Nearctic Stakes
Encyclopedia
The Nearctic Stakes is a Canadian Thoroughbred horse race
Thoroughbred horse race
Thoroughbred horse racing is a worldwide sport and industry involving the racing of Thoroughbred horses. It is governed by different national bodies. There are two forms of the sport: Flat racing and National Hunt racing...

 run annually in mid October at Woodbine Racetrack
Woodbine Racetrack
Woodbine Racetrack is a Canadian racetrack for Thoroughbred horse races located at 555 Rexdale Blvd. in the city of Toronto, Ontario. It is the only horseracing track in North America which stages, or is capable of staging, thoroughbred and standardbred horseracing programs on the same day...

 in Toronto
Toronto
Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the largest city in Canada. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from...

, Ontario
Ontario
Ontario is a province of Canada, located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province and second largest in total area. It is home to the nation's most populous city, Toronto, and the nation's capital, Ottawa....

. The Grade I
Graded stakes race
A graded stakes race is a term applied since 1973 by the American Graded Stakes Committee of the Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association to thoroughbred horse races in the United States and Canada to describe races that derive their name from the stake, or entry fee, owners must pay...

 sprint
Sprint (race)
Sprints are short running events in athletics and track and field. Races over short distances are among the oldest running competitions. The first 13 editions of the Ancient Olympic Games featured only one event—the stadion race, which was a race from one end of the stadium to the other...

 is raced on turf
Grass
Grasses, or more technically graminoids, are monocotyledonous, usually herbaceous plants with narrow leaves growing from the base. They include the "true grasses", of the Poaceae family, as well as the sedges and the rushes . The true grasses include cereals, bamboo and the grasses of lawns ...

 over a distance of six furlongs and currently offers a purse of $500,000.

Previously a Grade II race, it was upgraded to Grade I status for 2010.

Inaugurated in 1973 to honor Windfield's Farms
Windfields Farm
Windfields Farm is a six square kilometre thoroughbred horse breeding farm founded by businessman E. P. Taylor in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada. The first stable and breeding operation of E. P. Taylor originated with a property near the city of Toronto known as Parkwood Stable when it was owned by...

 champion Nearctic
Nearctic (horse)
Nearctic was an Canadian-bred Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse. Bred by E. P. Taylor, he was out of the Irish mare Lady Angela, a daughter of the British Champion sire Hyperion...

, the 1958 Canadian Horse of the Year, Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame
Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame
The Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame was established in 1976 at the Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto, Ontario to honor those who have made a significant contribution to the sport of harness and thoroughbred horse racing in Canada....

 inductee, and sire of the 20th Century's most important sire, Northern Dancer
Northern Dancer
Northern Dancer was a Canadian-bred Thoroughbred racehorse and the most successful sire of the 20th Century. The National Thoroughbred Racing Association calls him "one of the most influential sires in Thoroughbred history"....

.

The Nearctic Stakes was raced on dirt until 1995 when it was shifted to the Turf
Grass
Grasses, or more technically graminoids, are monocotyledonous, usually herbaceous plants with narrow leaves growing from the base. They include the "true grasses", of the Poaceae family, as well as the sedges and the rushes . The true grasses include cereals, bamboo and the grasses of lawns ...

.

Records

Speed record on turf:
  • 1:07.60 - Wild Zone (1996)


Speed record on dirt:
  • 1:09.00 - Megas Vukefalos (1992)


Most wins:
  • 2 - Play The King
    Play the King
    Play the King was a Canadian Champion Thoroughbred racehorse. Bred and raced by Kinghaven Farms of King City, Ontario, he was sired by King of Spain, a descendant of the very important sire, Nearco. His dam was Whisper whose sire Laugh Aloud was a son of U.S...

     (1987, 1988)
  • 2 - Wild Zone (1995, 1996)


Most wins by an owner:
  • 3 - Sam-Son Farm
    Sam-Son Farm
    Sam-Son Farm is a thoroughbred horse racing stable with farms locations in Milton, Ontario, Canada and Ocala, Florida. Originating in the 60's by Ernie Samuel, it began as a home for hunter/jumper horses...

