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Publius Ovidius Naso (20 March 43 BC – AD 17 or 18) was a Roman
Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
 poet known as Ovid to the English
English language

English is a West Germanic language that originated in Anglo-Saxon England and has lingua franca status in many parts of the world as a result of the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the mid 20th century onwa...
-speaking world, who wrote about love, seduction, and mythological
Roman mythology

Roman mythology, or more appropriately, Latin mythology, refers to the mythology beliefs of the Italic people inhabiting the region of Latium and its main city, Rome....
 transformation. He is considered a master of the elegiac couplet
Elegiac couplet

Elegiac couplets are a poetic form used by Greek lyric poets for a variety of themes usually of smaller scale than those of epic poetry. The ancient Romans frequently used elegiac couplets in love poetry, as in Ovid's Amores....
, and is traditionally ranked alongside Virgil
Virgil

Publius Vergilius Maro was a classical Roman poet, best known for three major works?the Bucolics , the Georgics and the Aeneid?although several Appendix Vergiliana are also attributed to him....
 and Horace
Horace

This article is about the Roman poet Horace. For other uses, see Horace .Quintus Horatius Flaccus, , known in the English language world as Horace, was the leading Roman Empire Lyric poetry during the time of Augustus....
 as one of the three canonic
Western canon

The Western canon is a term used to denote a wiktionary:canon of Western literatures, and, more widely, European classical music and Western art history, that has been the most Power in shaping Western culture....
 poets of Latin literature
Latin literature

Latin literature, the body of literature in the Latin language, remains an enduring legacy of the culture of ancient Rome of ancient Rome. The Romans produced many works of poetry, comedy, tragedy, satire, history, and rhetoric, drawing heavily on the traditions of other cultures and particularly on the more matured Greek literature....
. His poetry, much imitated during Late Antiquity
Late Antiquity

Late Antiquity is a periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical antiquity to the Middle Ages, in both mainland Europe and the Mediterranean world: generally from the end of the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century to the Islamic conquests and the re-organization of the Byzantine Empire under...
 and the Middle Ages
Middle Ages

File:Karl 1 mit papst gelasius gregor1 sacramentar v karl d kahlen.jpgThe Middle Ages of European history are a period in history which lasted for roughly a millennium, commonly dated from the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16th century, marked by the division of Western Christi...
, decisively influenced Europe
Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
an art
Art

Art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way that appeals to the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression, including music and literature....
 and literature
Literature

Literature is the art of written works. Literally translated, the word means "acquaintance with letters" . In Western culture the most basic written literary types include fiction and non-fiction....
.

The Elegiac couplet
Elegiac couplet

Elegiac couplets are a poetic form used by Greek lyric poets for a variety of themes usually of smaller scale than those of epic poetry. The ancient Romans frequently used elegiac couplets in love poetry, as in Ovid's Amores....
 is the meter of most of Ovid's poems: the Amores
Amores

Amores is Ovid's first completed book, published in 16 BC in 5 volumes, though only three are extant. Amores was written in the Elegiac couplets....
 — Ars Amatoria
Ars Amatoria

file:Ovid Ars Amatoria 1644.jpgThe Ars amatoria is a poem in three books by the Roman poet Ovid. It claims to provide teaching in three areas of general preoccupation: how and where to find women in Rome, how to seduce them, and how to prevent others from stealing them....
, Remedia Amoris
Remedia Amoris

Remedia Amoris is a 814 line poem in Latin language by the Roman Empire poet Ovid.In this poem, Ovid offers advices and strategies to avoid being hurt by love feelings , or to fall out of love, with a stoicism overtone....
 — are didactic long poems; the Fasti
Fasti

Fasti, a Latin word, refers to the Roman calendar and almanac; and especially, to a long, possibly unfinished poem on the religious festivals of the Roman year and their mythology underpinnings, by the poet Ovid....
, about the Roman calendar; the Medicamina Faciei Femineae
Medicamina Faciei Femineae

Medicamina Faciei Femineae is a Didacticism written in elegiac couplets by the Roman poet Ovid. In the hundred extant verses, Ovid defends the use of cosmetics by Roman women and provides five recipes for facial treatments....
, about cosmetics
Cosmetics

Cosmetics are substances used to enhance or protect the appearance or odor of the human body. Cosmetics include skin-care Cream , lotions, Powder , perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays and gels, deodorants, baby products, bath oils, bubb...
; fictional letters from mythologic heroines, the Heroides
Heroides

The Heroides ' , or Epistulae Heroidum , are a collection of fifteen wiktionary:epistolary poems composed by Ovid in Latin elegiac couplets, and presented as though written by a selection of aggrieved heroines of Greek mythology and Roman mythology, in address to their heroic lovers who have in some way mistreated,...
 or Epistulae Heroidum; and all of the works written in exile (five Tristia
Tristia

Tristia is a work of poetry, in five books, written by the Roman poet Ovid at some time after he was banished from Roman Empire in AD 8. It uses the elegiac couplet, a meter suitable for lamenting the misery of exile on the bleak edge of the Black Sea, and holds out the poet's hopes for alleviation of his punishment....
 books, four Epistulae ex Ponto
Epistulae ex Ponto

Epistulae ex Ponto is a work of Ovid, in four books. It is especially important for our knowledge of Scythia Minor in his time.In 1821, during his exile in Odessa, Alexander Pushkin wrote a belated "response" to the Latin poet, entitled To Ovid....
 books, and "Ibis", a long curse-poem).






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Quotations


Causa latet, vis est notissima.

Translation: The cause is hidden, but the result is well known., IV, 287

Exitus acta probat.

Translation: The result justifies the deed., Variant: The ends justifies the means., Heorides (c. 10 BC)

If any person wish to be idle, let them fall in love.

Amores, I, 1

If you want to be loved, be lovable.

Variant: To be loved, be lovable., II, 107

It is annoying to be honest to no purpose.

Ex Ponto, II, iii, 14

Many women long for what eludes them, and like not what is offered them.






