Elliot
    Adam Elliot
    Adam Elliot is an independent stop-motion animation writer and director based in Melbourne, Australia. His five films have collectively participated in over six-hundred film festivals and have received over one hundred awards, including an Oscar for Harvie Krumpet and the Annecy Cristal for Mary...

  • "Aria" by Pjotr Sapegin
  • "Moving Illustrations of Machines" by Jeremy Solterbeck
  • "Bathtime In Clerkenwell" by Alex Budovsky

2005

The second Animation Show toured throughout 2005, featuring Bill Plympton
Bill Plympton
William "Bill" Calvin Plympton is an American animator, former cartoonist, director, screenwriter and producer best known for his 1987 Academy Award-nominated animated short Your Face. and his series of shorts Guard Dog, Guide Dog, Hot Dog and Horn Dog.- Biography :Bill Plympton was born in...

's "Guard Dog", The National Film Board of Canada
National Film Board of Canada
The National Film Board of Canada is Canada's twelve-time Academy Award-winning public film producer and distributor. An agency of the Government of Canada, the NFB produces and distributes documentary, animation, alternative drama and digital media productions...

's classic "When the Day Breaks", Don Hertzfeldt
Don Hertzfeldt
Don Hertzfeldt is the creator of many short animated films, including the Academy-Award nominated Rejected and Everything Will Be OK. His animated films have received over 150 awards and have been presented around the world. Before the age of thirty, his films were already the subject of several...

's The Meaning of Life
The Meaning of Life (animated film)
The Meaning of Life is a 35mm animated short film, written and directed by Don Hertzfeldt in 2005. The epic twelve minute film is the end result of almost four years of production and tens of thousands of drawings, single-handedly animated and photographed by Hertzfeldt.Like all of Hertzfeldt's...

and new films by animators Peter Cornwell, Georges Schwizgebel
Georges Schwizgebel
Georges Schwizgebel is a Swiss animation film director whose paint-on-glass-animated 2004 film L'Homme sans ombre won various awards....

 and PES
PES (director)
PES is a director and animator of numerous short films and commercials.Receiving a B.A. in English Literature at the University of Virginia, PES migrated to film as a storytelling medium. His use of everyday objects and stop-motion animation to create original material is instantly recognizable...

.
  • "Bunnies" by Jakob Schuh and Saschka Unseld
  • "Guard Dog" by Bill Plympton
    Bill Plympton
    William "Bill" Calvin Plympton is an American animator, former cartoonist, director, screenwriter and producer best known for his 1987 Academy Award-nominated animated short Your Face. and his series of shorts Guard Dog, Guide Dog, Hot Dog and Horn Dog.- Biography :Bill Plympton was born in...

  • "F.E.D.S." by Jennifer Drummond
  • "Pan With Us" by David Russo
  • "Ward 13" by Peter Cornwell
  • "Hello" by Jonathan Nix
  • "Rock Fish" by Tim Miller
    Tim Miller
    Timothy or Tim Miller may refer to:* Tim Miller , American ice hockey player* Tim Miller , American performance artist and writer* Timothy Miller, historian of religion...

  • "The Man With No Shadow" by Georges Schwizgebel
    Georges Schwizgebel
    Georges Schwizgebel is a Swiss animation film director whose paint-on-glass-animated 2004 film L'Homme sans ombre won various awards....

  • "Fallen Art" by Tomek Baginski
  • "When The Day Breaks" by Amanda Forbis and Wendy Tilby
  • "Fireworks" by PES
    PES (director)
    PES is a director and animator of numerous short films and commercials.Receiving a B.A. in English Literature at the University of Virginia, PES migrated to film as a storytelling medium. His use of everyday objects and stop-motion animation to create original material is instantly recognizable...

  • "The Meaning of Life" by Don Hertzfeldt
    Don Hertzfeldt
    Don Hertzfeldt is the creator of many short animated films, including the Academy-Award nominated Rejected and Everything Will Be OK. His animated films have received over 150 awards and have been presented around the world. Before the age of thirty, his films were already the subject of several...



