Pyrgulopsis
Encyclopedia
Pyrgulopsis is a genus
of freshwater snail
s with a gill
and an operculum
, aquatic
gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae
.
and opsis
= aspect of.
is minute, conically turreted, somewhat elongated, imperforate and unicarinate. The apex
is acute. The aperture
is ovate. The peritreme is continuous.
The operculum
is ovate, thin, corneous and spiral, with polar point well forward and approximating the columella.
The radula
is like this: Odontophore with teeth are arranged in transverse rows, according to the formula 3 + 1 + 3. Formula for denticles of rhachidian:
.
Pyrgulopsis is the largest genus of freshwater gastropods in the North America. In 2010, 133 species were recognized in this genus.
Species in the genus Pyrgulopsis include:
Eastern North American species of Pyrgulopsis are considered to be in separate genus Marstonia
according to the Thompson and Hershler (2002).
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of freshwater snail
Freshwater snail
A freshwater snail is one kind of freshwater mollusc, the other kind being freshwater clams and mussels, i.e. freshwater bivalves. Specifically a freshwater snail is a gastropod that lives in a watery non-marine habitat. The majority of freshwater gastropods have a shell, with very few exceptions....
s with a gill
Gill
A gill is a respiratory organ found in many aquatic organisms that extracts dissolved oxygen from water, afterward excreting carbon dioxide. The gills of some species such as hermit crabs have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are kept moist...
and an operculum
Operculum (gastropod)
The operculum, meaning little lid, is a corneous or calcareous anatomical structure which exists in many groups of sea snails and freshwater snails, and also in a few groups of land snails...
, aquatic
Aquatic animal
An aquatic animal is an animal, either vertebrate or invertebrate, which lives in water for most or all of its life. It may breathe air or extract its oxygen from that dissolved in water through specialised organs called gills, or directly through its skin. Natural environments and the animals that...
gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae
Hydrobiidae
Hydrobiidae, common name mud snails, is a large cosmopolitan taxonomic family of very small freshwater snails and brackish water snails that have an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha.- Distribution :...
.
Etymology
The name Pyrgulopsis is composed from PyrgulaPyrgula
Pyrgula is a genus of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.Pyrgula is the type genus of the subfamily Pyrgulinae. Pyrgula annulata is the type species of the genus Pyrgula....
and opsis
Opsis
Opsis ὄψις is the Greek word for spectacle in the theatre and performance. Its first use has been traced back to Aristotle's Poetics. It is now taken up by theatre critics, historians, and theorists to describe the mise en scène of a performance or theatrical event.-Origins:Opsis comes from the...
= aspect of.
Shell description
Generic characters of the genus Pyrgulopsis are: the shellGastropod shell
The gastropod shell is a shell which is part of the body of a gastropod or snail, one kind of mollusc. The gastropod shell is an external skeleton or exoskeleton, which serves not only for muscle attachment, but also for protection from predators and from mechanical damage...
is minute, conically turreted, somewhat elongated, imperforate and unicarinate. The apex
Apex (mollusc)
Apex is an anatomical term for the tip of the mollusc shell of a gastropod, scaphopod, or cephalopod mollusc.-Gastropods:The word "apex" is most often used to mean the tip of the spire of the shell of a gastropod...
is acute. The aperture
Aperture (mollusc)
The aperture is an opening in certain kinds of mollusc shells: it is the main opening of the shell, where part of the body of the animal emerges for locomotion, feeding, etc....
is ovate. The peritreme is continuous.
The operculum
Operculum (gastropod)
The operculum, meaning little lid, is a corneous or calcareous anatomical structure which exists in many groups of sea snails and freshwater snails, and also in a few groups of land snails...
is ovate, thin, corneous and spiral, with polar point well forward and approximating the columella.
Anatomy
The jaw is thin and membranaceous.The radula
Radula
The radula is an anatomical structure that is used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared rather inaccurately to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus...
is like this: Odontophore with teeth are arranged in transverse rows, according to the formula 3 + 1 + 3. Formula for denticles of rhachidian:
.
Distribution
Distribution of genus Pyrgulopsis include Western and South-western United States.Habitat
Snails of species in the genus Pyrgulopsis occur in fresh water and in brackish water.Species
Species in the genus Pyrgulopsis include:
- Pyrgulopsis aardahli Hershler, 1989 - Benton Valley springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis aloba Hershler, 1999 - Duckwater pyrgDuckwater pyrgThe duckwater pyrg, scientific name Pyrgulopsis aloba, is a species of very small freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae....