Encyclopedia


Publius Ovidius Naso (20 March 43 BC – AD 17 or 18) was a Roman
Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
 poet known as Ovid to the English
English language

English is a West Germanic language that originated in Anglo-Saxon England and has lingua franca status in many parts of the world as a result of the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the mid 20th century onwa...
-speaking world, who wrote about love, seduction, and mythological
Roman mythology

Roman mythology, or more appropriately, Latin mythology, refers to the mythology beliefs of the Italic people inhabiting the region of Latium and its main city, Rome....
 transformation. He is considered a master of the elegiac couplet
Elegiac couplet

Elegiac couplets are a poetic form used by Greek lyric poets for a variety of themes usually of smaller scale than those of epic poetry. The ancient Romans frequently used elegiac couplets in love poetry, as in Ovid's Amores....
, and is traditionally ranked alongside Virgil
Virgil

Publius Vergilius Maro was a classical Roman poet, best known for three major works?the Bucolics , the Georgics and the Aeneid?although several Appendix Vergiliana are also attributed to him....
 and Horace
Horace

This article is about the Roman poet Horace. For other uses, see Horace .Quintus Horatius Flaccus, , known in the English language world as Horace, was the leading Roman Empire Lyric poetry during the time of Augustus....
 as one of the three canonic
Western canon

The Western canon is a term used to denote a wiktionary:canon of Western literatures, and, more widely, European classical music and Western art history, that has been the most Power in shaping Western culture....
 poets of Latin literature
Latin literature

Latin literature, the body of literature in the Latin language, remains an enduring legacy of the culture of ancient Rome of ancient Rome. The Romans produced many works of poetry, comedy, tragedy, satire, history, and rhetoric, drawing heavily on the traditions of other cultures and particularly on the more matured Greek literature....
. His poetry, much imitated during Late Antiquity
Late Antiquity

Late Antiquity is a periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical antiquity to the Middle Ages, in both mainland Europe and the Mediterranean world: generally from the end of the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century to the Islamic conquests and the re-organization of the Byzantine Empire under...
 and the Middle Ages
Middle Ages

File:Karl 1 mit papst gelasius gregor1 sacramentar v karl d kahlen.jpgThe Middle Ages of European history are a period in history which lasted for roughly a millennium, commonly dated from the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16th century, marked by the division of Western Christi...
, decisively influenced Europe
Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
an art
Art

Art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way that appeals to the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression, including music and literature....
 and literature
Literature

Literature is the art of written works. Literally translated, the word means "acquaintance with letters" . In Western culture the most basic written literary types include fiction and non-fiction....
.

The Elegiac couplet
Elegiac couplet

Elegiac couplets are a poetic form used by Greek lyric poets for a variety of themes usually of smaller scale than those of epic poetry. The ancient Romans frequently used elegiac couplets in love poetry, as in Ovid's Amores....
 is the meter of most of Ovid's poems: the Amores
Amores

Amores is Ovid's first completed book, published in 16 BC in 5 volumes, though only three are extant. Amores was written in the Elegiac couplets....
 — Ars Amatoria
Ars Amatoria

file:Ovid Ars Amatoria 1644.jpgThe Ars amatoria is a poem in three books by the Roman poet Ovid. It claims to provide teaching in three areas of general preoccupation: how and where to find women in Rome, how to seduce them, and how to prevent others from stealing them....
, Remedia Amoris
Remedia Amoris

Remedia Amoris is a 814 line poem in Latin language by the Roman Empire poet Ovid.In this poem, Ovid offers advices and strategies to avoid being hurt by love feelings , or to fall out of love, with a stoicism overtone....
 — are didactic long poems; the Fasti
Fasti

Fasti, a Latin word, refers to the Roman calendar and almanac; and especially, to a long, possibly unfinished poem on the religious festivals of the Roman year and their mythology underpinnings, by the poet Ovid....
, about the Roman calendar; the Medicamina Faciei Femineae
Medicamina Faciei Femineae

Medicamina Faciei Femineae is a Didacticism written in elegiac couplets by the Roman poet Ovid. In the hundred extant verses, Ovid defends the use of cosmetics by Roman women and provides five recipes for facial treatments....
, about cosmetics
Cosmetics

Cosmetics are substances used to enhance or protect the appearance or odor of the human body. Cosmetics include skin-care Cream , lotions, Powder , perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays and gels, deodorants, baby products, bath oils, bubb...
; fictional letters from mythologic heroines, the Heroides
Heroides

The Heroides ' , or Epistulae Heroidum , are a collection of fifteen wiktionary:epistolary poems composed by Ovid in Latin elegiac couplets, and presented as though written by a selection of aggrieved heroines of Greek mythology and Roman mythology, in address to their heroic lovers who have in some way mistreated,...
 or Epistulae Heroidum; and all of the works written in exile (five Tristia
Tristia

Tristia is a work of poetry, in five books, written by the Roman poet Ovid at some time after he was banished from Roman Empire in AD 8. It uses the elegiac couplet, a meter suitable for lamenting the misery of exile on the bleak edge of the Black Sea, and holds out the poet's hopes for alleviation of his punishment....
 books, four Epistulae ex Ponto
Epistulae ex Ponto

Epistulae ex Ponto is a work of Ovid, in four books. It is especially important for our knowledge of Scythia Minor in his time.In 1821, during his exile in Odessa, Alexander Pushkin wrote a belated "response" to the Latin poet, entitled To Ovid....
 books, and "Ibis", a long curse-poem). The two extant fragments of the tragedy Medea
Medea

Medea is a woman in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Aeetes of Colchis, niece of Circe, granddaughter of the sun god Helios, and later wife to the hero Jason, with whom she had two children: Mermeros and Pheres....
 are in iambic trimeter
Iambic trimeter

Iambic trimeter is a Meter consisting of three iambic units per line.In Ancient Greek, iambic trimeter was a quantitative meter in which a line consisted of three iambic metra; and each metron consisted of two iambi....
 and anapest, respectively; the Metamorphoses is in dactylic hexameter
Dactylic hexameter

