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Psittirostrini is one of three
tribesIn biology, a tribe — or infrafamily — is a taxonomic rank between family and genus. It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes.-See also:* Rank * Rank *International Code of Botanical Nomenclature...
belonging to the
Hawaiian honeycreeperHawaiian honeycreepers are small passerine birds endemic to Hawaii. Some authorities still categorize this group as a family Drepanididae, but in recent years most authorities consider them a subfamily, Drepanidinae, of Fringillidae, the finch family...
subfamilyIn biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus...
, Drepanidinae. It is made up of the thick-billed birds, colloquially known as the Hawaiian finches, that once inhabited all of the
Hawaiian IslandsThe Hawaiian Islands are an archipelago of 19 islands and atolls, numerous smaller islets, and undersea seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some 1,500 miles from the island of Hawaii in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll. Excluding Midway, which is an unincorporated territory of the...
. These birds are
granivorousSeed predation, often referred to as granivory, is a type of plant-animal interaction in which granivores feed on the seeds of plants as a main or exclusive food source , in many cases leaving the seeds damaged and not viable...
and have songs like those of
carduelineThe genus Carduelisis a large group of birds in the finch family Fringillidae. It includes the greenfinches, redpolls, goldfinches, linnets, the twite, and the non-African siskins...
finches. Extant species include the
Laysan FinchThe Laysan Finch is a species of finch in the Hawaiian honeycreeper subfamily, Drepanididae, that is endemic to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. It is one of four remaining finch-billed Hawaiian honeycreepers, and is closely related to the smaller Nihoa Finch. The Laysan Finch is named for...
, the
Nihoa FinchThe Nihoa Finch is one of the two endemic bird species of the tiny Hawaiian island Nihoa, the other being the Nihoa Millerbird. When it was classified in 1917, scientists thought that it would be the last endemic species named. This was later found untrue. The island's population is 1000-3000 birds...
, the
Maui ParrotbillThe Maui Parrotbill is a species of finch in the Hawaiian honeycreeper subfamily, Drepanidinae, that is endemic to Maui in Hawaii. It can only be found in of mesic and wet forests at on the windward slopes of Haleakalā. The total population of this bird is estimated at 500, making it critically...
, and the
PalilaThe Palila is an endangered finch-billed species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. It has a golden-yellow head and breast, with a light belly, gray back, and greenish wings and tail...
, which may possibly the last remaining species left alive in this group. Extinct species include the the four Koa Finches, the [[ʻŌʻū]], and the Lānai Hookbill.
Genera and species
-
- Genus Chloridops
Chloridops is an extinct genus of birds. It comprised three species: two on the Big Island of Hawaii and one that inhabited Kauai, Oahu and Maui. The genus includes the following three species:*Kona Grosbeak - extinct...
WilsonScott Barchard Wilson was a British ornithologist and explorer.In 1887, Wilson was sent by his professor Alfred Newton to study and collect birds in Hawaii. On his return he wrote Aves Hawaiienses with Arthur Humble Evans, illustrated by Frederick William Frohawk.-References:* Fuller, Errol :...
, 1888 - thick-billed, Myoporum sandwicenseMyoporum sandwicense is a species of flowering tree in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae. Common names include Naio, bastard sandalwood or false sandalwood. It is native to Hawaii and Mangaia in the Cook Islands.-Description:...
and other hard seed specialist
Chloridops kona WilsonScott Barchard Wilson was a British ornithologist and explorer.In 1887, Wilson was sent by his professor Alfred Newton to study and collect birds in Hawaii. On his return he wrote Aves Hawaiienses with Arthur Humble Evans, illustrated by Frederick William Frohawk.-References:* Fuller, Errol :...
, 1888 - Kona GrosbeakThe Kona Grosbeak is an extinct species of finch in the Hawaiian honeycreeper subfamily, Drepanidinae. The Kona Grosbeak was endemic to naio forests on ʻaʻā lava flows at elevations of near the Kona District on the island of Hawaii...
(extinctThe Holocene extinction is the widespread, ongoing extinction or mass extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch. The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods; a sizeable fraction of these...
, 1894)
- Chloridops regiskongi - Giant ("King Kong") Grosbeak
The King Kong Grosbeak is a prehistoric species of finch in the Hawaiian honeycreeper subfamily, Drepanididae, that was endemic to Hawaii. It had the largest beak of the three Chloridops species known to have existed. The King Kong Grosbeak was described from fossils found at Barber's Point and...
(prehistoricPrehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists...
)
- Chloridops wahi - Wahi Grosbeak (prehistoric
Prehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists...
)
- Genus Dysmorodrepanis Perkins
Robert Cyril Layton Perkins FRS was a distinguished British entomologist, noted for his work on the fauna of the islands of Hawaii and on Hymenoptera.-Life:...
, 1919 - pincer-like bill, possibly snail specialist
- Dysmorodrepanis munroi Perkins
Robert Cyril Layton Perkins FRS was a distinguished British entomologist, noted for his work on the fauna of the islands of Hawaii and on Hymenoptera.-Life:...
, 1919 - Lānai Hookbill (extinctThe Holocene extinction is the widespread, ongoing extinction or mass extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch. The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods; a sizeable fraction of these...
, 1918)
- Genus Loxioides
Loxioides is a genus of finches in the Hawaiian honeycreeper subfamily, Drepanidinae. It contains the following species:* Loxioides bailleui
Oustalet, 1877 - Palila...
OustaletJean-Frédéric Émile Oustalet was a French zoologist.Oustalet was born at Montbéliard, in the department of Doubs. He studied at the Ecole des Hautes-Etudes and his first scientific work was on the respiratory organs of dragonfly larvae...
, 1877 - finch-like, FabalesFabales is an order of flowering plants. It is included in the rosid group of the eudicots in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II classification system...
seed specialists
Loxioides bailleui OustaletJean-Frédéric Émile Oustalet was a French zoologist.Oustalet was born at Montbéliard, in the department of Doubs. He studied at the Ecole des Hautes-Etudes and his first scientific work was on the respiratory organs of dragonfly larvae...
, 1877 - PalilaThe Palila is an endangered finch-billed species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. It has a golden-yellow head and breast, with a light belly, gray back, and greenish wings and tail...
- Loxioides kikuichi Olson & James, 2006 - Kauai Palila
The Kauai Palila was a species of Hawaiian finch that was much larger than the Palila . It was probably covered in feathers of red, gold, white, and black.- Extinction :...
(prehistoricPrehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists...
, possibly survived to the early 18th century)
Genus Orthiospiza - large weak bill, possibly soft seed or fruit specialist?
- Orthiospiza howarthi James & Olson
Storrs Lovejoy Olson is an American biologist and ornithologist from the Smithsonian Institution. He is one of the world's foremost Avian paleontologists...
, 1991- Highland FinchThe Highland Finch is an extinct member of the Fringillidae. It has traditionally been considered a member of the sub-family Drepanidinae, but this has been questioned recently with some preferring Incertae sedis instead. It is the only member of the genus Orthiospiza. It was endemic to the...
(prehistoricPrehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists...
)
Genus Pseudonestor - parrotParrots, also known as psittacines , are birds of the roughly 372 species in 86 genera that make up the order Psittaciformes, found in most warm and tropical regions. The order is subdivded in three families: the Psittacidae , the Cacatuidae and the Nestoridae...
-like bill, probes decomposingDecomposition is the process by which tissues of a dead organism break down into simpler forms of matter. The process is essential for new growth and development of living organisms because it recycles the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biome. Bodies of living organisms begin to...
wood for insect larvae
Pseudonestor xanthophrys RothschildLionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild , a scion of the Rothschild family, was a British banker, politician, and zoologist.-Biography:...
, 1893 - Maui ParrotbillThe Maui Parrotbill is a species of finch in the Hawaiian honeycreeper subfamily, Drepanidinae, that is endemic to Maui in Hawaii. It can only be found in of mesic and wet forests at on the windward slopes of Haleakalā. The total population of this bird is estimated at 500, making it critically...
(thought to be extinct, rediscovered in 1945)
Genus Psittirostra - slightly hooked bill, Freycinetia arboreaThe Ieie is a densely branched, brittle, woody climber in the screwpalm family, Pandanaceae that is endemic to the Pacific Islands. Ieie is found in moist forest on the Hawaiian, Marquesas, Austral, Society, and Cook Islands. It grows into the forest canopy, attaching itself to a host tree using...
fruit specialist
- Psittirostra psittacea Gmelin
Johann Friedrich Gmelin was a German naturalist, botanist and entomologist.- Education :Johann Friedrich Gmelin was born as the eldest son of Philipp Friedrich Gmelin in 1748 in Tübingen...
, 1789 - [[ʻŌʻū|Ōū]] (probably extinctThe Holocene extinction is the widespread, ongoing extinction or mass extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch. The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods; a sizeable fraction of these...
, 1998?)
Genus RhodacanthisRhodacanthis is an extinct genus of finches in the Hawaiian honeycreeper subfamily, Drepanidinae. All four species were endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Members of this genus were granivores, with bills adapted to the seeds and seed pods of legumes. The two species that became extinct in the...
- large-billed legumeIn botanical writing legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae , or a fruit of these specific plants. A'legume' fruit is a simple dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces on two sides. A common name for this type of fruit is a pod, although "pod" is also applied to a few...
specialists
Rhodacanthis flaviceps Rothschild, 1892 - Lesser Koa-finch (extinctThe Holocene extinction is the widespread, ongoing extinction or mass extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch. The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods; a sizeable fraction of these...