The subsequent "Volume 2" DVD release included all of these films with the exception of Georges Schwizgebel's "The Man With No Shadow". Shorts added to the DVD were:
  • "Magda" by Chel White
    Chel White
    Chel White is an American film director, commercial and music video director, animator, actor, screenwriter, and visual effects supervisor on feature films....

  • "A Painful Glimpse into my Writing Process" by Chel White
    Chel White
    Chel White is an American film director, commercial and music video director, animator, actor, screenwriter, and visual effects supervisor on feature films....

  • "Kaboom!" by PES
    PES (director)
    PES is a director and animator of numerous short films and commercials.Receiving a B.A. in English Literature at the University of Virginia, PES migrated to film as a storytelling medium. His use of everyday objects and stop-motion animation to create original material is instantly recognizable...


2007

The third season of The Animation Show began its nationwide release in January 2007, featuring the return of Mike Judge
Mike Judge
Michael Craig Judge is an American animator, film director, writer and voice actor, best known as the creator and star of the animated television series Beavis and Butt-head , King of the Hill , and The Goode Family .He also wrote, directed and in some instances produced the films Beavis and...

's Beavis and Butt-head
Beavis and Butt-Head
Beavis and Butt-head is an American animated television series created by Mike Judge. The series originated from Frog Baseball, a 1992 short film by Judge. After seeing the short, MTV signed Judge to develop the concept. Beavis and Butt-head originally aired from March 8, 1993 to November 28, 1997...

. The third tour also show cased new work by animators Joanna Quinn
Joanna Quinn
Joanna Quinn is an English film director and animator. She was born in Birmingham. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Famous Fred in 1998....

, PES
PES (director)
PES is a director and animator of numerous short films and commercials.Receiving a B.A. in English Literature at the University of Virginia, PES migrated to film as a storytelling medium. His use of everyday objects and stop-motion animation to create original material is instantly recognizable...

, Bill Plympton
Bill Plympton
William "Bill" Calvin Plympton is an American animator, former cartoonist, director, screenwriter and producer best known for his 1987 Academy Award-nominated animated short Your Face. and his series of shorts Guard Dog, Guide Dog, Hot Dog and Horn Dog.- Biography :Bill Plympton was born in...

, and Don Hertzfeldt
Don Hertzfeldt
Don Hertzfeldt is the creator of many short animated films, including the Academy-Award nominated Rejected and Everything Will Be OK. His animated films have received over 150 awards and have been presented around the world. Before the age of thirty, his films were already the subject of several...

.
  • "Beavis and Butt-Head
    Beavis and Butt-Head
    Beavis and Butt-head is an American animated television series created by Mike Judge. The series originated from Frog Baseball, a 1992 short film by Judge. After seeing the short, MTV signed Judge to develop the concept. Beavis and Butt-head originally aired from March 8, 1993 to November 28, 1997...

     Introduction" by Mike Judge
    Mike Judge
    Michael Craig Judge is an American animator, film director, writer and voice actor, best known as the creator and star of the animated television series Beavis and Butt-head , King of the Hill , and The Goode Family .He also wrote, directed and in some instances produced the films Beavis and...

  • "Rabbit" by Run Wrake
  • "City Paradise" by Gaëlle Denis
  • "Everything Will Be OK
    Everything Will Be OK
    Everything Will Be OK is a 2006 animated short film by Don Hertzfeldt. It is the first chapter of a planned three-part story about Bill, the protagonist. Hertzfeldt released the second film in the series, titled I am so proud of you, in 2008....

    " by Don Hertzfeldt
    Don Hertzfeldt
    Don Hertzfeldt is the creator of many short animated films, including the Academy-Award nominated Rejected and Everything Will Be OK. His animated films have received over 150 awards and have been presented around the world. Before the age of thirty, his films were already the subject of several...

  • "Collision" by Max Hattler
    Max Hattler
    Max Hattler is a German video artist and experimental filmmaker best known for his kaleidoscopic political short films “Collision” and "Spin" , abstract stop motion work "AANAATT" , and psychedelic animation loops "1923 aka Heaven" and "1925 aka Hell" .- Biography :Max Hattler was born in Ulm,...