Dactylic hexameter is a form of meter in poetry or a rhythmic scheme. It is traditionally associated with the quantitative meter of classical epic poetry in both Greek language and Latin, and was consequently considered to be the Grand Style of classical poetry....
; the meter of the Aeneid
Aeneid

The Aeneid is a Latin Epic poetry written by Virgil in the late 1st century BC that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Troy who traveled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Rome....
, by Virgil
Virgil

Publius Vergilius Maro was a classical Roman poet, best known for three major works?the Bucolics , the Georgics and the Aeneid?although several Appendix Vergiliana are also attributed to him....
 and of the Odyssey
Odyssey

The Odyssey is one of two major ancient Hellenic civilization epic poetrys attributed to Homer. It is, in part, a sequel to the Iliad, the other work traditionally ascribed to Homer....
 and the Iliad
ILiad

The iLiad is an electronic handheld device, or e-book device, which can be used for document reading and editing. Like the Sony Reader or Amazon Kindle, the iLiad makes use of an electronic paper display....
, by Homer
Homer

Homer is traditionally held to be the author of the ancient Greek language epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey, as well as of the Homeric Hymns....
.

Life and work

Ovid was born in Sulmo (Sulmona), in an Apennine
Apennine mountains

The Apennines or Apennine Mountains is a mountain range stretching 1000 km from the north to the south of Italy along its east coast, traversing the entire peninsula, and forming the backbone of the country....
 valley, east of Rome, to an equestrian
Equestrian (Roman)

The Roman equestrian order constituted the lower of the two aristocratic classes of ancient Rome, ranking below the Roman senate Order . A member of the order was known as an eques , which in Latin has the general meaning of any person mounted on a horse , but in this context carries the specific meaning of "knight"....
 family, and was educated in Rome
Rome

Rome is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city, with 2,724,347 residents in an urban area of some ....
. His father wished him to study rhetoric
Rhetoric

Rhetoric is the art of using language as a means to persuade. Along with logic and dialectic, rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse....
 toward the practice of law. According to Seneca the Elder
Seneca the Elder

Lucius, or Marcus, Annaeus Seneca, known as Seneca the Elder and Seneca the Rhetorician , was a Ancient Rome rhetorician and writer, born of a wealthy Equestrian family of C?rdoba, Spain, Hispania....
, Ovid tended to the emotional, not the argumentative pole of rhetoric. After the death of his brother, Ovid renounced law and began travelling — to Athens, Asia Minor, and Sicily
Sicily

Sicily is an Autonomous regions with special statute of Italy. Of all the regions of Italy, Sicily covers the largest land area at 25,708 km? and currently has just over five million inhabitants....
. He held minor public posts, but resigned to pursue poetry. He was part of the circle centered upon the patron Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus
Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus

Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus was a Roman Empire general, author and patron of literature and art....
. He was thrice-married and twice-divorced by the time he was thirty years old; yet only one marriage yielded offspring — a daughter.

Originally, the Amores
Amores

Amores is Ovid's first completed book, published in 16 BC in 5 volumes, though only three are extant. Amores was written in the Elegiac couplets....
 were a five-book collection, circa 20 BC; the surviving, extant version, reduced to three books, includes poems written as late as AD 1. Book 1 contains 15 elegiac love poems about aspects of love. Most of the Amores is tongue-in-cheek, and, while Ovid adhered to standard elegiac themes — such as the exclusus amator (locked-out lover) lamenting before a paraklausithyron (a locked door) — he portrays himself as romantically capable, not emotionally struck by it, (unlike Propertius, whose poetry portrays him under love's foot). He writes about adultery, rendered illegal in Augustus's marriage law reforms of 18 BC. Ovid's next poem, the Ars Amatoria
Ars Amatoria

file:Ovid Ars Amatoria 1644.jpgThe Ars amatoria is a poem in three books by the Roman poet Ovid. It claims to provide teaching in three areas of general preoccupation: how and where to find women in Rome, how to seduce them, and how to prevent others from stealing them....
, the Art of Love, parodies didactic poetry whilst being a manual about seduction and intrigue; and it refers to the ludus duodecim scriptorum
Ludus duodecim scriptorum

Ludus duodecim scriptorum, or XII scripta, was a Tables popular during the time of the Roman Empire. The name translates as "game of twelve markings", probably referring to the three rows of 12 markings each found on most surviving boards....
 board game, an antecedent of modern backgammon
Backgammon

Backgammon is a board game for two players in which the playing pieces are moved according to the roll of dice. A player wins by removing all of his pieces from the board....
. He identifies this work in his exile poetry as the carmen, or song, which was one cause of his banishment.

By AD 8, he had completed Metamorphoses, an epic poem derived from Greek mythology
Greek mythology

Greek mythology is the body of myths and legends belonging to the Ancient Greece concerning their List of Greek mythological figures#Immortals and Greek hero cult, Cosmology#Metaphysical cosmology, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices....
. The subject is "forms changed into new bodies". From the emergence of the cosmos from formless mass to the organized, material world, to the deification of Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar

'Gaius Julius Caesar' , July 13, 100 BC ? March 15, 44 BC,) was a Roman Republic military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
, the poem tells of transformation. The stories follow each other in the telling of human beings transformed to new bodies — trees, rocks, animals, flowers, constellation
Constellation

A constellation is a group of stars that appear to have a physical proximity in the sky. The stars in a constellation are often vastly distant from each other, but they appear close to each other from the perspective of Earth....
s et cetera. Famous myths, such as Apollo and Daphne
Apollo and Daphne

Apollo and Daphne is a story from ancient Greek mythology, retold by Hellenistic and Ancient Rome authors in the form of an amorous Vignette ; Thomas Bulfinch drew on those late sources in the following manner:...
, Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus and Eurydice

Orpheus and Eurydice is a tale from Greek legend. Works making holistic use of this legend include:...
, and Pygmalion
Pygmalion (mythology)

Pygmalion is a legendary figure of Cyprus. Though Pygmalion is the Greek version of the Phoenician royal name Pumayyaton, he is most familiar from Ovid's Metamorphoses , in which Pygmalion is a sculptor who falls in love with a statue he has made....
 are contained. It explains many myths alluded to in other works, and is a valuable source about Roman religion, because many characters are gods or offspring of Olympian
Mount Olympus

Mount Olympus is the highest mountain in Greece at 2,919 metres high . Since its base is located at sea level, it is one of the highest mountains in Europe in terms of topographic prominence, the relative altitude from base to top....
 gods.

