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Raffi (poet)
Encyclopedia
Hakob Melik Hakobian , better known by his pen name Raffi , is a renowned Armenian author born in 1835 in Payajouk, an Armenian village situated in the Salmas
province (presently in the north of Iran
, near Urmia Lake) in Persia. He died in 1888 in Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi
). Raffi is a prominent figure of Armenian literature.
His education began in the home of the village priest, Ter Todik. There, in a small room adjacent to the barn, boys of all ages and levels of learning were taught under constant fear of corporal punishment. In his novel called Kaytser [Sparks] Raffi gives a vivid description of these punishments and denounces them. At the age of 12, he was sent by his father to continue his secondary education at a boarding school in Tiflis [Tbilisi], the capital city of Georgia. Tiflis was at the time a major center of Armenian intellectual life.
Raffi was on the verge of beginning his studies at a Russian university when he had to return home to help his ailing father with the family business. This was the end of his formal education. He subsequently took teaching posts in Armenian language and history at the Armenian schools in Tabriz [Iran], Akoulis Nakhchivan and Tiflis.
Throughout his life, Raffi took many trips to the villages and provinces of Eastern and Western Armenia
. Wherever he visited, he became aware of the daily misery experienced by the unarmed Armenian population, who lived in constant terror of the Turks and Kurds. Raffi, like other Armenian intellectuals, was convinced that it was not viable to continue living thus. He would thereafter seek to deeply transform Armenian society. In order to do so, it was necessary for him to make the people themselves aware of the tragic reality in which they lived.
Raffi was a prolific writer. His works were published in the newspapers Mshak and Ardzakank. "The Fool", his most popular work, appeared first in serialized form in the pages of Mshak [Tiflis] between February 26 and June 4, 1880. It first appeared as a book the following year. "Mshak" [The Tiller] was founded as a weekly in 1872 by Grigor Artsruni. It played an important role in awakening the Armenian people from the lethargy that had overcome the majority of them since the loss of Armenian independence at the end of the 14th century. Raffi’s patriotic writings were read by virtually all Armenian youth of the time and of subsequent generations. In his novels, Raffi depicted characters of national heroes and Armenian revolutionaries. In fact, there is a well-known Armenian phrase that goes: "there are no Armenian freedom fighters (Feddayines) that have not read Raffi".
Raffi considered that teaching the population the Armenian language was a fundamental and vital measure, but he felt they were bereft of a secular literature attractive enough to help realize that goal. It was to fill that void that he set out from 1874 to 1888 to create a complete and varied body of fiction. It was through these works that generations of Armenians learned to read Armenian, became acquainted with their history, and acquired the critical standards by which they could assess their lives and society.
Raffi died in 1888 in Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi
), and his funeral attracted an unprecedented crowd. He is buried in the Pantheon of Armenians at the Khodjivank cemetery in Tbilisi
, where Hovhannes Tumanyan
, Gabriel Sundukian
, Ghazaros Aghayan
and Grigor Artsruni
are also buried.
Presently, there is a school as well as a street named after Raffi in Yerevan
, Armenia
. His works have been translated into several languages.
Salmas
Salmas is a city in and the capital of Salmas County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 79,560, in 19,806 families....
province (presently in the north of Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
, near Urmia Lake) in Persia. He died in 1888 in Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi
Tbilisi
Tbilisi is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari River. The name is derived from an early Georgian form T'pilisi and it was officially known as Tiflis until 1936...
). Raffi is a prominent figure of Armenian literature.
Biography
He came from a family of hereditary Persian gentry, his father being a wealthy farmer, merchant and the highest civil authority of the village. Thus, Raffi’s financial situation, along with his being the eldest of a large family of 13 children, eventually allowed him to benefit from a privileged education in which he was exposed to the full spectrum of classical, Russian and Western European masterpieces of literature.His education began in the home of the village priest, Ter Todik. There, in a small room adjacent to the barn, boys of all ages and levels of learning were taught under constant fear of corporal punishment. In his novel called Kaytser [Sparks] Raffi gives a vivid description of these punishments and denounces them. At the age of 12, he was sent by his father to continue his secondary education at a boarding school in Tiflis [Tbilisi], the capital city of Georgia. Tiflis was at the time a major center of Armenian intellectual life.