, 1891)
Rhodacanthis forfex James & OlsonStorrs Lovejoy Olson is an American biologist and ornithologist from the Smithsonian Institution. He is one of the world's foremost Avian paleontologists...
, 2005 - Scissor-billed Koa-finchThe Scissor-billed Koa-finch, or Scissor Finch is an extinct species of finch in the Hawaiian honeycreeper subfamily, Drepanididae. Of the four species in the genus Rhodacanthis, the Scissor-billed Koa Finch and the Primitive Koa-finch became extinct before the arrival of the first Europeans to...
(prehistoricPrehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists...
)
Rhodacanthis litotes James & OlsonStorrs Lovejoy Olson is an American biologist and ornithologist from the Smithsonian Institution. He is one of the world's foremost Avian paleontologists...
, 2005 - Primitive Koa-finchThe Primitive Koa-finch is a species of finch in the Hawaiian honeycreeper subfamily, Drepanididae. It was endemic to Hawaii. Of the four species in the genus Telespiza, it and the Scissor-billed Koa-finch became extinct before the arrival of the first Europeans to Hawaii in 1778...
(prehistoricPrehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists...
)
Rhodacanthis palmeri Rothschild, 1892 - Greater Koa-finch (extinctThe Holocene extinction is the widespread, ongoing extinction or mass extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch. The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods; a sizeable fraction of these...
, 1896)
Genus TelespizaTelespiza is a genus of finches in the Hawaiian honeycreeper subfamily, Drepanididae. All species in it are or were endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.-Species:* Telespiza cantans
Wilson, 1890 - Laysan Finch...
WilsonScott Barchard Wilson was a British ornithologist and explorer.In 1887, Wilson was sent by his professor Alfred Newton to study and collect birds in Hawaii. On his return he wrote Aves Hawaiienses with Arthur Humble Evans, illustrated by Frederick William Frohawk.-References:* Fuller, Errol :...
, 1890 - finch-like, granivores, opportunistic scavengerScavenging, or necrophagy, is a carnivorous feeding behaviour in which a predator consumes corpses or carrion that were not killed to be eaten by the predator or others of its species. Scavengers play an important role in the ecosystem by contributing to the decomposition of dead animal remains...
s
- Telespiza cantans Wilson
Scott Barchard Wilson was a British ornithologist and explorer.In 1887, Wilson was sent by his professor Alfred Newton to study and collect birds in Hawaii. On his return he wrote Aves Hawaiienses with Arthur Humble Evans, illustrated by Frederick William Frohawk.-References:* Fuller, Errol :...
, 1890 - Laysan FinchThe Laysan Finch is a species of finch in the Hawaiian honeycreeper subfamily, Drepanididae, that is endemic to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. It is one of four remaining finch-billed Hawaiian honeycreepers, and is closely related to the smaller Nihoa Finch. The Laysan Finch is named for...
- Telespiza persecutrix James & Olson
Storrs Lovejoy Olson is an American biologist and ornithologist from the Smithsonian Institution. He is one of the world's foremost Avian paleontologists...
, 1991 - Kauai Finch (prehistoricPrehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists...
)
- Telespiza ultima Bryan, 1917 - Nihoa Finch
The Nihoa Finch is one of the two endemic bird species of the tiny Hawaiian island Nihoa, the other being the Nihoa Millerbird. When it was classified in 1917, scientists thought that it would be the last endemic species named. This was later found untrue. The island's population is 1000-3000 birds...
- Telespiza ypsilon James & Olson
Storrs Lovejoy Olson is an American biologist and ornithologist from the Smithsonian Institution. He is one of the world's foremost Avian paleontologists...
, 1991 - Maui Nui FinchThe Maui Nui Finch is an extinct member of the genus Telespiza in the family Fringillidae. It was endemic to the Hawaiian islands of Molokai and Maui. It is only known from fossil remains and likely became extinct before the first Europeans visited Hawaii in 1778.-Extinction:Due to its early...
(prehistoricPrehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists...
)
Genus XestospizaXestospiza is a genus containing two species of birds with cone-shaped bills that were described on the basis of fossils. They were possibly insectivores. It consists of the following:* Cone-billed Finch - prehistoric...
James & OslonStorrs Lovejoy Olson is an American biologist and ornithologist from the Smithsonian Institution. He is one of the world's foremost Avian paleontologists...
, 1991 - cone-shaped bills, possibly insectivores
Xestospiza conica James & Olson, 1991 - Cone-billed Finch (prehistoricPrehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists...
)
Xestospiza fastigialis James & Olson, 1991 - Ridge-billed Finch (prehistoricPrehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history, or more precisely, before they could be studied alive by bird scientists...
)