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Follicular helper T cells, or ThF cells, are antigen
Antigen

An antigen is a substance that prompts the generation of antibodies and can cause an immune response. The word originated from the notion that they can stimulate antibody generation....
-experienced CD4
CD4

CD4 is a glycoprotein expressed on the surface of T helper cells, regulatory T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It was discovered in the late 1970s and was originally known as leu-3 and T4 before being named CD4 in 1984....
+ T cell
T cell

T cells belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocyte types, such as B cells and natural killer cells by the presence of a special receptor on their cell surface called T cell receptors ....
s found in the lymph node
Lymph node

A Lymph node is an organ consisting of many types of cells, and is a part of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as filters or traps for foreign particles....
 and are identified as being PSGL-1- and CXCR5+. ThF cells are found at the periphery of B cell
B cell

B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immunity . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibody against antigens, perform the role of Antigen Presenting Cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction....
 follicles and appear to mediate naïve B cell activation and germinal center formation, probably through the expression of ligand
Ligand

In chemistry, a ligand is either an atom, ion, or molecule that bonds to a central metal, generally involving formal donation of one or more of its electrons....
 for CD40 and the secretion of Th1– and Th2-like cytokine
Cytokine

Cytokines are a category of signaling molecules that, like hormones and neurotransmitters, are used extensively in cell communication. They are proteins, peptides or glycoproteins....
s. It is possible that ThF cells might arise as branches in the Th1 and Th2 differentiation pathways but their precise lineage relationship to the other effector CD4+ T cell subsets is still uncertain.

Inducible T-cell co-stimulator
CD278

Inducible T-cell co-stimulator, also known as ICOS, is a human gene.CD278 or ICOS is a CD28-superfamily costimulatory molecule that is expressed on activated T cells....
 (CD278 or ICOS) has proven to be a particularly critical signal for ThF cells, although it is not clear if that role is in induction or progressive maturation.






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Follicular helper T cells, or ThF cells, are antigen
Antigen

An antigen is a substance that prompts the generation of antibodies and can cause an immune response. The word originated from the notion that they can stimulate antibody generation....
-experienced CD4
CD4

CD4 is a glycoprotein expressed on the surface of T helper cells, regulatory T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It was discovered in the late 1970s and was originally known as leu-3 and T4 before being named CD4 in 1984....
+ T cell
T cell

T cells belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocyte types, such as B cells and natural killer cells by the presence of a special receptor on their cell surface called T cell receptors ....
s found in the lymph node
Lymph node

A Lymph node is an organ consisting of many types of cells, and is a part of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as filters or traps for foreign particles....
 and are identified as being PSGL-1- and CXCR5+. ThF cells are found at the periphery of B cell
B cell

B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immunity . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibody against antigens, perform the role of Antigen Presenting Cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction....
 follicles and appear to mediate naïve B cell activation and germinal center formation, probably through the expression of ligand
Ligand

In chemistry, a ligand is either an atom, ion, or molecule that bonds to a central metal, generally involving formal donation of one or more of its electrons....
 for CD40 and the secretion of Th1– and Th2-like cytokine
Cytokine

Cytokines are a category of signaling molecules that, like hormones and neurotransmitters, are used extensively in cell communication. They are proteins, peptides or glycoproteins....
s. It is possible that ThF cells might arise as branches in the Th1 and Th2 differentiation pathways but their precise lineage relationship to the other effector CD4+ T cell subsets is still uncertain.

Inducible T-cell co-stimulator
CD278

Inducible T-cell co-stimulator, also known as ICOS, is a human gene.CD278 or ICOS is a CD28-superfamily costimulatory molecule that is expressed on activated T cells....
 (CD278 or ICOS) has proven to be a particularly critical signal for ThF cells, although it is not clear if that role is in induction or progressive maturation. Also Bcl-6 is a factor identified in ThF cells, but it may have roles that extend beyond this subset, because it has been implicated in memory CD8
CD8

CD8 is a transmembrane protein glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor . Like the TCR, CD8 binds to a major histocompatibility complex molecule, but is specific for the major histocompatibility complex#class I MHC protein....
+ T cell development.

Finally, it has been shown that dysregulated ThF cells can cause systemic autoimmunity and auto-antibody production or contribute to T cell–mediated organ-specific autoimmunity.