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Nationality
 
 
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Nationality is a the relationship between a person
Person

The term person in common usage means an individual human being. In the fields of law, philosophy, medicine, and others, the term also has specialised context-specific meanings....
 and their state
State

A state is a political Social contract with effective sovereignty over a geographic area and representing a population. These may be nation states, State or multinational states....
 of origin
Origin

Origin is a word meaning "beginning." In this sense, it may refer to:*Origin , the beginning, starting-point, cause, or ultimate source, from which a thing is derived;...
, culture
Culture

Culture is difficult to define. For example, in 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions....
, association, affiliation
Affiliation

In law, affiliation is the term to describe a partnership between two or more parties....
 and/or loyalty
Loyalty

Loyalty is faithfulness or a devotion to a person or cause....
. Nationality affords the state jurisdiction
Jurisdiction

In law, jurisdiction is the practical authority granted to a formally constituted legal body or to a political leader to deal with and make pronouncements on legal matters and, by implication, to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility....
 over the person and affords the person the protection of the state.

By custom
Customary international law

Customary international law are those aspects of international law that derive from Custom . Coupled with Sources_of_international_law#General_principles_of_law and Treaties, custom is considered by the International Court of Justice, jurists, the United Nations, and its member states to be among the primary sources of international law....
, it is the right of each state to determine who its nationals are. Such determinations are part of nationality law
Nationality law

Nationality law is the branch of law concerned with the questions of nationality and citizenship, and how these statuses are transmitted, acquired, or lost....
. In some cases, determinations of nationality are also governed by public international law—for example, by treaties
Treaty

A Treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely states and international organizations. A Treaty may also be known as: agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, exchange of letters, etc....
 on statelessness
Statelessness

Statelessness is the legal and social concept of a person lacking belonging to any recognised state. Statelessness is not always the same as lack of citizenship....
 and the European Convention on Nationality
European Convention on Nationality

The European Convention on Nationality is a comprehensive convention of the Council of Europe dealing with the law of nationality.Common practice among states at the beginning of the 20th century was that a woman was to have the nationality of her husband; thus upon marrying a foreigner she would automatically acquire the nationality of he...
.

The word citizenship
Citizenship

Citizenship refers to a person's membership in a political community such as a country or city. It has different legal definitions in different countries....
 is often used in a different sense from nationality.






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Nationality is a the relationship between a person
Person

The term person in common usage means an individual human being. In the fields of law, philosophy, medicine, and others, the term also has specialised context-specific meanings....
 and their state
State

A state is a political Social contract with effective sovereignty over a geographic area and representing a population. These may be nation states, State or multinational states....
 of origin
Origin

Origin is a word meaning "beginning." In this sense, it may refer to:*Origin , the beginning, starting-point, cause, or ultimate source, from which a thing is derived;...
, culture
Culture

Culture is difficult to define. For example, in 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions....
, association, affiliation
Affiliation

In law, affiliation is the term to describe a partnership between two or more parties....
 and/or loyalty
Loyalty

Loyalty is faithfulness or a devotion to a person or cause....
. Nationality affords the state jurisdiction
Jurisdiction

In law, jurisdiction is the practical authority granted to a formally constituted legal body or to a political leader to deal with and make pronouncements on legal matters and, by implication, to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility....
 over the person and affords the person the protection of the state.

By custom
Customary international law

Customary international law are those aspects of international law that derive from Custom . Coupled with Sources_of_international_law#General_principles_of_law and Treaties, custom is considered by the International Court of Justice, jurists, the United Nations, and its member states to be among the primary sources of international law....
, it is the right of each state to determine who its nationals are. Such determinations are part of nationality law
Nationality law

Nationality law is the branch of law concerned with the questions of nationality and citizenship, and how these statuses are transmitted, acquired, or lost....
. In some cases, determinations of nationality are also governed by public international law—for example, by treaties
Treaty

A Treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely states and international organizations. A Treaty may also be known as: agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, exchange of letters, etc....
 on statelessness
Statelessness

Statelessness is the legal and social concept of a person lacking belonging to any recognised state. Statelessness is not always the same as lack of citizenship....
 and the European Convention on Nationality
European Convention on Nationality

The European Convention on Nationality is a comprehensive convention of the Council of Europe dealing with the law of nationality.Common practice among states at the beginning of the 20th century was that a woman was to have the nationality of her husband; thus upon marrying a foreigner she would automatically acquire the nationality of he...
.

The word citizenship
Citizenship

Citizenship refers to a person's membership in a political community such as a country or city. It has different legal definitions in different countries....
 is often used in a different sense from nationality. The most common distinguishing feature of citizenship is that citizens have the right to participate in the political
Politics

Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions. The term is generally applied to behaviour within civil governments, but politics has been observed in all human group interactions, including corporation, academia, and religion institutions....
 life of the state, such as by voting
Voting

Voting is a method for a Group such as a meeting or an Constituency to decision making or express an opinion ? often following discussions, debates or election campaigns....
 or standing for election. The term national includes both citizens and non-citizens (for example, a permanent resident who has not yet been naturalized
Naturalization

Naturalization is the acquisition of citizenship or nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born....
.