- Pyrgulopsis amargosae Hershler, 1989 - Amargosa springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis archimedis S. S. Berry, 1947 - archimedes pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis arizonae (Taylor, 1987) - Apache springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis avernalisPyrgulopsis avernalisThe Moapa pebblesnail, scientific name Pyrgulopsis avernalis, is a species of small freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae. It is endemic to the United States...
(Pilsbry, 1935) - Moapa pebblesnailMoapa pebblesnailThe Moapa pebblesnail also known as the Muddy Valley turban snail, scientific name Fluminicola avernalis, is a species of very small or minute freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Lithoglyphidae. This species is endemic to the United States.... - Pyrgulopsis bacchus Hershler, 1988 - Grand Wash springsnailGrand wash springsnailThe Grand Wash springsnail, scientific name Pyrgulopsis bacchus, is a species of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Hydrobiidae....
- Pyrgulopsis bedfordensis Hershler & Gustafson, 2001
- Pyrgulopsis bernardina (Taylor, 1987) - San Bernardino springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis blainica Hershler, H.-P. Liu & Gustafson, 2008
- Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis Hershler, 1990 - Bruneau hot springsnailBruneau hot springsnailThe Bruneau hot springsnail, scientific name Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis, is a species of very small freshwater snail that has a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae. This species is endemic to the United States. Its natural habitat is thermal springs...
- Pyrgulopsis bryantwalkeri Hershler, 1994 - Cortez Hills pebblesnail
- Pyrgulopsis californiensis (Gregg & Taylor, 1965) - Laguna Mountain springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis carinifera (Pilsbry, 1935)
- Pyrgulopsis castaicensisPyrgulopsis castaicensisPyrgulopsis castaicensis is a species of very small freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.- Distribution :...
Hershler & Liu, 2010 - Pyrgulopsis chupaderae (Taylor, 1987) - Chupadera springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis conica Hershler, 1988 - Kingman springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis cruciglans Hershler, 1998 - Transverse grand pyrgTransverse grand pyrgThe transverse grand pyrg is a species of gastropod in the Hydrobiidae family. It is endemic to the United States....
- Pyrgulopsis crystalis Hershler & Sada, 1987 - Crystal springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis davisi (Taylor, 1987) - Limpia Creek springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis desertaPyrgulopsis desertaPyrgulopsis deserta, common name the desert springsnail, is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.- Original description :...
(Pilsbry, 1916) - desert springsnail - Pyrgulopsis diablensis Hershler, 1995 - Diablo Range pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis eremica Hershler, 1995 - Smoke Creek pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis erythropoma (Pilsbry, 1899) - Ash Meadows pebblesnail
- Pyrgulopsis fairbanksensis Hershler & Sada, 1987 - Fairbanks springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis gibba Hershler, 1995 - Surprise Valley pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis gilae (Taylor, 1987) - Gila springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis giuliani Hershler & Pratt, 1990 - southern Sierra Nevada springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis glandulosa Hershler, 1988 - Verde Rim springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis greggi Hershler, 1995 - Kern River pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis hendersoni (Pilsbry, 1933) - Harney Lake springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis idahoensis (Pilsbry, 1933) - Idaho springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis ignota Hershler, Liu & Lang, 2010
- Pyrgulopsis intermedia (Tryon, 1865) - Crooked Creek springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis isolata Hershler & Sada, 1987 - elongate-gland springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis kolobensis (Taylor, 1987) - Toquerville springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis longae Hershler, 1995 - Long Valley pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis longinqua (Gould, 1855)
- Pyrgulopsis merriami (Pilsbry & Beecher, 1892) - Pahranagat pebblesnail
- Pyrgulopsis metcalfi (Taylor, 1987) - Naegele springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis micrococcus (Pilsbry, 1893) - Oasis Valley springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis milleriPyrgulopsis milleriPyrgulopsis milleri is a species of very small freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.- Distribution :...