  • "9" by Shane Acker
    Shane Acker
    Shane Acker is an American film-maker known for directing 9, which is based on his 2005 Academy Award-nominated film, 9. He is a graduate of the University of California, Los Angeles.- Background :...

  • "Eaux Forte (Tidal Wave)" by Remi Chaye
  • "Davey and Son of Goliath" by Corky Quackenbush
  • "Guide Dog" by Bill Plympton
    Bill Plympton
    William "Bill" Calvin Plympton is an American animator, former cartoonist, director, screenwriter and producer best known for his 1987 Academy Award-nominated animated short Your Face. and his series of shorts Guard Dog, Guide Dog, Hot Dog and Horn Dog.- Biography :Bill Plympton was born in...

  • "Versus" by Francois Caffiaux, Romain Noel, & Thomas Salas
  • "No Room For Gerold" by Daniel Nocke
    Daniel Nocke
    Daniel Nocke is a German screenwriter for film and television, and a director of animated shorts. He frequently works with director Stefan Krohmer on live action projects. His films have been shown at German and American film festivals and his animations have been featured on the American public...

  • "Overtime" by Oury Atlan, Thibaut Berland and Damien Ferrie
  • "Dreams and Desires: Family Ties" by Joanna Quinn
    Joanna Quinn
    Joanna Quinn is an English film director and animator. She was born in Birmingham. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Famous Fred in 1998....

  • "Game Over" by PES
    PES (director)
    PES is a director and animator of numerous short films and commercials.Receiving a B.A. in English Literature at the University of Virginia, PES migrated to film as a storytelling medium. His use of everyday objects and stop-motion animation to create original material is instantly recognizable...



The subsequent "Volume 3" DVD release did not include "9", "Overtime", "Eaux Forte", or "Davey and Son of Goliath". Shorts added to the DVD were:
  • "Astronauts" by Matthew Walker
  • "Carlitopolis" by Nieto
  • "One D" by Mike Grimshaw
  • "Tyger" by Guilherme Marcondes
  • "Learn Self Defense" by Chris Harding
  • "Abigail" by Tony Comely
  • "Shuteye Hotel" by Bill Plympton
    Bill Plympton
    William "Bill" Calvin Plympton is an American animator, former cartoonist, director, screenwriter and producer best known for his 1987 Academy Award-nominated animated short Your Face. and his series of shorts Guard Dog, Guide Dog, Hot Dog and Horn Dog.- Biography :Bill Plympton was born in...


2008

The fourth Animation Show was released in 2008. It included new work by animators PES
PES (director)
PES is a director and animator of numerous short films and commercials.Receiving a B.A. in English Literature at the University of Virginia, PES migrated to film as a storytelling medium. His use of everyday objects and stop-motion animation to create original material is instantly recognizable...

, Bill Plympton
Bill Plympton
William "Bill" Calvin Plympton is an American animator, former cartoonist, director, screenwriter and producer best known for his 1987 Academy Award-nominated animated short Your Face. and his series of shorts Guard Dog, Guide Dog, Hot Dog and Horn Dog.- Biography :Bill Plympton was born in...

 and Georges Schwizgebel
Georges Schwizgebel
Georges Schwizgebel is a Swiss animation film director whose paint-on-glass-animated 2004 film L'Homme sans ombre won various awards....

 as well as the Academy Award nominated short "This Way Up
This Way Up (film)
"This Way Up" is a 2008 short film directed by Alan Smith and Adam Foulkes. It follows the story of two undertakers trying to deliver a body to a graveyard. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Animated Short Film at the 81st Academy Awards....

".
  • "Show Opener" by Joel Trussell
  • "Psychotown (Oranges)" by Dave Carter
  • "Burning Safari" at Gobelins School of the Image
    Gobelins (school of image)
    Gobelins L'Ecole de L'Image or Goblins School of the Image is a Parisian school, located near the Latin Quartier, dedicated to the visual arts. A consular school funded by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Paris, it provides training in various formats at a variety of different costs...