     (1978, 1989, 2003)


Most wins by a jockey
Jockey
A jockey is an athlete who rides horses in horse racing or steeplechase racing, primarily as a profession. The word also applies to camel riders in camel racing.-Etymology:...

:
  • 4 - Robin Platts
    Robin Platts
    Robin Platts is a Canadian thoroughbred horse racing Hall of Fame jockey. He began his jockey career at age 16 and went on to become the winner of the 1979 Sovereign Award for Outstanding Jockey, a record four-time winner of Canada's most prestigious horse race, the Queen's Plate, and the...

     (1973, 1974, 1975, 1979)


Most wins by a trainer
Horse trainer
In horse racing, a trainer prepares a horse for races, with responsibility for exercising it, getting it race-ready and determining which races it should enter...

:
  • 3 - Daniel J. Vella
    Daniel J. Vella
    Daniel J. "Dan" Vella is a Canadian Champion Thoroughbred racehorse trainer.Dan Vella was introduced to Thoroughbred horse racing by an uncle who owned horses and, after graduating from High School, went to work at a racetrack in his native Toronto...

     (1990, 1994, 1995)

Winners of the Nearctic Stakes

Year
Winner
Age
Jockey
Trainer
Owner
Time
2011 Regally Ready 4 Corey Nakatani
Corey Nakatani
Corey S. Nakatani is an American Thoroughbred horse racing jockey. He got his big break in 1990 when he rode Itsallgreektome to win big stakes races.Nakatani currently resides at Belmont Park...

Steve Asmussen
Steve Asmussen
Steven Mark Asmussen is an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer. Born into a horse racing family, his parents, Keith and Marilyn "Sis" Asmussen, are both trainers who operate El Primero Training Center off the Mines Road in Laredo, the seat of Webb County in south Texas...

Vinery Stable 1:11.35
2010 Serious Attitude 4 Garrett Gomez Rae Guest Derek J. Willis & Rae Guest 1:09.1
2009 Field Commission 4 Julien Leparoux
Julien Leparoux
Julien R. Leparoux is a Champion jockey currently racing in the United States.Leparoux, grew up in a racing family, the son of a jockey turned assistant trainer. He worked at the Chantilly Racecourse as a stable hand and in January 2003 emigrated to California to work as an exercise rider for...

Daniel J. Vella
Daniel J. Vella
Daniel J. "Dan" Vella is a Canadian Champion Thoroughbred racehorse trainer.Dan Vella was introduced to Thoroughbred horse racing by an uncle who owned horses and, after graduating from High School, went to work at a racetrack in his native Toronto...

E. Selzer & D. J. Vella
Daniel J. Vella
Daniel J. "Dan" Vella is a Canadian Champion Thoroughbred racehorse trainer.Dan Vella was introduced to Thoroughbred horse racing by an uncle who owned horses and, after graduating from High School, went to work at a racetrack in his native Toronto...

1:09.23
2008 True to Tradition 6 Kendrick Carmouche Scott A. Lake Ben Mondello/Adam Russo 1:09.11
2007 Heros Reward 5 Javier Castellano
Javier Castellano
Javier Castellano is a jockey in American Thoroughbred horse racing.Castellano began his riding career in his native Venezuela in 1996 and in June 1997 moved to the United States where rode at race tracks in southern Florida until 2001 when he moved to race on the New York State racing circuit.In...

Dale Capuano Rob Ry Farm & J M Slysz 1:08.04
2006 Fast Parade 3 Patrick Valenzuela Peter Miller Gary & Cecil Barber 1:12.41
2005 Steel Light 4 Corey Nakatani
Corey Nakatani
Corey S. Nakatani is an American Thoroughbred horse racing jockey. He got his big break in 1990 when he rode Itsallgreektome to win big stakes races.Nakatani currently resides at Belmont Park...

Christophe Clement
Christophe Clement
Christophe Clement is a Thoroughbred horse trainer in the United States.- Racing background :Christophe Clement initially acquired his training skills from father Miguel, a leading trainer in France, Christophe later worked for the prominent French racing family of trainer Alec Head...