Hershler & Liu, 2010 - Pyrgulopsis montezumensis Hershler, 1988 - Montezuma Well springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis morrisoni Hershler, 1988 - Page springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis nanus Hershler & Sada, 1987 - distal-gland springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis neomexicana (Pilsbry, 1916) - Socorro springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis nevadensis (Stearns, 1883) - corded pyrg - type species
- Pyrgulopsis owensensis Hershler, 1989 - Owens Valley springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis pecosensis (Taylor, 1987) - Pecos springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis perturbata Hershler, 1989 - Fish Slough springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis pilsbryana (J. L. Baily & R. I. Baily, 1952) - Bear Lake springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis pisteri Hershler & Sada, 1987 - median-gland springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis robusta (Walker, 1908) - Jackson Lake springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis roswellensis (Taylor, 1987) - Roswell springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis simplex Hershler, 1988 - Fossil springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis sola Hershler, 1988 - brown springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis stearnsiana (Pilsbry, 1899) - Yaqui springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis taylori Hershler, 1995 - San Luis Obispo pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis texana (Pilsbry, 1935) - Phantom cave snailPhantom cave snailThe phantom cave snail or phantom cavesnail is a species of very small freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod in the family Hydrobiidae.- Distribution :...
- Pyrgulopsis thermalis (Taylor, 1987) - New Mexico hot springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis thompsoni Hershler, 1988 - Huachuca springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis trivialis (Taylor, 1987) - Black River springsnail
- Pyrgulopsis ventricosa Hershler, 1995 - Clear Lake pyrg
- Pyrgulopsis wongi Hershler, 1989
Eastern North American species of Pyrgulopsis are considered to be in separate genus Marstonia
Marstonia
Marstonia is a genus of freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae.-Distribution :Species in the genus Marstonia are distributed in springs, streams and lakes in eastern North America...
according to the Thompson and Hershler (2002).
- Pyrgulopsis agarhecta (F. G. Thompson, 1969) - Ocmulgee marstoniaOcmulgee marstoniaMarstonia agarhecta, common name Ocmulgee marstonia, is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae....
- Marstonia agarhecta F.G. Thompson, 1969 - Pyrgulopsis arga (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - ghost marstonia - Marstonia arga - F.G. Thompson, 1977
- Pyrgulopsis castor (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - beaverpond marstonia - Marstonia castor F.G. Thompson, 1977
- Pyrgulopsis halcyon (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - halcyon marstonia - Marstonia halcyon F.G. Thompson, 1977
- Pyrgulopsis hershleri F. G. Thompson, 1995 - Coosa pyrg - Marstonia hershleri (F.G. Thompson, 1995)
- Pyrgulopsis letsoni (Walker, 1901) - gravel pyrg - Marstonia letsoni (Walker, 1901)
- Pyrgulopsis lustrica (Pilsbry, 1890) - boreal marstonia - Marstonia lustrica (Pilsbry, 1890)
- Pyrgulopsis ogmoraphe (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - royal springsnail - Marstonia ogmorhaphe (F.G. Thompson, 1977)
- Pyrgulopsis olivacea (Pilsbry, 1895) - olive marstonia - Marstonia olivacea (Pilsbry, 1895)
- Pyrgulopsis ozarkensis Hinkley, 1915 - Ozark pyrg - Marstonia ozarkensis (Hinkley, 1915)
- Pyrgulopsis pachyta (F. G. Thompson, 1977) - armored marstonia - Marstonia pachyta F.G. Thompson, 1977
- Pyrgulopsis scalariformis (Wolf, 1869) - moss pyrg - Marstonia scalariformisMarstonia scalariformisMarstonia scalariformis, previously known as Pyrgulopsis scalariformis, common name the moss pyrg, is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.- Shell description :...
(Wolf, 1869)
Further reading
- Hershler R. (1998). "A systematic review of the hydrobiid snails (Gastropoda: Rissoidea) of the Great Basin, western United States. Part I. Genus Pyrgulopsis". The Veliger 41(1): 1-132.
- Hershler R. & Thompson F. G. (1987). "North American Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda: Rissoacea): redescription and the systematic relationships of TryoniaTryoniaTryonia is a genus of mostly minute freshwater snails with an operculum. These are aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Cochliopidae.This genus has been traditionally placed within family Hydrobiidae.-Species:...
Stimpson, 1865 and Pyrgulopsis Call and Pilsbry, 1886". The NautilusThe Nautilus (journal)The Nautilus is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in malacology. Hence its scope includes all aspects of the biology, ecology, and systematics of mollusks....
101(1): 25-32. - Thompson F. G. & Hershler R. (2002). "Two genera of North American freshwater snails: MarstoniaMarstoniaMarstonia is a genus of freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrobiidae.-Distribution :Species in the genus Marstonia are distributed in springs, streams and lakes in eastern North America...
Baker, 1926, resurrected to generic status, and Floridobia, new genus (Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae: Nymphophilinae)". The Veliger 45(3): 269-271.
External links
- Roden T. D. (last change 25 May 2001). AQUATIC SNAIL (possibly Pyrgulopsis).