In AD 8, Emperor Augustus banished Ovid to Tomis, on the Black Sea
Black Sea

The Black Sea is an inland sea sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolia and is ultimately connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Mediterranean Sea and Aegean Seas and various straits....
, for political reasons. Ovid wrote that his crime was carmen et error — "a poem and a mistake", claiming that his crime was worse than murder
Murder

Murder as defined in common law countries, is the unlawful killing of another human being with intent , and generally this state of mind distinguishes murder from other forms of unlawful homicide....
, more harmful than poetry. The Emperor's grandchildren, Agrippa Postumus
Agrippa Postumus

Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Postumus , also known as Agrippa Postumus or Postumus Agrippa, was a son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder....
 and Julia the Younger
Julia the Younger

Julia Minor or Julilla was a Roman Princess. She was the eldest daughter and second child born to Roman Statesman Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder....
, were banished around the time of his banishment; Julia's husband, Lucius Aenilius Paullus, was put to death for conspiracy
Conspiracy (political)

In a political sense, conspiracy refers to a group of persons united in the goal of usurping or overthrowing an established political power. Typically, the final goal is to gain power through a revolutionary coup d'?tat or through assassination....
 against Augustus; Ovid might have known of that. Because Julia and Ovid were exiled the same year, he might have participated in her love affair with Decimus Silanus
Decimus Silanus

Decimus Silanus was an ancient Roman of the 2nd century BC. He was of noble family and was an expert in Punic language and Punic literature.After Rome's destruction of Carthage in 146 BC, the Carthaginian libraries were given to the kings of Numidia, but one work was considered too important to lose....
; because he was peripheral to Julia's social circle, reports of his seducing Julia or abetting her love affairs is gossip. The Julian Marriage Laws of 18 BC were fresh in the Roman mind. These promoted monogamous
Monogamy

Monogamy is the state of having only one husband, wife, or sexual partner at any one time. The word monogamy comes from the Greek word monos "?????", which means one or alone, and the Greek word gamos "?????", which means marriage or union....
 marriage to increase the population's birth rate. Ovid's writing concerned the serious crime of adultery
Adultery

Adultery is the voluntary sexual intercourse between a marriage and another person who is not his or her spouse, though in many places it is only considered adultery when a married woman has sexual relations with someone who is not her husband and in others it is only considered adultery when a married woman has sexual relations with someon...
, which was punishable by banishment.

In exile, he wrote two poetry collections titled Tristia
Tristia

Tristia is a work of poetry, in five books, written by the Roman poet Ovid at some time after he was banished from Roman Empire in AD 8. It uses the elegiac couplet, a meter suitable for lamenting the misery of exile on the bleak edge of the Black Sea, and holds out the poet's hopes for alleviation of his punishment....
 and Epistulae ex Ponto
Epistulae ex Ponto

Epistulae ex Ponto is a work of Ovid, in four books. It is especially important for our knowledge of Scythia Minor in his time.In 1821, during his exile in Odessa, Alexander Pushkin wrote a belated "response" to the Latin poet, entitled To Ovid....
, illustrating his sadness and desolation. Being far from Rome, he had no access to libraries, thus might have been forced to abandon the Fasti
Fasti (poem)

Ovid's Fasti is a long, unfinished Latin poetry by the Roman poet Ovid. It is believed that Ovid wrote the poem during his exile in Tomis towards the end of his life....
 poem about the Roman calendar, of which exist only the first six books — January – June. In the Epistulae ex Ponto
Epistulae ex Ponto

Epistulae ex Ponto is a work of Ovid, in four books. It is especially important for our knowledge of Scythia Minor in his time.In 1821, during his exile in Odessa, Alexander Pushkin wrote a belated "response" to the Latin poet, entitled To Ovid....
 he claims friendship with the natives of Tomis (in the Tristia
Tristia

Tristia is a work of poetry, in five books, written by the Roman poet Ovid at some time after he was banished from Roman Empire in AD 8. It uses the elegiac couplet, a meter suitable for lamenting the misery of exile on the bleak edge of the Black Sea, and holds out the poet's hopes for alleviation of his punishment....
 they are frightening barbarians) and to have written a poem in their language (Ex P. 4.13.19-20). And yet he pined for Rome and for his third wife, as many of the poems are to her. Some are also to the Emperor Augustus, whom he calls Caesar
Caesar (title)

Caesar , Latin: Caesar , is a title of emperor character. It derives from the Roman naming convention#Cognomen of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator....
 and God
God

God is a deity in theism and deism religions and other belief systems, representing either the sole deity in monotheism, or a principal deity in polytheism....
. Yet others are to himself, to friends in Rome, and sometimes to the poems themselves, expressing loneliness and hope of recall from banishment or exile. The first two lines of the Tristia communicate his misery:

Parve — nec invideo — sine me, liber, ibis in urbem:
ei mihi, quod domino non licet ire tuo!
Little book — and I won't hinder you — go on to the city without me:
Alas for me, because your master is not allowed to go!

Ovid died at Tomis after some ten years; a statue commemorates him in the Romania
Romania

Romania is a country located in Southeastern Europe Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian Mountains, bordering on the Black Sea....
n city of Tomis (contemporary Constanta
Constanta

Constanta is the oldest living city in Romania, founded around 600 BC. The city is located on the Black Sea coast. Constan?a is part of the group of four equal size cities which ranks after Bucharest, Romania's capital, Timisoara, Cluj-Napoca and Ia?i....
), and, in the 1930 renaming of the town of Ovidiu
Ovidiu

Ovidiu is a town situated a few kilometres north of Constanta in the Constanta County, south-eastern Romania. Ovidiu is quite small and many wealthy inhabitants of Constanta retire there....
, where he is allegedly buried. The statues Latin inscription reads (Tr. 3.3.73-76):

Hic ego qui iaceo tenerorum lusor amorum
Ingenio perii, Naso poeta, meo.
At tibi qui transis, ne sit grave, quisquis amasti,
Dicere: Nasonis molliter ossa cubent.

