Pākehā Māori is a term used to describe early
EuropeEurope is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains , and the Black Sea to the southeast...
an
settlerA settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established permanent residence there, often to colonize the area. Settlers are generally people who take up residence on land and cultivate it, as opposed to nomads...
s in
New ZealandNew Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses , and numerous smaller islands, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands. The indigenous Māori named New Zealand Aotearoa, commonly translated as The Land of the Long White Cloud...
(known as
PākehāPākehā are New Zealanders who are not of Māori blood lines. They are mostly descended from British and to a lesser extent Irish settlers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, although some Pākehā have Dutch, Scandinavian, German, Yugoslav or other ancestry...
in the
Māori languageMāori or te reo Māori commonly te reo , is the language of the indigenous population of New Zealand, the Maori people, where it has is the status of an official language...
) who lived among the
MāoriThe Māori are the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand . The group probably arrived in southwestern Polynesia in several waves at some time before 1300...
. Some were kept by the Māori as
slavesSlavery is a form of forced labor in which people are considered to be the property of others. Slaves can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to receive compensation...
, while others settled in Māori communities by choice, many being runaway seamen or escaped convicts. Some lived the rest of their lives amongst Māori but others, such as lapsed missionary
Thomas KendallThomas Kendall was a New Zealand schoolmaster, lapsed missionary, recorder of the Māori language, arms dealer, and Pākehā Māori.-Early life: Lincolnshire and London, 1778-1813:...
, found it convenient to briefly “go native.” They were often welcomed, took wives and were treated as Māori, particularly in the first two decades of the 19th century.
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Pākehā Māori is a term used to describe early
EuropeEurope is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains , and the Black Sea to the southeast...
an
settlerA settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established permanent residence there, often to colonize the area. Settlers are generally people who take up residence on land and cultivate it, as opposed to nomads...
s in
New ZealandNew Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses , and numerous smaller islands, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands. The indigenous Māori named New Zealand Aotearoa, commonly translated as The Land of the Long White Cloud...
(known as
PākehāPākehā are New Zealanders who are not of Māori blood lines. They are mostly descended from British and to a lesser extent Irish settlers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, although some Pākehā have Dutch, Scandinavian, German, Yugoslav or other ancestry...
in the
Māori languageMāori or te reo Māori commonly te reo , is the language of the indigenous population of New Zealand, the Maori people, where it has is the status of an official language...
) who lived among the
MāoriThe Māori are the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand . The group probably arrived in southwestern Polynesia in several waves at some time before 1300...
. Some were kept by the Māori as
slavesSlavery is a form of forced labor in which people are considered to be the property of others. Slaves can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to receive compensation...
, while others settled in Māori communities by choice, many being runaway seamen or escaped convicts. Some lived the rest of their lives amongst Māori but others, such as lapsed missionary
Thomas KendallThomas Kendall was a New Zealand schoolmaster, lapsed missionary, recorder of the Māori language, arms dealer, and Pākehā Māori.-Early life: Lincolnshire and London, 1778-1813:...
, found it convenient to briefly “go native.” They were often welcomed, took wives and were treated as Māori, particularly in the first two decades of the 19th century. The rarity value of Europeans in New Zealand and the importance of trade in Western goods - particularly muskets - made Pākehā Māori highly prized. Some achieved a degree of prestige among the Māori and fought in battle with their adopted tribe in the
New Zealand land warsThe New Zealand Wars, sometimes called the Land Wars and also once called the Māori Wars, were a series of armed conflicts that took place in New Zealand between 1845 and 1872...
, sometimes against European soldiers. A few Pākehā Māori such as John Rutherford and
Barnet BurnsBarnet Burns was an English sailor, trader, and showman who became one of the first Europeans to live as a Pākehā Māori and to receive the full Māori facial tattoo. He travelled to Australia and found employment as a trader of flax in New Zealand in the 1830s...
even received the
mokoTā moko is the permanent body and face marking by Māori, the indigenous people of New Zealand. It is distinct from tattoo and tatau in that the skin was carved by uhi rather than punctured...
or facial tattoo.
However as more Europeans arrived, the status of renegade Europeans among Māori fell. By the end of the New Zealand land wars in the mid-1860s, European government was effectively extended over the entire country, and Māori culture declined as the vast majority of Maori chose or were cajoled into adopting English language and Western cultural mores.
The early settler,
Frederick Edward ManingFrederick Edward Maning was a notable early settler in New Zealand, a writer and judge of the Native Land Court. He published two books under the pseudonym Pākehā Māori....
, published two books under the pseudonym
Pakeha Māori.
See also
- Caramuru
Diogo Álvares CorreiaDiogo Álvares Correia , called Caramuru by the Tupinamba, was a Portuguese settler born in Viana do Castelo. It is disputed, though, by Spanish scholars, that he was actually born in La Coruña, Galicia, Spain, moving later to Portugal...
- John Young
John Young was a British subject who became an important military advisor to Kamehameha I during the formation of the Kingdom of Hawaii. He was accidentally left behind by Simon Metcalf, captain of the American ship Eleonora, and along with a Welshmen Isaac Davis became a friend and advisor to...
- Isaac Davis
Isaac Davis was a Welsh advisor to Kamehameha I and helped form the Kingdom of Hawaii. He arrived in Hawaii in 1790 as the sole survivor ofthe massacre of the crew of The Fair American. He was found tied...
- Jim Bridger
James or Jim Bridger was among the foremost mountain men, trappers, scouts and guides who explored and trapped the Western United States during the decades of 1820-1840...
- Gonzalo Guerrero
Gonzalo Guerrero was a sailor from Palos, in Spain who shipwrecked along the Yucatan Peninsula and was taken as a slave by the local Maya. Earning his freedom, Guerrero became a respected warrior under a Mayan Lord and raised three of the first mestizo children...
- Kimball Bent
Kimball Bent , also known as "Kimble Bent", was a soldier and adventurer.At some stage Kimball Bent made his way to Liverpool, England and on 18 October 1859 enlisted in the 57th Regiment of Foot in the British Army. He served in India and his unit was posted to New Zealand in 1861...