Raffi was on the verge of beginning his studies at a Russian university when he had to return home to help his ailing father with the family business. This was the end of his formal education. He subsequently took teaching posts in Armenian language and history at the Armenian schools in Tabriz [Iran], Akoulis Nakhchivan and Tiflis.
Throughout his life, Raffi took many trips to the villages and provinces of Eastern and Western Armenia
Armenia
Armenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia...
. Wherever he visited, he became aware of the daily misery experienced by the unarmed Armenian population, who lived in constant terror of the Turks and Kurds. Raffi, like other Armenian intellectuals, was convinced that it was not viable to continue living thus. He would thereafter seek to deeply transform Armenian society. In order to do so, it was necessary for him to make the people themselves aware of the tragic reality in which they lived.
Raffi was a prolific writer. His works were published in the newspapers Mshak and Ardzakank. "The Fool", his most popular work, appeared first in serialized form in the pages of Mshak [Tiflis] between February 26 and June 4, 1880. It first appeared as a book the following year. "Mshak" [The Tiller] was founded as a weekly in 1872 by Grigor Artsruni. It played an important role in awakening the Armenian people from the lethargy that had overcome the majority of them since the loss of Armenian independence at the end of the 14th century. Raffi’s patriotic writings were read by virtually all Armenian youth of the time and of subsequent generations. In his novels, Raffi depicted characters of national heroes and Armenian revolutionaries. In fact, there is a well-known Armenian phrase that goes: "there are no Armenian freedom fighters (Feddayines) that have not read Raffi".
Raffi considered that teaching the population the Armenian language was a fundamental and vital measure, but he felt they were bereft of a secular literature attractive enough to help realize that goal. It was to fill that void that he set out from 1874 to 1888 to create a complete and varied body of fiction. It was through these works that generations of Armenians learned to read Armenian, became acquainted with their history, and acquired the critical standards by which they could assess their lives and society.
Raffi died in 1888 in Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi
Tbilisi
Tbilisi is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari River. The name is derived from an early Georgian form T'pilisi and it was officially known as Tiflis until 1936...
), and his funeral attracted an unprecedented crowd. He is buried in the Pantheon of Armenians at the Khodjivank cemetery in Tbilisi
Tbilisi
Tbilisi is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari River. The name is derived from an early Georgian form T'pilisi and it was officially known as Tiflis until 1936...
, where Hovhannes Tumanyan
Hovhannes Tumanyan
Hovhannes Tumanyan , is considered to be one of the greatest Armenian poets and writers. His work was mostly written in tragic form, often centering on the harsh lives of villagers in the Lori region.-Biography:...
, Gabriel Sundukian
Gabriel Sundukian
Gabriel Sundukian was an outstanding Armenian writer and playwright, the founder of modern Armenian drama .-Biography:Born in Tiflis, in a wealthy Armenian family, Sundukian learned both classical and modern Armenian, French, Italian and Russian, studied at the University of Saint-Petersburg,...
, Ghazaros Aghayan
Ghazaros Aghayan
Ghazaros Aghayan was an Armenian writer, educator, folklorist, historian, linguist and public figure....
and Grigor Artsruni
Grigor Artsruni
Grigor Eremiayi Artsruni was an Armenian journalist, critic, writer and public activist, Doctor of Political Economy and Philosophy...
are also buried.
Presently, there is a school as well as a street named after Raffi in Yerevan
Yerevan
Yerevan is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's oldest continuously-inhabited cities. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and industrial center of the country...
, Armenia
Armenia
Armenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia...
. His works have been translated into several languages.