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Passerida is under the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy
Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy

The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy is a radical bird taxonomy proposed by Charles Sibley and Jon Edward Ahlquist. It is based on DNA-DNA hybridization studies conducted in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s....
, one of two "parvorders" contained within the suborder Passeri (Standard taxonomic practice would place them at the rank of infraorder). While more recent research suggests that its sister parvorder, Corvida
Corvida

The "Corvida" were one of two "parvorders" contained within the suborder Passeri, as proposed in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy. Standard taxonomic practice would place them at the rank of infraorder....
, is not a monophyletic grouping, the existence of Passerida as a distinct clade
Clade

A clade is a term used in modern alpha taxonomy, the scientific classification of living and fossil organisms, to describe a monophyletic group, defined as a group consisting of a single common ancestor and all its descendants.The term "monophyletic group" is used in this article in the conventional sense of "an a...
 is well accepted.

Passerida quite certainly consist of the 3 major subclades outlined by Sibley & Ahlquist (1990).






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Passerida is under the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy
Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy

The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy is a radical bird taxonomy proposed by Charles Sibley and Jon Edward Ahlquist. It is based on DNA-DNA hybridization studies conducted in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s....
, one of two "parvorders" contained within the suborder Passeri (Standard taxonomic practice would place them at the rank of infraorder). While more recent research suggests that its sister parvorder, Corvida
Corvida

The "Corvida" were one of two "parvorders" contained within the suborder Passeri, as proposed in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy. Standard taxonomic practice would place them at the rank of infraorder....
, is not a monophyletic grouping, the existence of Passerida as a distinct clade
Clade

A clade is a term used in modern alpha taxonomy, the scientific classification of living and fossil organisms, to describe a monophyletic group, defined as a group consisting of a single common ancestor and all its descendants.The term "monophyletic group" is used in this article in the conventional sense of "an a...
 is well accepted.

Systematics and phylogeny

The Passerida quite certainly consist of the 3 major subclades outlined by Sibley & Ahlquist (1990). However, their content has been much revised. In addition, it has turned out that not all passeridan lineages neatly fit into this arrangement. The kinglet
Kinglet

The kinglets or crests are a small group of birds sometimes included in the Old World warblers, but are frequently given family status because they also resemble the titmouse....
s are so distinct that they might actually form a separate infraorder, as they are only slightly less basal than the Corvoidea or the Picathartidae. See Jønsson & Fjeldså (2006) for details on phylogeny.

Superfamily Sylvioidea

Mostly insectivores, distribution centered on the Indo-Pacific
Indo-Pacific

The Indo-Pacific is a biogeography region of the earth's seas, comprising the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean, the western and central Pacific Ocean, and the seas connecting the two in the general area of Indonesia....
 region. Few occur in the Americas.
  • Alaudidae: larks
  • Hirundinidae: swallows and martins
  • Phylloscopidae
    Phylloscopidae

    Phylloscopidae is a newly described family of small insectivorous birds formerly placed in the Old World warbler family . Its members occur in Eurasia, ranging into Wallacea and Africa ....
    : leaf-warblers and allies. Recently split from Sylviidae.
  • Aegithalidae: long-tailed tits
  • Cettiidae
    Cettiidae

    Cettiidae is a newly validated family of small insectivorous songbirds , formerly placed in the Old World warbler "wastebin taxon" assemblage. It contains the typical bush-warblers and their relatives....
    : ground-warblers and allies. Recently split from Sylviidae.
  • Megaluridae
    Megaluridae

    Megaluridae is a newly recognized family of small insectivorous songbirds , formerly placed in the Old World warbler "wastebin taxon" family . It contains the grass-warblers, grassbirds, and the Bradypterus "bush-warblers"....
    : grass-warblers and allies. Recently split from Sylviidae.
  • "Bernieridae": Malagasy warbler
    Malagasy warbler

    The Malagasy warblers are a newly validated clade of songbirds. They have not been formally named, although the name "Bernieriidae" has been informally used ; accordingly, it must not be used without quotation marks or in any other way implying that it is a valid zoological nomenclature....
    s. A newly assembled family.
  • Acrocephalidae
    Acrocephalidae