Moyglare Stud 1:12.14
2004 I Thee Wed 4 Jim McAleney
James S. McAleney
James S. "Jim" McAleney is a Canadian Thoroughbred horse racing jockey.A native of Fort St. John, British Columbia, Jim McAleney began his career as a jockey in Western Canada where in 1986 at Northlands Park in Edmonton, Alberta he got his first win. The following year, he competed in the West as...

David R. Bell Pin Oak Stable 1:09.36
2003 Soaring Free
Soaring Free
Soaring Free is a retired Canadian Champion Thoroughbred racehorse who was bred and raced by one of Canada's leading Thoroughbred operations, Sam-Son Farm. He was out of the mare Dancing With Wings, a daughter of three-time Champion Sire, Danzig...

4 Todd Kabel
Todd Kabel
Todd K. Kabel is a Canadian Thoroughbred horse racing jockey. He began his career riding at Assiniboia Downs in Winnipeg, Manitoba and in 1987 started competing at tracks in Ontario, moving to Toronto permanently in 1991.Riding out of Woodbine Racetrack, Todd Kabel won the Sovereign Award for...

Mark Frostad
Mark Frostad
Mark R. Frostad is a Canadian Thoroughbred horse trainer. He grew up with a father who owned a stud farm but before becoming involved in thoroughbred horse racing, Frostad obtained a BA degree in literature from Princeton University then in 1976 an MBA degree from the University of Western Ontario...

Sam-Son Farm
Sam-Son Farm
Sam-Son Farm is a thoroughbred horse racing stable with farms locations in Milton, Ontario, Canada and Ocala, Florida. Originating in the 60's by Ernie Samuel, it began as a home for hunter/jumper horses...

1:07.73
2002 Nuclear Debate
Nuclear debate
The nuclear debate can refer to:*Nuclear power debate*Nuclear weapons debate*Uranium mining debate...

7 David R. Flores
David R. Flores
David Romero Flores is a jockey in American Thoroughbred horse racing.His father was a jockey and an exercise rider in Southern California....

Darrell Vienna Herrick Racing 1:07.86
2001 Mr. Epperson 6 James McKnight Scott H. Fairlie R & S. Fairlie et al. 1:08.86
2000 Kahal 6 Brice Blanc
Brice Blanc
Brice Blanc is a jockey in American Thoroughbred horse racing.Blanc attended a jockey's apprentice school in his native France then, encouraged by trainer Ben Cecil, in October 1993 emigrated to the United States where he settled in Southern California and began racing at area tracks...

Neil D. Drysdale Shadwell Racing
Shadwell Racing
Shadwell Racing is the Thoroughbred horse racing operations of Sheikh Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Deputy Ruler of Dubai.Introduced to Thoroughbred flat racing while a student in the United Kingdom, Sheikh Hamdan established his first racing stable there in 1981...

1:11.07
1999 Clever Response 4 Emile Ramsammy
Emile Ramsammy
Emile Ramsammy is a Canadian thoroughbred horse racing Champion jockey. He had more than 500 victories racing in the Caribbean before emigrating to Canada in the early 1990s....

Michael Keogh
Michael Keogh
Michael Keogh, known as Max Keogh was a nationalist politician and journalist in Northern Ireland.Based in Newry, Keogh became the editor of the Frontier Sentinel....

Gus Schickedanz 1:10.19
1998 Rushiscomingup 5 Richard Dos Ramos
Richard Dos Ramos
Richard Anthony Dos Ramos is a Canadian jockey in Thoroughbred horse racing. He grew up in Malton, Ontario where his family emigrated when he was young...

Paul Buttigieg Farrugia & Buttigieg 1:08.20
1997 Jilin 5 David Clark
David K. Clark
David K. Clark is a Champion jockey in Canadian Thoroughbred horse racing. He began riding professionally at Ontario racetracks in 1973 and went on to become one of Canada's most successful jockeys of all-time.Clark won the 1998 Sovereign Award as Canadian Champion Jockey and on July 17 of that...

John P. MacKenzie Greenoaks Farm 1:08.60
1996 Wild Zone 6 Robert Landry
Robert C. Landry
Robert Charles Landry is a Canadian Champion jockey in Thoroughbred horse racing.Landry embarked on his career while in his teens, earning his first victory on June 21, 1981, at Fort Erie Racetrack. He went on to a stellar career as one of his country's top jockeys and in 1993 and 1994 was voted...