Alternatively, nationality can refer to membership in a nation
Nation

A nation is a cultural and social community. In as much as most members never meet each other, yet feel a common bond, it may be considered an imagined community....
s (collective of people sharing a national identity, usually based on ethnic
Ethnic group

An ethnic group is a group of humans whose members identify with each other, through a common heritage that is real or presumed.Ethnic identity is further marked by the recognition from others of a group's distinctiveness and the recognition of common culture, linguistic, religion, human behaviour or Race traits, real or presumed, as indic...
 and cultural
Culture

Culture is difficult to define. For example, in 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions....
 ties and self-determination
Self-determination

Self-determination is defined as free choice of one?s own acts without external compulsion, and especially as the freedom of the people of a given territory to determine their own political status or independence from their current state....
) even if that nation has has no state, such as the Basques
Basque people

The Basques are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France.The name Basque derives from the ancient tribe of the Vascones, described by Ancient Greece historian Strabo as living south of the western Pyrenees and north of the Ebro River, in modern day Navarre and northern Aragon....
, Kurds
Kurdish people

The Kurds are an Iranian peoples ethnolinguistic group mostly inhabiting a region that includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey and which is known as Kurdistan....
, Finland-Swedes
Finland-Swedes

Swedish-speaking Finns constitute a linguistic minority in Finland. They maintain a strong identity and are often seen as a ethnic group group and sometimes even as a distinct nationality....
 and Palestinians
Palestinian people

Palestinian people or Palestinians , also commonly rendered as Palestinian Arabs are terms commonly used to refer to the Arab population with family origins in Palestine....
.

Individuals may also be considered nationals of groups with semi-autonomous status
Autonomous area

An autonomous area is an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or freedom from an external authority. Typically it is either geographically distinct from the country or is populated by a national minority....
 which have ceded some power to a larger government, such as the federally recognized tribes of Native Americans in the United States
Native Americans in the United States

Native Americans in the United States are the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States United States, including parts of Alaska and the island state of Hawaii....
. Spanish law recognises the autonomous communities of Andalucía, Aragón
Aragon

Aragon is an autonomous communities of Spain of Spain. Located in northeastern Spain, the region comprises three provinces of Spain from north to south: Huesca , Zaragoza , and Teruel ....
, Catalonia
Catalonia

Catalonia , is an Autonomous Community in northeast Spain.Catalonia covers an area of 32,114 km? and has an official population of 7,210,508. It borders France and Andorra to the north, Aragon to the west, the Valencian Community to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east ....
, Valencia
Valencia

Valencia is the name of several places:In Spain:* Valencia, Spain, capital of the Valencia Autonomous Community* Valencian Community* Valencia , in the Valencia Autonomous Community...
, Galicia
Galicia

Galicia may refer to:Geographic regions* Galicia , an autonomous community in northwestern Spain** Gallaecia, a province of the Roman Empire...
 and the Basque Country
Basque Country (autonomous community)

The Basque Country is an Autonomous Community in northern Spain.The Basque Country was granted the status of Historical regions in Spain within Spain with the Spanish Constitution of 1978....
 as "nationalities" (Nacionalidades).

See also

  • Blood quantum laws
    Blood quantum laws

    Blood Quantum Laws is an umbrella term that describes legislation enacted to define membership in Native Americans in the United States groups....
  • Demonym
    Demonym

    A demonym, also referred to as a gentilic, is a name for a resident of a locality which is derived from the name of the particular locality....
  • Imagined communities
    Imagined communities

    The imagined community is a concept coined by Benedict Anderson which states that a nation is a community socially constructed, which is to say Imagination by the people who perceive themselves as part of that group....
  • Intersectionality
    Intersectionality

    ntersectionality is a theory which seeks to examine the ways in which various socially and culturally constructed categories interact on multiple levels to manifest themselves as inequality in society....
  • jus soli
    Jus soli

    Jus soli , or birthright citizenship, is a right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognised to any individual born in the territory of the related state....
  • jus sanguinis
    Jus sanguinis

    Jus sanguinis is a social policy by which nationality or citizenship is not determined by place of birth, but by having an ancestor who is a national or citizen of the state....
  • Meta-ethnicity
    Meta-ethnicity

    Meta-ethnicity is a relatively recent term that arises occasionally in academic literature or public discourse, and when it does, seems to be an attempt to describe a level of commonality that is wider and more general than Ethnic group, but does not necessarily correspond to nation or nationality....
  • Nationalism
    Nationalism

    Nationalism refers to an ideology, a feeling, a form of culture, or a social movement that focuses on the nation. While there is significant debate over the historical origins of nations, nearly all Expert accept that nationalism, at least as an ideology and social movement, is a Modernity phenomenon originating in Europe....
  • Second-class citizen
    Second-class citizen

    Second-class citizen is an informal term used to describe a person who is systematically discrimination against within a state or other political jurisdiction, despite their nominal status as a citizen or legal resident there....


External links

  • Grossman, Andrew.
  • Trott, Philip D A.
  • White, Philip L. "Globalization and the Mythology of the Nation State," In A.G.Hopkins, ed. Global History: Interactions Between the Universal and the Local Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, pp. 257-284.
  • (1862)