    Acrocephalidae is a family of oscine passerine birds, in the superfamily Sylvioidea.The species in this family are usually rather large "warblers"....
    : marsh- and tree-warblers. Recently split from Sylviidae.
  • Pycnonotidae: bulbuls
  • Cisticolidae
    Cisticolidae

    The Cisticolidae family of small passerine birds is a group of about 110 warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are often included within the Old World warbler family Sylviidae....
    : cisticolas and allies
  • Sylviidae: "true/sylviid warblers" and parrotbills. Might be merged into Timaliidae. Monophyly needs confirmation.
  • Zosteropidae: white-eyes. Probably belongs into Timaliidae.
  • Timaliidae: babblers. Monophyly needs confirmation.
  • Sylvioidea incertae sedis
    • "African warblers": A proposed clade, but monophyly needs confirmation. Formerly in Sylviidae.
    • Donacobius: Black-capped Donacobius. Monotypic
      Monotypic

      In biology, a monotype is a alpha taxonomy group with only one biological type:In botany, a monotype is a taxon that has only one species: Ginkgo is a monotypic genus, while Ginkgoaceae is a monotypic family ....
       family? Tentatively placed here; possibly closest to Megaluridae. Formerly in Troglodytidae.
    • Nicator
      Nicator

      Nicator is a genus of songbird in the Pycnonotidae family.It contains the following species:* Yellow-spotted Nicator * Eastern Nicator * Yellow-throated Nicator ...
      : Relationships unresolved, monotypic family? Tentatively placed here; formerly in Pycnonotidae.
    • Panurus: Bearded Reedling (Bearded "Tit"). Relationships enigmatic, monotypic family Panuridae? Tentatively placed here; formerly in "Paradoxornithidae".


Superfamily Muscicapoidea

Mostly insectivores, near-global distribution centered on Old World tropic
Tropic

A tropic can refer to:In geography, either of two Circle of latitude:*Tropic of Cancer, at Degree N*Tropic of Capricorn, at Degree S*Tropics, referring to the tropical regions of the world....
s. One family endemic to Americas.
  • Cinclidae: dippers
  • Muscicapidae: Old World flycatchers and chats. Monophyly needs confirmation.
  • Turdidae: thrushes and allies. Monophyly needs confirmation.
  • Buphagidae: oxpeckers. Formerly usually included in Sturnidae.
  • Sturnidae: starlings and possibly Philippine creeper
    Philippine creeper

    The Philippine creepers or rhabdornises are small perching bird birds. The family is Endemism in birds to the Philippines. The group contains a single genus Rhabdornis with three species....
    s. Placement of latter in Muscicapoidea seems good, but inclusion in Sturnidae requires confirmation; possibly distinct family Rhabdornithidae.
  • Mimidae: mockingbirds and thrashers


Superfamily Passeroidea

Mostly herbivores, near-global distribution centered on Palearctic
Palearctic

The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight ecozones dividing the Earth surface.Physically, the Palearctic is the largest ecozone....
 and Americas. Includes the Nine-primaried oscine
Nine-primaried oscine

The nine-primaried oscines are a group of songbird family from the superfamily Passeroidea. It is comprised of the Fringillidae , Emberizidae , Parulidae , Thraupidae , Cardinalidae , Icteridae and the monotypic Peucedramidae ....
s (probably a subclade).
  • Passeridae: true sparrows
  • Prunellidae: accentors
  • Motacillidae
    Motacillidae

    The Motacillidae are a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. There are around 65 species in 6 genus and they include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits....
    : wagtails and pipits
  • Urocynchramidae: Przewalski's Finch. Recently split from Fringillidae; tentatively placed here.
  • Estrildidae: estrildid finches (waxbills, munias, etc)
  • Ploceidae: weavers
  • Viduidae: indigobirds and whydahs
  • Nine-primaried oscine
    Nine-primaried oscine