Frank Passero, Jr. Mrs. A. Riggs IV/Stronach
Frank Stronach
Frank Stronach, CM is an Austrian-Canadian businessman. He is the founder of Magna International, an international automotive parts company based in Aurora, Ontario, Canada, and Magna Entertainment Corp., which specializes in horse-racing entertainment...

1:07.60
1995 Wild Zone 5 Shane Sellers
Shane Sellers
Shane Jude Sellers is an American Thoroughbred horse racing jockey. At age eleven, he began working around horses and in 1983 rode his first winner at Evangeline Downs....

Daniel J. Vella
Daniel J. Vella
Daniel J. "Dan" Vella is a Canadian Champion Thoroughbred racehorse trainer.Dan Vella was introduced to Thoroughbred horse racing by an uncle who owned horses and, after graduating from High School, went to work at a racetrack in his native Toronto...

Mrs. A. Riggs IV/Stronach
Frank Stronach
Frank Stronach, CM is an Austrian-Canadian businessman. He is the founder of Magna International, an international automotive parts company based in Aurora, Ontario, Canada, and Magna Entertainment Corp., which specializes in horse-racing entertainment...

1:08.40
1994 King Ruckus 4 Todd Kabel
Todd Kabel
Todd K. Kabel is a Canadian Thoroughbred horse racing jockey. He began his career riding at Assiniboia Downs in Winnipeg, Manitoba and in 1987 started competing at tracks in Ontario, moving to Toronto permanently in 1991.Riding out of Woodbine Racetrack, Todd Kabel won the Sovereign Award for...

Daniel J. Vella
Daniel J. Vella
Daniel J. "Dan" Vella is a Canadian Champion Thoroughbred racehorse trainer.Dan Vella was introduced to Thoroughbred horse racing by an uncle who owned horses and, after graduating from High School, went to work at a racetrack in his native Toronto...

Frank Stronach
Frank Stronach
Frank Stronach, CM is an Austrian-Canadian businessman. He is the founder of Magna International, an international automotive parts company based in Aurora, Ontario, Canada, and Magna Entertainment Corp., which specializes in horse-racing entertainment...

1:09.60
1993 British Banker 5 Dave Penna
Dave Penna
David "Dave" Penna was an American jockey in Thoroughbred horse racing who competed in the United States but had his gretest successes in Canada. Born in Auburn, New York, he began his career as a professional rider in 1978 and three years later went to compete at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto...

Michael J. Doyle Dogwood Stable
Dogwood Stable
Dogwood Stable is an American Thoroughbred racehorse partnership founded in 1969 by W. Cothran "Cot" Campbell of Aiken, South Carolina.The pioneers of thoroughbred partnerships, the operation's stated policy is to acquire moderately priced, young horses...

1:09.40
1992 Megas Vukefalos 4 Don Seymour
Don Seymour
Donald J. Seymour is a Canadian jockey in Thoroughbred horse racing who is the only jockey in history to win two Canadian Triple Crowns....

Phil England Knob Hill Stable
Knob Hill Stable
Knob Hill Stable was a Canadian Thoroughbred horse racing and breeding operation established by Toronto businessman, Steve Stavro.The stable bred and raced a number of champions such as Canadian Horse of the Year honourees, Benburb and Thornfield. In 1992, Steve Stavro was voted a Sovereign Award...

1:09.00
1991 Hadif 5 Dave Penna
Dave Penna
David "Dave" Penna was an American jockey in Thoroughbred horse racing who competed in the United States but had his gretest successes in Canada. Born in Auburn, New York, he began his career as a professional rider in 1978 and three years later went to compete at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto...

Tom Skiffington, Jr. Shadwell Racing
Shadwell Racing
Shadwell Racing is the Thoroughbred horse racing operations of Sheikh Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Deputy Ruler of Dubai.Introduced to Thoroughbred flat racing while a student in the United Kingdom, Sheikh Hamdan established his first racing stable there in 1981...

