Portable oxygen concentrator
Encyclopedia
Portable oxygen concentrator (or POC) is a portable device used to provide oxygen therapy to a patient at substantially higher concentrations than the levels of ambient air. It is very similar to a home oxygen concentrator
, but it smaller in size and more mobile. The portable oxygen concentrator makes it easy for patients to travel freely; they are small enough to fit in a car and most of the major concentrators are now FAA
-approved.
. They have the ability to operate from the battery power as well for either ambulatory use, or away from a power source, or on an airplane.
Most of the portable oxygen concentrator systems available today provide oxygen on a pulse (on-demand) delivery in order to maximise the purity of the oxygen.
Most on-demand portable oxygen concentrators work on settings which are very much equivalent to a specific LPM (Litre per minute). To determine this, the machine works on a bolus system. The bolus size is measured in millilitres and is the "shot" of oxygen released upon inhalation. The size of the bolus on each setting is worked out based on the amount of oxygen inhaled if the patient was on continuous flow oxygen. Since oxygen isn't required when we exhale, oxygen is normally wasted; hence the reason behind this type of technology.
Technology has progressed in a way so that boluses can be made variable based on the patients breathing rate. This is particularly useful for using an on-demand machine whilst sleeping. Naturally the breathing rate slows whilst sleeping. A machine with a variable bolus detects a slower breathing rate; adjusting the bolus size so that its a longer shot of oxygen upon inhalation, but still maintaining the patients prescription of x amount of litres per minute.
It is not usually recommended that an on-demand device be used during sleep, however clinical studies have found that some on-demand portable oxygen concentrators are just as effective as a continuous flow oxygen concentrator. On-demand devices are not suitable for sleep for patients with the sleeping disorder sleep apnea
.
transport, and a battery-packaging standard necessary for the safe carriage of extra POC batteries in carry-on baggage. This rulemaking action was deemed necessary to address the traveling needs of people on oxygen therapy
.
Despite the FAA approval for portable oxygen concentrator use, some airlines have policies preventing them from being carried on. Current airlines allowing use of the equipment are:
Oxygen concentrator
An oxygen concentrator is a device providing oxygen therapy to a patient at minimally to substantially higher concentrations than available in ambient air. They are used as a safer, less expensive, and more convenient alternative to tanks of compressed oxygen. Common models retail at around US$800...
, but it smaller in size and more mobile. The portable oxygen concentrator makes it easy for patients to travel freely; they are small enough to fit in a car and most of the major concentrators are now FAA
Federal Aviation Administration
The Federal Aviation Administration is the national aviation authority of the United States. An agency of the United States Department of Transportation, it has authority to regulate and oversee all aspects of civil aviation in the U.S...
-approved.
Development
Portable oxygen concentrators have been around for decades; but the older versions were bulky, not reliable, and were not permitted on airplanes. Since 2000, a number of manufactures have improved their reliability and they now produce anywhere between 1 and 6 liters per minute (LPM) of oxygen. There are versions that provide pulse or continuous flow. The portable concentrators plug directly into a regular house outlet for charging at home or hotel; but they came with a power adapter that can usually be plugged into a vehicle DC adapterCigar lighter receptacle
The cigarette lighter receptacle in an automobile, initially designed to power an electrically heated lighter, became a de-facto standard DC connector to supply electrical power for portable accessories used in or near an automobile...
. They have the ability to operate from the battery power as well for either ambulatory use, or away from a power source, or on an airplane.
How does it work?