Here I lie, who played with tender loves,
Naso the poet, killed by my own talent.
O passerby, if you've ever been in love, let it not be too much for you
to say: May the bones of Naso lie gently.

Works


Extant authentic works

  • Amores
    Amores

    Amores is Ovid's first completed book, published in 16 BC in 5 volumes, though only three are extant. Amores was written in the Elegiac couplets....
     ("The Loves"), five books, published in 16 BC, and revised to three books ca. AD 1.
  • Heroides
    Heroides

    The Heroides ' , or Epistulae Heroidum , are a collection of fifteen wiktionary:epistolary poems composed by Ovid in Latin elegiac couplets, and presented as though written by a selection of aggrieved heroines of Greek mythology and Roman mythology, in address to their heroic lovers who have in some way mistreated,...
     ("The Heroines"), also known as Epistulae Heroidum ("Letters of Heroines"), 21 letters. Letters 1–5 published 5 BC; letters 16–21 were composed ca. AD 4–8.
  • Medicamina Faciei Femineae
    Medicamina Faciei Femineae

    Medicamina Faciei Femineae is a Didacticism written in elegiac couplets by the Roman poet Ovid. In the hundred extant verses, Ovid defends the use of cosmetics by Roman women and provides five recipes for facial treatments....
     ("Women's Facial Cosmetics"), The Art of Beauty, 100 lines survive; 5 BC.
  • Ars Amatoria
    Ars Amatoria

    file:Ovid Ars Amatoria 1644.jpgThe Ars amatoria is a poem in three books by the Roman poet Ovid. It claims to provide teaching in three areas of general preoccupation: how and where to find women in Rome, how to seduce them, and how to prevent others from stealing them....
     ("The Art of Love"), three books; first two books published 1 BC, the third book was published later.
  • Remedia Amoris
    Remedia Amoris

    Remedia Amoris is a 814 line poem in Latin language by the Roman Empire poet Ovid.In this poem, Ovid offers advices and strategies to avoid being hurt by love feelings , or to fall out of love, with a stoicism overtone....
     ("The Cure for Love"), 1 book, published AD 1.
  • Fasti
    Fasti (poem)

    Ovid's Fasti is a long, unfinished Latin poetry by the Roman poet Ovid. It is believed that Ovid wrote the poem during his exile in Tomis towards the end of his life....
     ("The Festivals"), 6 books extant, about the first semester of the year, about the Roman calendar
    Roman calendar

    The Roman calendar changed its form several times in the time between founding of Rome and the fall of the Roman Empire. This article generally discusses the early Roman or 'pre-Julian' calendars....
    . Finished by AD 8, possibly published posthumously.
  • Metamorphoses, ("Transformations"), 15 books published ca. AD 8.
  • Ibis
    Ibis (Ovid)

    Ibis is a single extant poem written in elegiac couplets by the Roman poet Ovid. In its entirety it is a vitriolic attack on a person unknown and unnamed....
     a poem written ca. AD 9.
  • Tristia
    Tristia

    Tristia is a work of poetry, in five books, written by the Roman poet Ovid at some time after he was banished from Roman Empire in AD 8. It uses the elegiac couplet, a meter suitable for lamenting the misery of exile on the bleak edge of the Black Sea, and holds out the poet's hopes for alleviation of his punishment....
     ("Sorrows"), five books published AD 10.
  • Epistulae ex Ponto
    Epistulae ex Ponto

    Epistulae ex Ponto is a work of Ovid, in four books. It is especially important for our knowledge of Scythia Minor in his time.In 1821, during his exile in Odessa, Alexander Pushkin wrote a belated "response" to the Latin poet, entitled To Ovid....
     ("Letters from the Black Sea"), four books published AD 10.


Lost authentic works and Spurious works

  • Consolatio ad Liviam ("Consolation to Livia")
  • Halieutica ("On Fishing") — considered spurious, and identified as an eponymous poem by Ovid.
  • Medea, a tragedy about Medea
    Medea

    Medea is a woman in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Aeetes of Colchis, niece of Circe, granddaughter of the sun god Helios, and later wife to the hero Jason, with whom she had two children: Mermeros and Pheres....
  • Nux ("The Walnut Tree")
  • A volume of poems in Getic, the language of Dacia
    Dacia

    In ancient geography, Dacia was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Greeks "Getae". Dacia was a large district of East-Central Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathian Mountains, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisia or Tisza, on the east by the Tyras or Dniester, now in eastern Moldova....
    , where Ovid was exiled, not extant (possibly fictitious).


Works and artists whom Ovid inspired


See the website for many more Renaissance examples.
  • (c.800–810) Moduin
    Moduin

    Moduin, Modoin, or Mautwin was a Frankish churchman and Medieval Latin poet of the Carolingian Renaissance. He was a close friend of Theodulf of Orl?ans, a contemporary and courtier of the emperors Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, and a member of the :fr:Acad?mie palatine....
    , a poet in the court circle of Charlemagne
    Charlemagne

    Charlemagne was List of Frankish kings from 768 to his death. He expanded the Franks kingdoms into a Carolingian Empire that incorporated much of Western Europe and Central Europe....
    , adopts the pen name Naso.
  • (1100s) The troubadour
    Troubadour

    A troubadour was a composer and performer of Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages .The troubadour school or tradition began in the eleventh century in Occitania, but it subsequently spread into Italy, Spain, and even Greece....
    s and the medieval courtoise literature
  • (1200s) The Roman de la Rose
    Roman de la Rose

    The Roman de la rose is a Middle Ages France Poetry styled as an allegory dream vision. It is a notable instance of Courtly love#Literary convention....
  • (1300s) Petrarch
    Petrarch