  • "Operator" by Matthew Walker
  • "Yompi (1)" by Corky Quakenbush
  • "Mr. Schwartz, Mr. Hazen & Mr. Horlocker" by Stefan Muller
  • "LOVESPORT: Paint Balling" by Grant Orchard
  • "Angry unpaid hooker" by Steve Dildarian
    Steve Dildarian
    Steve Dildarian an American former advertising copywriter who is the creator, writer, producer, and voice of Tim in the HBO animated television series, The Life & Times of Tim....

  • "Psychotown (Psychologist)" by Dave Carter
  • "Blind Spot" at Gobelins (School of Image)
    Gobelins (school of image)
    Gobelins L'Ecole de L'Image or Goblins School of the Image is a Parisian school, located near the Latin Quartier, dedicated to the visual arts. A consular school funded by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Paris, it provides training in various formats at a variety of different costs...

  • "Usavich
    Usavich
    is a series of animated short films originally created for MTV's Japanese mobile service "Flux" and still being created for MTV Japan by Satoshi Tomioka and his studio Kanaban Graphics since 2006. It is about an odd pair of rabbits imprisoned in a Soviet prison...

     (Beware of Distraction)" by Satoshi Tomioka
  • "Jeu" by Georges Schwizgebel
    Georges Schwizgebel
    Georges Schwizgebel is a Swiss animation film director whose paint-on-glass-animated 2004 film L'Homme sans ombre won various awards....

  • "Prof. Nieto Show Ep 1" by Nieto
  • "Voodoo" at Gobelins School of the Image
    Gobelins (school of image)
    Gobelins L'Ecole de L'Image or Goblins School of the Image is a Parisian school, located near the Latin Quartier, dedicated to the visual arts. A consular school funded by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Paris, it provides training in various formats at a variety of different costs...

  • "John and Karen" by Matthew Walker
  • "Cocotte Minute" at Gobelins School of the Image
    Gobelins (school of image)
    Gobelins L'Ecole de L'Image or Goblins School of the Image is a Parisian school, located near the Latin Quartier, dedicated to the visual arts. A consular school funded by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Paris, it provides training in various formats at a variety of different costs...

  • "Key Lime Pie" by Trevor Jimenez
  • "Usavich
    Usavich
    is a series of animated short films originally created for MTV's Japanese mobile service "Flux" and still being created for MTV Japan by Satoshi Tomioka and his studio Kanaban Graphics since 2006. It is about an odd pair of rabbits imprisoned in a Soviet prison...

     (Beware of Dance)" by Satoshi Tomioka
  • "Raymond" by BIF Productions
  • "Forgetfulness" by Julian Grey
  • "Psychotown (Coup)" by Dave Carter
  • "Hot Dog" by Bill Plympton
    Bill Plympton
    William "Bill" Calvin Plympton is an American animator, former cartoonist, director, screenwriter and producer best known for his 1987 Academy Award-nominated animated short Your Face. and his series of shorts Guard Dog, Guide Dog, Hot Dog and Horn Dog.- Biography :Bill Plympton was born in...

  • "Western Spaghetti" by PES
    PES (director)
    PES is a director and animator of numerous short films and commercials.Receiving a B.A. in English Literature at the University of Virginia, PES migrated to film as a storytelling medium. His use of everyday objects and stop-motion animation to create original material is instantly recognizable...

  • "This Way Up
    This Way Up (film)
    "This Way Up" is a 2008 short film directed by Alan Smith and Adam Foulkes. It follows the story of two undertakers trying to deliver a body to a graveyard. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Animated Short Film at the 81st Academy Awards....

    " by Smith and Foulkes


The fourth Animation Show program was not released on DVD.

See also

  • Spike and Mike's Festival of Animation
    Spike and Mike's Festival of Animation
    Spike & Mike's is a collection of short animated films which annually tours theaters, film festivals, and college campuses in North America...

  • Animation Show of Shows
    Animation show of shows
    The Animation Show of Shows is a traveling selection of the year's best animated short films, curated and presented by Acme Filmworks founder, Ron Diamond. It began in 1998 with the aim of showing the most original, funny, intelligent short animated films from all over the world and presenting them...

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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