Symphurus
Encyclopedia
Symphurus is the most speciose genus
of tonguefish
, family
Cynoglossidae. They are distinguished by merged dorsal
, caudal, and anal fins, the absence of a lateral line
and pectoral fins, and the presence of only one pelvic fin. They are sinistral flatfish
es, meaning that as adult
s their craniums are asymmetrical with both eye
s on the left side. The largest species grows to 30 cm long.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of tonguefish
Tonguefish
Tonguefishes are a family, Cynoglossidae, of flatfishes. They are distinguished by the presence of a long hook on the snout overhanging the mouth, and the absence of pectoral fins...
, family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
Cynoglossidae. They are distinguished by merged dorsal
Dorsal fin
A dorsal fin is a fin located on the backs of various unrelated marine and freshwater vertebrates, including most fishes, marine mammals , and the ichthyosaurs...
, caudal, and anal fins, the absence of a lateral line
Lateral line
The lateral line is a sense organ in aquatic organisms , used to detect movement and vibration in the surrounding water. Lateral lines are usually visible as faint lines running lengthwise down each side, from the vicinity of the gill covers to the base of the tail...
and pectoral fins, and the presence of only one pelvic fin. They are sinistral flatfish
Flatfish
The flatfish are an order of ray-finned fish, also called the Heterosomata, sometimes classified as a suborder of Perciformes. In many species, both eyes lie on one side of the head, one or the other migrating through and around the head during development...
es, meaning that as adult
Adult
An adult is a human being or living organism that is of relatively mature age, typically associated with sexual maturity and the attainment of reproductive age....
s their craniums are asymmetrical with both eye
Eye
Eyes are organs that detect light and convert it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons. The simplest photoreceptors in conscious vision connect light to movement...
s on the left side. The largest species grows to 30 cm long.
Species
- Caribbean tonguefish, Symphurus arawak Robins & Randall, 1965.
- Inkspot tonguefish, Symphurus atramentatus JordanDavid Starr JordanDavid Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist, educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University.-Early life and education:...
& Bollman, 1890. - California tonguefish, Symphurus atricaudus (JordanDavid Starr JordanDavid Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist, educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University.-Early life and education:...
& Gilbert, 1880). - Symphurus australis (Rendahl, 1922).
- Symphurus bathyspilus Krabbenhoft & Munroe, 2003.
- Kriete's tonguefish, Symphurus billykrietei Munroe, 1998.
- Chocolate tonguefish, Symphurus callopterus Munroe & Mahadeva, 1989.
- Symphurus caribbeanus Munroe, 1991.
- Chabanaud's tonguefish, Symphurus chabanaudi Mahadeva & Munroe, 1990.
- Offshore tonguefish, Symphurus civitatium Ginsburg, 1951.
- Devil's tonguefish, Symphurus diabolicus Mahadeva & Munroe, 1990.
- Spottedfin tonguefish, Symphurus diomedeanus (GoodeGeorge Brown GoodeGeorge Brown Goode , was an ichthyologist, although most of his time was spent as a museum administrator and he was very interested in the history of science, especially the history of the development of science in America. Goode graduated from Wesleyan University and studied at Harvard University...
& BeanTarleton Hoffman BeanTarleton Hoffman Bean was an American ichthyologist, born at Bainbridge, Pennsylvania on 8 October 1846. He died in Albany, New York on 28 December 1916.-FAMILY AND EDUCATION :...
, 1885).
- Elongate tonguefish, Symphurus elongatus (nil).
- Banded tongue-fish, Symphurus fasciolaris Gilbert, 1892.
- Symphurus fuscus Brauer, 1906.
- Symphurus gilesii (AlcockAlfred William AlcockAlfred William Alcock was a British physician naturalist and carcinologist.Alcock was the son of a sea-captain, John Alcock in Bombay, India who retired to live in Blackheath...
, 1889). - Ginsburg's tonguefish, Symphurus ginsburgi Menezes & Benvegnú, 1976.
- Gorgonian tonguefish, Symphurus gorgonae Chabanaud, 1948.