1:10.00
1990 Dargai 4 Brian Swatuk Daniel J. Vella
Daniel J. Vella
Daniel J. "Dan" Vella is a Canadian Champion Thoroughbred racehorse trainer.Dan Vella was introduced to Thoroughbred horse racing by an uncle who owned horses and, after graduating from High School, went to work at a racetrack in his native Toronto...

Knob Hill Stable
Knob Hill Stable
Knob Hill Stable was a Canadian Thoroughbred horse racing and breeding operation established by Toronto businessman, Steve Stavro.The stable bred and raced a number of champions such as Canadian Horse of the Year honourees, Benburb and Thornfield. In 1992, Steve Stavro was voted a Sovereign Award...

1:10.00
1989 Regal Intention
Regal Intention
Regal Intention is a Canadian Champion Thoroughbred racehorse. A grandson of Northern Dancer, he was out of the mare, Tiffany Tam and sired by the important Vice Regent who also sired his stablemate and arch rival, Regal Classic....

4 Jack Lauzon
Jack M. Lauzon
Jack M. Lauzon is a retired Canadian Thoroughbred horse racing jockey whom The Blood-Horse magazine called "one of the most respected riders in Canada."...

James E. Day Sam-Son Farm
Sam-Son Farm
Sam-Son Farm is a thoroughbred horse racing stable with farms locations in Milton, Ontario, Canada and Ocala, Florida. Originating in the 60's by Ernie Samuel, it began as a home for hunter/jumper horses...

1:10.20
1988 Play The King
Play the King
Play the King was a Canadian Champion Thoroughbred racehorse. Bred and raced by Kinghaven Farms of King City, Ontario, he was sired by King of Spain, a descendant of the very important sire, Nearco. His dam was Whisper whose sire Laugh Aloud was a son of U.S...

5 Don Seymour
Don Seymour
Donald J. Seymour is a Canadian jockey in Thoroughbred horse racing who is the only jockey in history to win two Canadian Triple Crowns....

Roger Attfield
Roger Attfield
Roger L. Attfield is a Canadian thoroughbred horse trainer and owner.In his native England, Attfield had become an accomplished international-level equestrian competitor when he emigrated to Canada in 1970...

Kinghaven Farms
Kinghaven Farms
Kinghaven Farms is a thoroughbred horse racing stable founded in 1967 by Donald G. "Bud" Willmot. Located in King City, Ontario, north of Toronto, the success of the stable would see it expand to the United States with the acquisition of a farm and training center near Ocala, Florida. Kinghaven...

1:10.00
1987 Play The King
Play the King
Play the King was a Canadian Champion Thoroughbred racehorse. Bred and raced by Kinghaven Farms of King City, Ontario, he was sired by King of Spain, a descendant of the very important sire, Nearco. His dam was Whisper whose sire Laugh Aloud was a son of U.S...

4 Don Seymour
Don Seymour
Donald J. Seymour is a Canadian jockey in Thoroughbred horse racing who is the only jockey in history to win two Canadian Triple Crowns....

Roger Attfield
Roger Attfield
Roger L. Attfield is a Canadian thoroughbred horse trainer and owner.In his native England, Attfield had become an accomplished international-level equestrian competitor when he emigrated to Canada in 1970...

Kinghaven Farms
Kinghaven Farms
Kinghaven Farms is a thoroughbred horse racing stable founded in 1967 by Donald G. "Bud" Willmot. Located in King City, Ontario, north of Toronto, the success of the stable would see it expand to the United States with the acquisition of a farm and training center near Ocala, Florida. Kinghaven...

1:09.80
1986 New Connection 5 Dave Penna
Dave Penna
David "Dave" Penna was an American jockey in Thoroughbred horse racing who competed in the United States but had his gretest successes in Canada. Born in Auburn, New York, he began his career as a professional rider in 1978 and three years later went to compete at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto...

Trevor Swan J. D. Cameron 1:10.60
1985 Dancer's Bo Jin 4 Daniel David Jerry G. Lavigne G. Going 1:11.40
1984 Diapason 4 Gary Stahlbaum Jacques Dumas J. LaPointe 1:09.80
1983 Ask Muhammad 4 Richard Dos Ramos
Richard Dos Ramos
Richard Anthony Dos Ramos is a Canadian jockey in Thoroughbred horse racing. He grew up in Malton, Ontario where his family emigrated when he was young...