The technology behind a Portable Oxygen Concentrator is based on the same principle as a home domestic concentrator. Air at barometric pressure contains 21% oxygen combined with nitrogen and a mixture of other gases. A miniaturised compressor inside the machine will pressurise this air through a system of chemical filters known as a molecular sieve. This chemical filter is made up of silicate granules called Zeolite. The Zeolite will sieve the nitrogen out of the air, concentrating the oxygen. Part of the produced oxygen is delivered to the patient; part is fed back into the sieves to clear the system of the accumulated nitrogen, making it ready for the next cycle. Through this process, the system is capable of producing medical grade oxygen of up to 96% consistently. The latest models can be powered from mains electricity supply, 12v DC (Car/Boat etc.), and battery packs making the patient free from relying on using cylinders & other current solutions that put a restriction on time, weight, and size.Most of the portable oxygen concentrator systems available today provide oxygen on a pulse (on-demand) delivery in order to maximise the purity of the oxygen.
The difference between on-demand & continuous flow
Most portable oxygen concentrators are built from the size of a binocular case and weigh less than a couple of bags of sugar. The reason for this is because of the on-demand system. It allows the concentrator to be built with smaller components than that of a domestic concentrator. Because the patient only inhales oxygen when they breathe in, when exhaling oxygen is wasted. Therefore what manufacturers decided to do is build a machine that works on your breathing... only providing oxygen when necessary, keeping wasted oxygen to a minimum.Most on-demand portable oxygen concentrators work on settings which are very much equivalent to a specific LPM (Litre per minute). To determine this, the machine works on a bolus system. The bolus size is measured in millilitres and is the "shot" of oxygen released upon inhalation. The size of the bolus on each setting is worked out based on the amount of oxygen inhaled if the patient was on continuous flow oxygen. Since oxygen isn't required when we exhale, oxygen is normally wasted; hence the reason behind this type of technology.
Technology has progressed in a way so that boluses can be made variable based on the patients breathing rate. This is particularly useful for using an on-demand machine whilst sleeping. Naturally the breathing rate slows whilst sleeping. A machine with a variable bolus detects a slower breathing rate; adjusting the bolus size so that its a longer shot of oxygen upon inhalation, but still maintaining the patients prescription of x amount of litres per minute.
It is not usually recommended that an on-demand device be used during sleep, however clinical studies have found that some on-demand portable oxygen concentrators are just as effective as a continuous flow oxygen concentrator. On-demand devices are not suitable for sleep for patients with the sleeping disorder sleep apnea
Sleep apnea
Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by abnormal pauses in breathing or instances of abnormally low breathing, during sleep. Each pause in breathing, called an apnea, can last from a few seconds to minutes, and may occur 5 to 30 times or more an hour. Similarly, each abnormally low...
.
FAA approval
On July 12, 2005 the American FAA approved the use of portable oxygen concentrator for use on commercial airlines. This Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR) will permit passengers to use certain portable oxygen concentrator devices on aircraft, provided certain conditions in this SFAR are satisfied. The SFAR includes a POC preparation requirement for carry-on baggageHand luggage
Hand luggage or cabin baggage is the type of luggage that passengers are allowed to carry along in the passenger compartment of a vehicle instead of moving to the cargo compartment...
transport, and a battery-packaging standard necessary for the safe carriage of extra POC batteries in carry-on baggage. This rulemaking action was deemed necessary to address the traveling needs of people on oxygen therapy
Oxygen therapy
Oxygen therapy is the administration of oxygen as a medical intervention, which can be for a variety of purposes in both chronic and acute patient care...
.
Despite the FAA approval for portable oxygen concentrator use, some airlines have policies preventing them from being carried on. Current airlines allowing use of the equipment are:
| AirTran Airways | Frontier |
| Alaska Airlines | Horizon |
| Allegiant Air | Jet Blue |
| American Airlines | Mesaba Airlines |
| American Eagle | Midwest |
| American West | Midwest Connect |
| ASA Atlantic Southeast | Northwest Airlines |
| Chautauqua Airlines | Pinnacle Airlines |
| Colgan Airlines | Porter |
| Comair | Qantas |
| Commut Air | Singapore Air |
| Continental | Southwest |
| Continental Express | Sun Countr |
| Delta | United Airlines |
| Freedom Airline | US Air |