- Symphurus hondoensis Hubbs, 1915.
- Symphurus insularis Munroe, Brito & Hernández, 2000.
- Jenyn's tonguefish, Symphurus jenynsi Evermann & Kendall, 1907.
- Symphurus kyaropterygium Menezes & Benvegnú, 1976.
- Lee's tonguefish, Symphurus leei JordanDavid Starr JordanDavid Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist, educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University.-Early life and education:...
& Bollman, 1890. - Elongate tonguesole, Symphurus ligulatus (Cocco, 1844).
- Symphurus lubbocki Munroe, 1990.
- Symphurus luzonensis Chabanaud, 1955.
- Symphurus macrophthalmus (Norman, 1926).
- Symphurus maldivensis Chabanaud, 1955.
- Margined tonguefish, Symphurus marginatus (GoodeGeorge Brown GoodeGeorge Brown Goode , was an ichthyologist, although most of his time was spent as a museum administrator and he was very interested in the history of science, especially the history of the development of science in America. Goode graduated from Wesleyan University and studied at Harvard University...
& BeanTarleton Hoffman BeanTarleton Hoffman Bean was an American ichthyologist, born at Bainbridge, Pennsylvania on 8 October 1846. He died in Albany, New York on 28 December 1916.-FAMILY AND EDUCATION :...
, 1886).
- Symphurus marmoratus (BleekerPieter BleekerPieter Bleeker was a Dutch medical doctor and ichthyologist, famous for his work on the fishes of East Asia – Atlas Ichthyologique des Orientales Neerlandaises – which was published 1862–1877....
, 1851). - Drab tonguefish, Symphurus melanurus Clark, 1936.
- Blackstripe tonguefish, Symphurus melasmatotheca Munroe & Nizinski, 1990.
- Smallfin tonguefish, Symphurus microlepis (BleekerPieter BleekerPieter Bleeker was a Dutch medical doctor and ichthyologist, famous for his work on the fishes of East Asia – Atlas Ichthyologique des Orientales Neerlandaises – which was published 1862–1877....
, 1851). - Symphurus microrhynchus (Weber, 1913).
- Largescale tonguefish, Symphurus minor Ginsburg, 1951.
- Symphurus monostigmus Munroe, 2006
- Freckled tonguefish, Symphurus nebulosus (GoodeGeorge Brown GoodeGeorge Brown Goode , was an ichthyologist, although most of his time was spent as a museum administrator and he was very interested in the history of science, especially the history of the development of science in America. Goode graduated from Wesleyan University and studied at Harvard University...
& BeanTarleton Hoffman BeanTarleton Hoffman Bean was an American ichthyologist, born at Bainbridge, Pennsylvania on 8 October 1846. He died in Albany, New York on 28 December 1916.-FAMILY AND EDUCATION :...
, 1883).
- Tonguesole, Symphurus nigrescens RafinesqueConstantine Samuel Rafinesque-SchmaltzConstantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, as he is known in Europe, was a nineteenth-century polymath who made notable contributions to botany, zoology, the study of prehistoric earthworks in North America and Mesoamerican ancient linguistics.Rafinesque was eccentric, and is often portrayed as an...
, 1810. - Norman's tonguesole, Symphurus normani Chabanaud, 1950.
- Symphurus novemfasciatus Shen & Lin, 1984.
- Double-spot tonguesole, Symphurus ocellatus (nil).
- Symphurus oculellus Munroe, 1991.
- Spotfin tonguefish, Symphurus oligomerus Mahadeva & Munroe, 1990.
- Ocellated tonguefish, Symphurus ommaspilus Böhlke, 1961.
- Symphurus orientalis (BleekerPieter BleekerPieter Bleeker was a Dutch medical doctor and ichthyologist, famous for his work on the fishes of East Asia – Atlas Ichthyologique des Orientales Neerlandaises – which was published 1862–1877....
, 1879). - Pygmy tonguefish, Symphurus parvus Ginsburg, 1951.
- Longtail tonguefish, Symphurus pelicanus Ginsburg, 1951.
- Deepwater tonguefish, Symphurus piger (nil).
