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Protein isoform

 

 
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Protein isoform
 
 
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A protein isoform is any of several different forms of the same protein
Protein

Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid Residue ....
 formed because of single nucleotide polymorphism
Single nucleotide polymorphism

A single-nucleotide polymorphism is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide — adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine — in the genome differs between members of a species ....
s. Different forms of a protein may be produced from related genes
Gênes

G?nes is the name of a d?partement in France of the First French Empire in present Italy. It was named after the city Genoa. It was formed in 1805, when Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the Republic of Genoa....
, or may arise from the same gene by alternative splicing
Alternative splicing

Alternative splicing is the RNA splicing variation mechanism in which the exons of the primary gene transcript, the pre-mRNA, are separated and reconnected so as to produce alternative ribonucleotide arrangements....
. A large number of isoforms are caused by single nucleotide polymorphisms, small genetic differences between alleles of the same gene.

The discovery of isoforms explains the apparently small number of coding genes
Gênes

G?nes is the name of a d?partement in France of the First French Empire in present Italy. It was named after the city Genoa. It was formed in 1805, when Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the Republic of Genoa....
 revealed in the human genome project
Human Genome Project

The Human Genome Project was an international scientific research project with a primary goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint...
: the ability to create categorically different proteins from the same gene increases the diversity of the proteome
Proteome

The proteome is the entire complement of proteins expressed by a genome, cell, tissue or organism. More specifically, it is the set expressed proteins at a given time under defined conditions....
.






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A protein isoform is any of several different forms of the same protein
Protein

Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid Residue ....
 formed because of single nucleotide polymorphism
Single nucleotide polymorphism

A single-nucleotide polymorphism is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide — adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine — in the genome differs between members of a species ....
s. Different forms of a protein may be produced from related genes
Gênes

G?nes is the name of a d?partement in France of the First French Empire in present Italy. It was named after the city Genoa. It was formed in 1805, when Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the Republic of Genoa....
, or may arise from the same gene by alternative splicing
Alternative splicing

Alternative splicing is the RNA splicing variation mechanism in which the exons of the primary gene transcript, the pre-mRNA, are separated and reconnected so as to produce alternative ribonucleotide arrangements....
. A large number of isoforms are caused by single nucleotide polymorphisms, small genetic differences between alleles of the same gene.

The discovery of isoforms explains the apparently small number of coding genes
Gênes

G?nes is the name of a d?partement in France of the First French Empire in present Italy. It was named after the city Genoa. It was formed in 1805, when Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the Republic of Genoa....
 revealed in the human genome project
Human Genome Project

The Human Genome Project was an international scientific research project with a primary goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint...
: the ability to create categorically different proteins from the same gene increases the diversity of the proteome
Proteome

The proteome is the entire complement of proteins expressed by a genome, cell, tissue or organism. More specifically, it is the set expressed proteins at a given time under defined conditions....
. Isoforms are readily described and discovered by microarray
Microarray

Different kinds of biological assays are called microarrays:*DNA microarrays, such as cDNA microarrays and oligonucleotide microarrays*MMChips, for surveillance of microRNA populations...
 studies and cDNA libraries.

Glycoforms

A glycoform is an isoform of a protein that differs only in respect to the attached glycan. Glycoproteins often consist of a number of different glycoforms, with alterations in the attached saccharide or oligosaccharide
Oligosaccharide

An oligosaccharide is a saccharide polymer containing a small number of component sugars, also known as simple sugars. The name derived from the Greek oligos, meaning "a few"....
. These modifications may be a result of differences in biosynthesis
Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis is a phenomenon wherein chemical compounds are produced from simpler reagents. Biosynthesis, unlike chemosynthesis, takes place within living organisms and is generally catalyst by enzymes....
 during the process of glycosylation
Glycosylation

Glycosylation is the enzymatic process that links saccharides to produce glycans, either free or attached to proteins and lipids. This enzymatic process produces one of four fundamental components of all cells and also provides a co-translational and post-translational modification mechanism that modulates the structure and function of membr...
, or due to the action of glycosidases or glycosyltransferases.

Examples

  • Creatine kinase
    Creatine kinase

    Creatine kinase , also known as creatine phosphokinase or phosphocreatine kinase, is an enzyme expressed by various tissue types....
    , the presence of which in the blood can be used as an aid in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, exists in 3 isoforms.
  • Hyaluronan synthase
    Hyaluronan synthase

    Hyaluronan synthases are membrane-bound enzymes which use UDP-a-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and UDP-a-D-glucuronate as substrates to produce the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan at the cell surface and extrude it through the membrane into the extracellular space....
    , the enzyme responsible for the production of hyaluronan, has three isoforms in mammalian cells.
  • UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme superfamily responsible for the detoxification pathway of many drugs, environmental pollutants, and toxic endogenous compounds has 16 known isoforms in the human genome.


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