    Francesco Petrarca , known in English language as Petrarch, was an Italy scholar, poet and one of the earliest Renaissance humanism. Petrarch is often popularly called the "Father of Humanism"....
    , Geoffrey Chaucer
    Geoffrey Chaucer

    Geoffrey Chaucer was an English author, poet, philosopher, Bureaucracy, Noble court and diplomat. Although he wrote many works, he is best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative The Canterbury Tales....
    , Juan Ruiz
    Juan Ruiz

    Juan Ruiz , known as the Archpriest of Hita, Spain , was a Middle Ages Spain poet. He is best known for his ribald, earthy poem, Libro de buen amor ....
  • (1400s) Sandro Botticelli
    Sandro Botticelli

    Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi, better known as Sandro Botticelli or Il Botticello was an Italy Painting of the Florentine school during the Early Renaissance ....
  • (1500s-1600s) Christopher Marlowe
    Christopher Marlowe

    Christopher "Kit" Marlowe was an Kingdom of England Playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. The foremost English Renaissance theatre tragedy next to William Shakespeare, he is known for his blank verse, his overreaching protagonists, and his own mysterious and untimely death....
    , William Shakespeare
    William Shakespeare

    William Shakespeare was an English people poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's preeminent dramatist....
    , John Marston
    John Marston

    John Marston was an English people poet, playwright and satirist during the late Elizabethan and Literature in English#Jacobean literature periods....
    , Cephalus and Procris; Narcissus
  • (1600s) John Milton
    John Milton

    John Milton II was an English poet, author, polemicist and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his Epic poetry Paradise Lost and for his treatise condemning censorship, Areopagitica....
    ,Gian Lorenzo Bernini
    Gian Lorenzo Bernini

    Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini was a pre-eminent Baroque sculpture and architect of 17th Century Rome....
    , Luis de Góngora
    Luis de Góngora

    Luis de G?ngora y Argote was a Spanish Baroque literature lyric poet. G?ngora and his lifelong rival, Francisco de Quevedo, were the most prominent Spanish poets of their age....
    's La Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea
    La Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea

    La F?bula de Polifemo y Galatea , or simply the s:es:F?bula de Polifemo y Galatea, is a literary work written by Spanish poet Luis de G?ngora y Argote....
    , 1613, Landscape with Pyramus and Thisbe by Nicolas Poussin
    Nicolas Poussin

    Nicolas Poussin was a French Painting in the Classicism style. His work predominantly features clarity, logic, and order, and favors line over color....
    , 1651, Stormy Landscape with Philemon and Baucis by Peter Paul Rubens
    Peter Paul Rubens

    Peter Paul Rubens was a prolific seventeenth-century Flemish Baroque painter, and a proponent of an exuberant Baroque style that emphasized movement, color, and sensuality....
    , c.1620
  • (1820s) During his Odessa
    Odessa

    Odessa or Odesa is the Capital of the Odessa Oblast located in southern Ukraine. The city is a major port located on the shore of the Black Sea and the fourth largest city in Ukraine with a population of 1,029,000 ....
     exile, Alexander Pushkin compared himself to Ovid; memorably versified in the epistle
    Epistle

    An epistle is a writing directed or sent to a person or group of people, usually a Letter and a very formal, often didactic and elegant one. The letters in the New Testament from Twelve apostles to Christians are usually referred to as epistles....
     To Ovid (1821). The exiled Ovid also features in his long poem Gypsies, set in Moldavia
    Moldavia

    Moldavia is a geographic and historical region and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester river....
     (1824).
  • (1916) James Joyce
    James Joyce

    James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was an Ireland expatriate author of the 20th century. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses and its controversial successor Finnegans Wake , as well as the short story collection Dubliners and the semi-autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ....
    's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
    A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

    A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a autobiography novel by James Joyce, first serialized in The Egoist from 1914 to 1915 and published in book form in 1916 in literature....
     has a quotation from Book 8 of Metamorphoses and introduces Stephen Dedalus
    Stephen Dedalus

    Stephen Dedalus is James Joyce's literary alter ego, as well as the protagonist and antihero of his first, semi-autobiographical novel of artistic existence A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and an important character in Joyce's monumental Ulysses ....
    . The Ovidian reference to "Daedalus" was in Stephen Hero
    Stephen Hero

    Stephen Hero is a posthumously-published autobiographical novel by Irish author James Joyce. Only a portion survives; the rest was burned by the author after a domestic dispute....
    , but then metamorphosed to "Dedalus" in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and in Ulysses
    Ulysses (novel)

    Ulysses is a novel by James Joyce, first serialized in parts in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920, then published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach on February 2, 1922, in Paris....
    .
  • (1920s) The title of the second poetry collection by Osip Mandelstam
    Osip Mandelstam

    Osip Emilyevich Mandelstam was a Russian poet and essayist, one of the foremost members of the Acmeist poetry school of poets....
    , Tristia (Berlin, 1922), refers to Ovid's book. Mandelstam's collection is about his hungry, violent years immediately after the October Revolution.
  • (1951) Six Metamorphoses after Ovid
    Six Metamorphoses after Ovid

    English composer Benjamin Britten composed the program music Six Metamorphoses after Ovid for solo Oboe in 1951. Intended to evoke images of the Roman poet Ovid Metamorphoses , the piece is dedicated to oboist Joy Boughton who gave the first performance at the Aldeburgh Festival on 14 June 1951....
     by Benjamin Britten
    Benjamin Britten

    Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten, Order of Merit Order of the Companions of Honour was an England composer, conducting, viola and pianist....
    , for solo oboe
    Oboe

    The oboe is a double reed musical instrument of the woodwind family. In English prior to 1770, the instrument was called "hautbois", "hoboy", or "French hoboy"....
    , evokes images of Ovid's characters from Metamorphoses.
  • (1978) Australian author David Malouf
    David Malouf

    David George Joseph Malouf is an acclaimed Australian writer. He was awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature in 2000, and his 1993 novel, Remembering Babylon won the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award , and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize....
    's novel An Imaginary Life
    An Imaginary Life

    An Imaginary Life is a 1978 novella written by David Malouf.It tells the story of the Ancient Rome poet Ovid, during his exile in Tomis....
     is about Ovid's exile in Tomis.
  • (1998) In Pandora, by Anne Rice
    Anne Rice

    Anne Rice is a best-selling United States author of gothic fiction and religious-themed books. She was married to poet and painter Stan Rice for 41 years until his death in 2002....
    , Pandora cites Ovid as a favorite poet and author of the time, quoting him to her lover Marius
    Marius

    Marius may refer to:* Marius , on the Moon* Marius Titled expressive works:* Marius , written by Marcel Pagnol* Marius , a science fiction story by Poul Anderson...
    .
  • (2000) The Art of Love
    The Art of Love

    The Art of Love is a 1965 in film comedy film film starring James Garner, Dick Van Dyke, Elke Sommer, and Angie Dickinson. The film involves an American artist in Paris who fakes his own death in order to increase the worth of his paintings ....
     by Andrew Rissik, a drama, part of a trilogy, which speculates on the crime which sent Ovid into exile. Broadcast April 11 on BBC Radio 4, with Stephen Dillane
    Stephen Dillane

    Stephen Dillane is a United Kingdom Tony Award?winning actor....
     and Juliet Aubrey
    Juliet Aubrey

    Juliet Aubrey is a half-Welsh people, half-English people actress. She is married with two children.She first came to the public's attention playing Dorothea in the BBC adaptation of Middlemarch with Rufus Sewell, for which she won a BAFTA for Best Actress....
     (not to be confused with the 2004 radio play by the same title on Radio 4).
  • (2004) The Art of Love
    The Art of Love

    The Art of Love is a 1965 in film comedy film film starring James Garner, Dick Van Dyke, Elke Sommer, and Angie Dickinson. The film involves an American artist in Paris who fakes his own death in order to increase the worth of his paintings ....
     by Robin Brooks, a comedy, emphasizing Ovid's role as lover. Broadcast May 23 on BBC Radio 4, with Bill Nighy
    Bill Nighy

    'William Francis "Bill" Nighy' is a Golden Globe- and British Academy of Film and Television Arts-award winning English people actor. He started working in theatre and television, before his first film role in 1981, and is perhaps best known to international film audiences for his roles in Love Actually, Shaun of the Dead, Notes on a...
     and Anne-Marie Duff
    Anne-Marie Duff

    Anne-Marie Duff is an England actor....
     (not to be confused with the 2000 radio play by the same title on Radio 3).
  • (2006) American musician Bob Dylan's album Modern Times
    Modern Times

    The term modern period or modern era is the period of history that followed the Middle Ages This terminology is a historical periodization that is applied primarily to history of Europe and Western history....
     contains songs with borrowed lines from Ovid's Poems of Exile, from Peter Green's translation. The songs are "Workingman's Blues #2", "Ain't Talkin'", "The Levee's Gonna Break", and "Spirit on the Water".
  • (2007) Russian author Alexander Zorich
    Alexander Zorich

    Alexander Zorich is a collective pen name of the two Russian writers: Yana Botsman and Dmitry Gordevsky. Genres of their activity: science fiction, fantasy, alternate history, PC games scenarios....
    's novel Roman Star is about the last years of Ovid's life.


Dante
DANTE

DANTE is a not-for-profit organisation that plans, builds and operates the international networks that interconnect the various National Research and Education Networks in Europe and surrounding regions....
 twice mentions him in:
  • De vulgari eloquentia
    De vulgari eloquentia

    De vulgari eloquentia is the title of an essay by Dante Alighieri, written in Latin and initially meant to consist of four books, but abandoned in the middle of the second....
    , along with Lucan
    Marcus Annaeus Lucanus

    Marcus Annaeus Lucanus , better known in English language as Lucan, was a Roman Empire poet, born in Corduba , in the Hispania Baetica. Despite his short life, he is regarded as one of the outstanding figures of the Classical Latin#Silver_Age_Latin period....
    , Virgil
    Virgil

    Publius Vergilius Maro was a classical Roman poet, best known for three major works?the Bucolics , the Georgics and the Aeneid?although several Appendix Vergiliana are also attributed to him....
    , and Statius
    Statius

    Publius Papinius Statius was a Roman poet of the Silver Age of Latin literature, born in Naples, Italy. Besides his poetry, he is best known for his appearance as a major character in the Purgatorio section of Dante Alighieri epic poem The Divine Comedy....
     as one of the four regulati poetae (ii, vi, 7)
  • Inferno ranks him with Homer
    Homer

    Homer is traditionally held to be the author of the ancient Greek language epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey, as well as of the Homeric Hymns....
    , Horace
    Horace

    This article is about the Roman poet Horace. For other uses, see Horace .Quintus Horatius Flaccus, , known in the English language world as Horace, was the leading Roman Empire Lyric poetry during the time of Augustus....
    , Lucan
    Marcus Annaeus Lucanus

    Marcus Annaeus Lucanus , better known in English language as Lucan, was a Roman Empire poet, born in Corduba , in the Hispania Baetica. Despite his short life, he is regarded as one of the outstanding figures of the Classical Latin#Silver_Age_Latin period....
    , and Virgil
    Virgil

    Publius Vergilius Maro was a classical Roman poet, best known for three major works?the Bucolics , the Georgics and the Aeneid?although several Appendix Vergiliana are also attributed to him....
     (Inferno, IV,88).


Retellings, adaptations, and translations of Ovidian works

  • (1767) Apollo et Hyacinthus
    Apollo et Hyacinthus

    Apollo et Hyacinthus is an opera, K?chel-Verzeichnis 38, written in 1767 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who was 11 years old at the time. It is Mozart's first true opera ....
    , an early opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
    Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

    Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood in Salzburg. Already competent on keyboard and violin, he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty; at seventeen he was engaged as a court musician in Salzburg, but grew restless and traveled in search of a better position, always...
  • (1949) Orphée
    Orphée

    Orpheus is a 1949 in film Cinema of France directed by Jean Cocteau and starring Jean Marais. This film is the central part of Cocteau's Orphic Trilogy, which consists of The Blood of a Poet , Orpheus and Testament of Orpheus ....
     A film by Jean Cocteau
    Jean Cocteau

    Jean Maurice Eug?ne Cl?ment Cocteau was a French poet, novelist, dramatist, designer, boxing manager, playwright and filmmaker. Along with other Surrealists of his generation Cocteau grappled with the "algebra" of verbal codes old and new, mise en sc?ne language and technologies of modernism to create a paradox: a classical avant-garde....
    , retelling of the Orpheus
    Orpheus

    Orpheus was a legendary figure, probably from Thracian origin, venerated by the Greeks and Thracians of the Classical age as a chief among poets and musicians, and the perfector of the lyre invented by Hermes....
     myth from the Metamorphoses
    Metamorphoses (poem)

    The Metamorphoses by the Ancient Rome poet Ovid is a Narrative poetry in fifteen books that describes the Creation myth and history of the world....
  • (1991) The Last World by Christoph Ransmayr
  • (1997) Polaroid Stories by Naomi Iizuka
    Naomi Iizuka

    Naomi Iizuka is a playwright. Iizuka's works often have a non-linear storyline and are influenced by her multicultural background. Her plays are written without the use of capital letters....
    , a retelling of Metamorphoses, with urchins and drug addicts as the gods.
  • (1994) After Ovid: New Metamorphoses
    After Ovid: New Metamorphoses

    After Ovid: New Metamorphoses is a collection of poems inspired by Ovid's Metamorphoses.Michael Hofmann and James Lasdun, the two editors of After Ovid: New Metamorphoses, commissioned 42 poets from America, Australia, Great Britain, Ireland, and New Zealand to "translate, reinterpret, reflect on, or completely reimagine" Ovid's fam...
     edited by Michael Hofmann
    Michael Hofmann

    .Michael Hofmann is a German-born poet who writes in English and a translation of texts from German....
     and James Lasdun
    James Lasdun

    James Lasdun is a England author, poet and academic, who currently lives in upstate New York and is married to writer Pia Davis, with whom he co-authored the travel book Walking and Eating in Tuscany and Umbria....
     is an anthology of contemporary poetry envisioning Ovid's Metamorphoses
  • (1997) Tales from Ovid
    Tales from Ovid

    Tales from Ovid is a Poetry written by the England poet Ted Hughes. Published in 1997 by Faber and Faber, it is a retelling of twenty-four tales from Ovid's Metamorphoses....
     by Ted Hughes
    Ted Hughes

    Edward James Hughes Order of Merit was an England poet and Children's literature, known as Ted Hughes. Critics routinely rank him as one of the best poets of his generation....
     is a modern poetic translation of twenty four passages from Metamorphoses
  • (2000) Ovid Metamorphosed edited by Phil Terry, a short story collection retelling several of Ovid's fables.
  • (2002) An adaptation of Metamorphoses by Mary Zimmerman
    Mary Zimmerman

    Mary Zimmerman is an American award winning theatre director and playwright....
     was performed at the Circle on the Square Theater
  • (2006) Patricia Barber
    Patricia Barber

    Patricia Barber is an American jazz singer, pianist, songwriter, and bandleader. She was born to parents who were both professional musicians; her father is Floyd "Shim" Barber, a former member of Glenn Miller's Band....
    's song cycle, Mythologies
    Mythologies

    Mythologies is the title of a book by Roland Barthes, published in 1957. It is a collection of essays taken from Les Lettres nouvelles, examining the tendency of contemporary social value systems to create modern mythologys....


See also

  • Metamorphoses (poem)
    Metamorphoses (poem)

    The Metamorphoses by the Ancient Rome poet Ovid is a Narrative poetry in fifteen books that describes the Creation myth and history of the world....
  • Latin literature
    Latin literature

    Latin literature, the body of literature in the Latin language, remains an enduring legacy of the culture of ancient Rome of ancient Rome. The Romans produced many works of poetry, comedy, tragedy, satire, history, and rhetoric, drawing heavily on the traditions of other cultures and particularly on the more matured Greek literature....

External links

  • Multilingual Translation
  • Latin and English translation
    • Amores, Ars Amatoria, Heroides (on this site called Epistulae), Metamorphoses, Remedia Amoris. Enhanced brower. Not downloadable.
    • Amores, Ars Amatoria, Medicamina Faciei Femineae, Metamorphoses, Remedia Amoris.
    • ; elucidated by an analysis and explanation of the fables, together with English notes, historical, mythological and critical, and illustrated by pictorial embellishments: with a dictionary, giving the meaning of all the words with critical exactness. By Nathan Covington Brooks. Publisher: New York, A. S. Barnes & co.; Cincinnati, H. W. Derby & co., 1857 (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; DjVu
      DjVu

      DjVu is a computer file format designed primarily to store , especially those containing combination of text, line drawings and photographs. It uses technologies such as image layer separation of text and background/images, progressive loading, arithmetic coding, and lossy compression for bitonal images....
       & format)
  • Original Latin only
    • Amores, Ars Amatoria, Epistulae ex Ponto, Fasti, Heroides, Ibis, Metamorphoses, Remedia Amoris, Tristia.
    • With introduction and extensive notes in English by Thomas Keightley. Plain text version.
  • English translation only
    • by A. S. Kline
      A. S. Kline

      A. S. Kline, known as Tony Kline is a British poet and translator, living in England.He graduated with a degree in Mathematics from the University of Manchester, and was Chief Information Officer of a large UK Company before dedicating himself to his literary work and interests....
       Amores, Ars Amatoria, Epistulae ex Ponto, Fasti, Heroides, Ibis, Medicamina Faciei Femineae, Metamorphoses, Remedia Amoris, Tristia with enhanced browsing facility, downloadable in HTML, PDF, or MS Word DOC formats. Site also includes wide selection of works by other authors.