    The nine-primaried oscines are a group of songbird family from the superfamily Passeroidea. It is comprised of the Fringillidae , Emberizidae , Parulidae , Thraupidae , Cardinalidae , Icteridae and the monotypic Peucedramidae ....
    s
    • Peucedramidae: Olive Warbler
    • Fringillidae: true finches. Possibly polyphyletic.
    • Drepanididae: Hawaiian honeycreepers. Might be merged into Fringillidae.
    • Icteridae: grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles
    • Parulidae: New World warblers
    • Thraupidae: tanagers and allies
    • Cardinalidae: cardinals
    • Emberizidae
      Emberizidae

      The Emberizidae are a large family of passerine birds.They are seed-eating birds with a distinctively shaped bill. In Europe, most species are named as Bunting ....
      : buntings and American sparrows
  • Passeroidea incertae sedis
    • Coerebidae: Bananaquit. Family invalid or not monotypic
      Monotypic

      In biology, a monotype is a alpha taxonomy group with only one biological type:In botany, a monotype is a taxon that has only one species: Ginkgo is a monotypic genus, while Ginkgoaceae is a monotypic family ....
      ; reallocation pending.


Passerida incertae sedis

Rather basal Passerida, most of which seem to constitute several small but distinct superfamilies. Most occur in Asia, Africa and North America.
  • Possible superfamily "Dicaeoidea" - sunbirds and flowerpeckers
    • Nectariniidae: sunbirds
    • Dicaeidae: flowerpeckers


  • Possible superfamily Bombycilloidea - waxwings and allies
    • Bombycillidae: waxwings
    • Dulidae: Palmchat. Tentatively placed here.
    • Ptilogonatidae: silky flycatchers. Tentatively placed here.
    • Hypocoliidae: Hypocolius. Tentatively placed here.


  • Possible superfamily Paroidea - titmice and allies
    • Paridae: tits, chickadees and titmice
    • Remizidae: penduline tits. Sometimes included in Paridae.
    • Stenostiridae
      Stenostiridae

      Stenostiridae is a family of small passerine birds proposed as a result of recent discoveries in molecular systematics . They are commonly referred to as stenostirid warblers....
      : stenostirids ("flycatcher-tits"). A newly assembled family; sometimes included in Paridae.


  • Possible superfamily Sittoidea or Certhioidea - wrens and allies.
    • Sittidae
      Sittidae

      Sittidae is a family of small passerine birds which has two subfamilies:*Sittinidae, which contains the single genus nuthatch containing about 24 species of nuthatches, which are found across Eurasia and North America....
      : nuthatches
    • Tichodromadidae: Wallcreeper. Tentatively placed here.
    • Certhiidae: treecreepers
    • Salpornithidae: Spotted Creeper. Tentatively placed here; might belong into Certhidae.
    • Troglodytidae: wrens
    • Polioptilidae: gnatcatchers


  • Possible monotypic superfamily N.N.
    • Promeropidae: sugarbirds


  • Possible monotypic superfamily N.N.
    • Family N.N.: Hyliota
      Hyliota

      This article was auto-generated by...
      s. Recently split from Sylviidae.


  • Possible superfamily Reguloidea - kinglets. Tentatively placed here.
    • Regulidae: kinglets


Probably not Passerida

These have been assigned to the Passerida in recent times, often based on DNA-DNA hybridization data. However, they are probably more basal among the songbirds and would belong either to the Corvoidea or the allied basal lineages. Most of them are either African or Wallacean groups.
  • Chloropseidae: leafbirds
  • Aegithinidae: ioras
  • Picathartidae: rockfowl
  • Melanocharitidae
    Melanocharitidae

    The Melanocharitidae, the berrypeckers and longbills, is a small bird family restricted to the forests of New Guinea. The family was once placed inside the Flowerpecker family Dicaeidae, and the longbills were once considered to be honeyeaters ....
    : berrypeckers and longbills
  • Paramythiidae
    Paramythiidae

    The painted berrypeckers, Paramythiidae, are a very small bird family restricted to the mountain forests of New Guinea. The family comprises two species in two genus: the Tit Berrypecker and the Crested Berrypecker ....
    : tit berrypecker and crested berrypeckers
  • Platysteiridae: wattle-eyes or puffback flycatchers


See also

  • list of birds
    List of birds

    A phylogenetic tree of the modern birds, based on a recent study. Note the Polytomy.This page lists living Order and Family of birds....