Michael Silvera Gordon F. Hall 1:11.20
1982 Reddy Roadster 7 Brian Swatuk Conrad J. Cohen Susan Cohen 1:10.20
1981 Solo Guy 3 George HoSang Laurie Silvera
Laurie Silvera
Laurie Silvera is a Canadian Thoroughbred racehorse trainer. A resident of Campbellville, Ontario, he has been training professionally since 1975 at racetracks in the Toronto area...

Gordon F. Hall 1:10.60
1980 La Voyageuse
La Voyageuse
La Voyageuse is a Canadian Thoroughbred filly racehorse who was a three-time Sovereign Award winner. She was bred and raced by prominent Quebec businessman and major racing stable owner, Jean-Louis Levesque....

5 J. Paul Souter Yonnie Starr
Yonnie Starr
Joseph "Yonnie" Starr was a Canadian Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse trainer about whom the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame says has a "record unmatched in Canadian racing history."...

Jean-Louis Levesque
Jean-Louis Lévesque
Jean-Louis Lévesque, was a Canadian entrepreneur, thoroughbred racehorse owner, and philanthropist....

1:09.80
1979 Ocean Emperor 4 Robin Platts
Robin Platts
Robin Platts is a Canadian thoroughbred horse racing Hall of Fame jockey. He began his jockey career at age 16 and went on to become the winner of the 1979 Sovereign Award for Outstanding Jockey, a record four-time winner of Canada's most prestigious horse race, the Queen's Plate, and the...

J. Mack Pel-Gam-Ski Stable 1:10.20
1978 Stutz Bearcat 3 George HoSang James E. Day Sam-Son Farm
Sam-Son Farm
Sam-Son Farm is a thoroughbred horse racing stable with farms locations in Milton, Ontario, Canada and Ocala, Florida. Originating in the 60's by Ernie Samuel, it began as a home for hunter/jumper horses...

1:09.80
1977 Jilting Jim 4 Sandy Hawley
Sandy Hawley
Desmond Sanford "Sandy" Hawley, CM is a Hall of Fame jockey.Sandy Hawley started out as a plumber then later decided to be a jockey. He started his career as a jockey when he was a 17-year-old boy, hotwalking horses at a Toronto racetrack...

Jake Nemett R. E. Leslie 1:10.60
1976 Park Romeo 5 Lloyd Duffy
Lloyd Duffy
Lloyd Duffy is a retired Canadian Champion jockey in Thoroughbred flat horse racing who uniquely is also a licensed driver of harness racing horses....

Jerry G. Lavigne Parkview Stable 1:12.60
1975 Gurkhas Band 3 Robin Platts
Robin Platts
Robin Platts is a Canadian thoroughbred horse racing Hall of Fame jockey. He began his jockey career at age 16 and went on to become the winner of the 1979 Sovereign Award for Outstanding Jockey, a record four-time winner of Canada's most prestigious horse race, the Queen's Plate, and the...

Gil Rowntree
Gil Rowntree
Gil H. Rowntree is a Canadian Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse trainer and owner.One of the most successful trainers in Canadian Thoroughbred racing history, Rowntree embarked on his racing career as a jockey in his native Toronto, riding from 1949 through 1951...

Stafford Farms 1:11.00
1974 Henry Tudor 5 Robin Platts
Robin Platts
Robin Platts is a Canadian thoroughbred horse racing Hall of Fame jockey. He began his jockey career at age 16 and went on to become the winner of the 1979 Sovereign Award for Outstanding Jockey, a record four-time winner of Canada's most prestigious horse race, the Queen's Plate, and the...

Lou Cavalaris, Jr. Gardiner Farm 1:11.20
1973 Rare Adventure 4 Robin Platts
Robin Platts
Robin Platts is a Canadian thoroughbred horse racing Hall of Fame jockey. He began his jockey career at age 16 and went on to become the winner of the 1979 Sovereign Award for Outstanding Jockey, a record four-time winner of Canada's most prestigious horse race, the Queen's Plate, and the...

Lou Cavalaris, Jr. Gardiner Farm 1:10.40
The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK