Orangeburg pipe
Encyclopedia
Orangeburg pipe is bitumenized fiber pipe
made from layers of wood pulp
and pitch
pressed together. It was used from the 1860s through the 1970s, when it was replaced by PVC pipe for water delivery and ABS pipe
for drain-waste-vent (DWV) applications. The name comes from Orangeburg, New York
, the town in which most Orangeburg pipe was manufactured. It was manufactured largely by the Fiber Conduit Company, which changed its name to the Orangeburg Manufacturing Company in 1948.
area. The pipeline, finished in 1867, measured 1.5 miles in length and was in use through 1927. Bitumenized pipe was not in widespread commercial use until the late 19th century when it was utilized exclusively as electrical conduit.
In 1893, Stephen Bradley, Sr. founded the Fiber Conduit Company in Orangeburg, New York. Bradley's neighboring Union Electric Company
electric power plants used exhaust steam from their steam generators to dry the fiber conduit before they were sealed with pitch. In turn, the Fiber Conduit Company's conduits were used to run electrical wiring throughout numerous newly-constructed buildings across the country for the next forty years. Bradley, along with several competitors, laid miles of the fiber electrical conduit in sky-scrapers, such as the Empire State Building
.
The early 1900s brought massive expansion of the telephone, telegraph and electrical industries along with subway construction along the eastern seaboard. This expansion in the usage of electrical and telecommunications wiring brought with it a rising demand for fiber conduit, which was being used to contain this wiring within buildings, as well as in subway tunnels. In addition, fiber conduit was increasingly being used to create underground ducting for distributing wires under streets and roads, as well as along railroads.
Fiber was next adopted by the booming oil industry to pump salt waste-water from drilling sites to treatment and disposal areas. This industrial use quickly yielded the insight that while long-lived and incredibly durable in normal draining operations, bitumenized fiber easily ruptured under pressure. During this trial usage by the oil industry, the fiber conduit pipe tested was called "Alkacid" by the Fiber Conduit Co. of Orangeburg, New York. Owing to the aforementioned issues with pressurized usage, the oil industry soon stopped using the fiber "Alkacid" pipe and started using cement
-asbestos
pipe.
While a variety of companies competed with Fiber Conduit Company, it was by far and away the largest producer of bitumenized fiber conduit piping throughout the early 20th century and demand for fiber conduit only increased during World War II with the need for electrical conduit for use in new airfields and military bases. In 1948, the name of the Fiber Conduit Company was changed to the Orangeburg Manufacturing Company. As World War II ended and gave rise to the post-war housing boom, the demand for cheap housing materials was at an all-time high and available drainage materials were scarce. Orangeburg Manufacturing produced a thicker-walled, sturdier, round version of fiber conduit, selling it as "Orangeburg pipe" for sewer and drain uses.
It was observed in early usage that, similar to modern PVC piping, Orangeburg was susceptible to deformation from pressure. Thus, manufacturers urged "bedding" the pipes in sand or pea gravel to prevent rupture in much the same fashion that PVC pipes are bedded today.
Pipe (material)
A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, usually but not necessarily of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow — liquids and gases , slurries, powders, masses of small solids...
made from layers of wood pulp
Wood pulp
Pulp is a lignocellulosic fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating cellulose fibres from wood, fibre crops or waste paper. Wood pulp is the most common raw material in papermaking.-History:...
and pitch
Pitch (resin)
Pitch is the name for any of a number of viscoelastic, solid polymers. Pitch can be made from petroleum products or plants. Petroleum-derived pitch is also called bitumen. Pitch produced from plants is also known as resin. Products made from plant resin are also known as rosin.Pitch was...
pressed together. It was used from the 1860s through the 1970s, when it was replaced by PVC pipe for water delivery and ABS pipe
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene is a common thermoplastic. Its melting point is approximately 105 °C ....
for drain-waste-vent (DWV) applications. The name comes from Orangeburg, New York
Orangeburg, New York
Orangeburg hamlet , in the Town of Orangetown Rockland County, New York, United States located north of Tappan; south of Blauvelt; east of Pearl River and west of Piermont...
, the town in which most Orangeburg pipe was manufactured. It was manufactured largely by the Fiber Conduit Company, which changed its name to the Orangeburg Manufacturing Company in 1948.
History
The first known use of fiber pipe was in an experimental water delivery pipe in the BostonBoston
Boston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...
area. The pipeline, finished in 1867, measured 1.5 miles in length and was in use through 1927. Bitumenized pipe was not in widespread commercial use until the late 19th century when it was utilized exclusively as electrical conduit.
In 1893, Stephen Bradley, Sr. founded the Fiber Conduit Company in Orangeburg, New York. Bradley's neighboring Union Electric Company
Union Electric Company
The Union Electric Company of Missouri was an electric power utility first organized in 1902. As one of the S&P 500 largest companies in the United States, in 1997 its holding company merged with a smaller neighboring utility, Central Illinois Public Service Company through its holding company,...
electric power plants used exhaust steam from their steam generators to dry the fiber conduit before they were sealed with pitch. In turn, the Fiber Conduit Company's conduits were used to run electrical wiring throughout numerous newly-constructed buildings across the country for the next forty years. Bradley, along with several competitors, laid miles of the fiber electrical conduit in sky-scrapers, such as the Empire State Building
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building is a 102-story landmark skyscraper and American cultural icon in New York City at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street. It has a roof height of 1,250 feet , and with its antenna spire included, it stands a total of 1,454 ft high. Its name is derived...
.
The early 1900s brought massive expansion of the telephone, telegraph and electrical industries along with subway construction along the eastern seaboard. This expansion in the usage of electrical and telecommunications wiring brought with it a rising demand for fiber conduit, which was being used to contain this wiring within buildings, as well as in subway tunnels. In addition, fiber conduit was increasingly being used to create underground ducting for distributing wires under streets and roads, as well as along railroads.
Fiber was next adopted by the booming oil industry to pump salt waste-water from drilling sites to treatment and disposal areas. This industrial use quickly yielded the insight that while long-lived and incredibly durable in normal draining operations, bitumenized fiber easily ruptured under pressure. During this trial usage by the oil industry, the fiber conduit pipe tested was called "Alkacid" by the Fiber Conduit Co. of Orangeburg, New York. Owing to the aforementioned issues with pressurized usage, the oil industry soon stopped using the fiber "Alkacid" pipe and started using cement
Cement
In the most general sense of the word, a cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The word "cement" traces to the Romans, who used the term opus caementicium to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed...
-asbestos
Asbestos
Asbestos is a set of six naturally occurring silicate minerals used commercially for their desirable physical properties. They all have in common their eponymous, asbestiform habit: long, thin fibrous crystals...
pipe.
While a variety of companies competed with Fiber Conduit Company, it was by far and away the largest producer of bitumenized fiber conduit piping throughout the early 20th century and demand for fiber conduit only increased during World War II with the need for electrical conduit for use in new airfields and military bases. In 1948, the name of the Fiber Conduit Company was changed to the Orangeburg Manufacturing Company. As World War II ended and gave rise to the post-war housing boom, the demand for cheap housing materials was at an all-time high and available drainage materials were scarce. Orangeburg Manufacturing produced a thicker-walled, sturdier, round version of fiber conduit, selling it as "Orangeburg pipe" for sewer and drain uses.
Usage
Orangeburg pipe was made in inside diameters from 2 inches to 18 inches out of wood pulp sealed with hot pitch. Joints were made in a similar fashion and, due to the materials involved, were able to be sealed without the usage of adhesives. Orangeburg was lightweight, albeit brittle, and soft enough to be cut with a handsaw. Orangeburg was a low cost alternative to metal for sewer lines in particular. Lack of strength causes pipes made of Orangeburg to fail more frequently than pipes made with other materials. The useful life for an Orangeburg pipe is about 50 years under ideal conditions, but has been known to fail in as little as 10 years. It has been taken off the list of acceptable materials by most building codes.It was observed in early usage that, similar to modern PVC piping, Orangeburg was susceptible to deformation from pressure. Thus, manufacturers urged "bedding" the pipes in sand or pea gravel to prevent rupture in much the same fashion that PVC pipes are bedded today.