- Blackcheek tonguefish, Symphurus plagiusa (LinnaeusCarolus LinnaeusCarl Linnaeus , also known after his ennoblement as , was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology...
, 1766). - Duskycheek tonguefish, Symphurus plagusia (BlochMarcus Elieser BlochMarcus Elieser Bloch was a German medical doctor and naturalist. He is generally considered one of the most important ichthyologists of the 18th century.- Life :...
& SchneiderJohann Gottlob SchneiderJohann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider was a German classicist and naturalist.-Biography:Schneider was born at Collm in Saxony...
, 1801). - Halfstriped tonguefish, Symphurus prolatinaris Munroe, Nizinski & Mahadeva, 1991.
- Northern tonguefish, Symphurus pusillus (GoodeGeorge Brown GoodeGeorge Brown Goode , was an ichthyologist, although most of his time was spent as a museum administrator and he was very interested in the history of science, especially the history of the development of science in America. Goode graduated from Wesleyan University and studied at Harvard University...
& BeanTarleton Hoffman BeanTarleton Hoffman Bean was an American ichthyologist, born at Bainbridge, Pennsylvania on 8 October 1846. He died in Albany, New York on 28 December 1916.-FAMILY AND EDUCATION :...
, 1885). - Symphurus regani Weber & de Beaufort, 1929.
- Symphurus reticulatus Munroe, 1990.
- Patchtail tonguefish, Symphurus rhytisma Böhlke, 1961.
- Symphurus schultzi Chabanaud, 1955.
- Sevenband tonguesole, Symphurus septemstriatus (AlcockAlfred William AlcockAlfred William Alcock was a British physician naturalist and carcinologist.Alcock was the son of a sea-captain, John Alcock in Bombay, India who retired to live in Blackheath...
, 1891). - Blotchfin tonguefish, Symphurus stigmosus Munroe, 1998.
- Blackbelly tonguesole, Symphurus strictus Gilbert, 1905.
- Symphurus tessellatus (QuoyJean René Constant QuoyJean René Constant Quoy was a French zoologist.Along with Joseph Paul Gaimard he served as naturalist aboard La Coquille under Louis Isidore Duperrey during its circumnavigation of the globe , and the Astrolabe under the command of Jules Dumont d'Urville...
& GaimardJoseph Paul GaimardJoseph Paul Gaimard was a French naval surgeon and naturalist.Along with Jean René Constant Quoy he served as naturalist on the ships L'Uranie under Louis de Freycinet 1817-1820, and L'Astrolabe under Jules Dumont d'Urville 1826-1829...
, 1824). - Symphurus thermophilusSymphurus thermophilusSymphurus thermophilus is a species of tonguefish, family Cynoglossidae, notable for being the only flatfish known to be an obligate inhabitant of hydrothermal vents. It is known from several widely dispersed locations in the western Pacific Ocean and occurs in great numbers...
Munroe & Hashimoto, 2008 - Trewavas' tonguefish, Symphurus trewavasae Chabanaud, 1948.
- Threeband tonguesole, Symphurus trifasciatus (AlcockAlfred William AlcockAlfred William Alcock was a British physician naturalist and carcinologist.Alcock was the son of a sea-captain, John Alcock in Bombay, India who retired to live in Blackheath...
, 1894). - Symphurus undatus Gilbert, 1905.
- Dark cheek tongue, Symphurus undecimplerus Munroe & Nizinski, 1990.
- Spottail tonguefish, Symphurus urospilus Ginsburg, 1951.
- Symphurus vanmelleae Chabanaud, 1952.
- Symphurus variegatus (Gilchrist, 1903).
- Mottled tonguefish, Symphurus varius Garman, 1899.
- William's tonguefish, Symphurus williamsi JordanDavid Starr JordanDavid Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist, educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University.-Early life and education:...
& Culver, 1895. - Symphurus woodmasoni (AlcockAlfred William AlcockAlfred William Alcock was a British physician naturalist and carcinologist.Alcock was the son of a sea-captain, John Alcock in Bombay, India who retired to live in Blackheath...
, 1889).