Miss Ohio USA
Encyclopedia
The Miss Ohio USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Ohio
Ohio
Ohio is a Midwestern state in the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S.,it is the 7th‑most populous with over 11.5 million residents, containing several major American cities and seven metropolitan areas with populations of 500,000 or more.The state's capital is Columbus...

 in the Miss USA
Miss USA
The Miss USA beauty contest has been held annually since 1952 to select the United States entrant in the Miss Universe pageant. The Miss Universe Organization operates both pageants, as well as Miss Teen USA...

 pageant.

Ohio achieved success in the first decades of the Miss USA competition but has not done as well in recent years. Ohio is one of only twelve states to win the Miss USA crown twice (Sue Downey
Sue Downey
Sue Ann Downey is a former model and beauty queen from Columbus, Ohio who has held the Miss USA title and competed in the Miss Universe pageant.Downey won the Miss Ohio USA title and then the Miss USA 1965 title...

 in 1965 and Kim Seelbrede
Kim Seelbrede
Kimberly 'Kim' Seelbrede is a beauty queen from Ohio who held the title Miss USA 1981. Kimberly Seelbrede is a licensed psychotherapist in the state of New York. Kim holds a Master's degree from New York University and an undergraduate BA in Psychology.Following the pageant, Kim embarked on a...

 in 1981).

There are many notable Miss Ohio USA's, most famously actress and Oscar winner Halle Berry
Halle Berry
Halle Berry is an American actress and a former fashion model. Berry received an Emmy, Golden Globe, SAG, and an NAACP Image Award for Introducing Dorothy Dandridge and won an Academy Award for Best Actress and was nominated for a BAFTA Award in 2001 for her performance in Monster's Ball, becoming...

 who was 1st runner up to Miss USA in 1986. Others include Kim Mullen
Kim Mullen
Kimberly Danelle Mullen is a former beauty queen who has competed in the Miss USA pageant...

 (2002) of Survivor: Palau
Survivor: Palau
Survivor: Palau is the tenth season of the United States reality show Survivor. Its preview appeared during the final episode of Survivor: Vanuatu. Survivor: Palau premiered on February 17, 2005. The complete season, including the Live Reunion Show, was released on DVD by CBS Home Video on August...

, Melissa Proctor (1990), current director of the Miss Ohio USA and Miss Michigan USA
Miss Michigan USA
The Miss Michigan USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Michigan in the Miss USA pageant.Michigan is recognized by as being within the top 15 states in terms of Miss USA success. Their first Miss USA victory was in 1990, and notable because Carole Gist...

 pageants and Lesa Rummell (1977), mother of Miss Teen USA
Miss Teen USA
Miss Teen USA is a beauty pageant run by the Miss Universe Organization for girls aged 14–19. The reigning titleholder is Danielle Doty of Texas....

 2005, Allie LaForce
Allie LaForce
Alexandra Leigh "Allie" LaForce is a beauty queen from Vermilion, Ohio who held the Miss Teen USA 2005 title who now works as a broadcast sports reporter....

.

Two Miss Ohio USAs are former Miss Ohio Teen USA
Miss Ohio Teen USA
The Miss Ohio Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Ohio in the Miss Teen USA pageant.Ohio is one of the least successful states at Miss Teen USA, and has only placed three times. Most importantly, Allie LaForce won the Miss Teen USA crown in 2005,...

s who competed at Miss Teen USA
Miss Teen USA
Miss Teen USA is a beauty pageant run by the Miss Universe Organization for girls aged 14–19. The reigning titleholder is Danielle Doty of Texas....

.

Winners

Year Name Hometown Age1 Placement at Miss USA Special awards at Miss USA Notes
2011
Miss USA 2011
Miss USA 2011, the 60th anniversary of the Miss USA pageant, was held at the Theatre for the Performing Arts in Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada on Sunday, June 19, 2011. Miss USA 2010, Rima Fakih of Michigan crowned her successor, Alyssa Campanella of California, at the end...

Ashley Caldwell Gallipolis
Gallipolis, Ohio
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,180 people, 1,847 households, and 1,004 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,156.2 people per square mile . There were 2,056 housing units at an average density of 568.7 per square mile...

24
2010
Miss USA 2010
Miss USA 2010, the 59th edition of the Miss USA pageant, was held at the Theatre for the Performing Arts in Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada on May 16, 2010. Miss USA 2009, Kristen Dalton of North Carolina, crowned her successor, Rima Fakih of Michigan as Miss USA 2010 at the...

Amanda Tempel St. Bernard
St. Bernard, Ohio
St. Bernard is a small city in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. The population was 4,924 at the 2000 census.-Geography:St. Bernard is located at , and along with Norwood and Elmwood Place, is an enclave surrounded by the city of Cincinnati.According to the United States Census Bureau, the...

19
2009
Miss USA 2009
Miss USA 2009, the 58th Miss USA pageant was held at the Theatre for the Performing Arts in Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada on April 19, 2009...

Natasha Vivoda Youngstown
Youngstown, Ohio
Youngstown is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Mahoning County; it also extends into Trumbull County. The municipality is situated on the Mahoning River, approximately southeast of Cleveland and northwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania...

22
2008
Miss USA 2008
Miss USA 2008, the 57th Miss USA beauty pageant, was held in Las Vegas, Nevada on April 11, 2008. At the conclusion of the final night of competition, Crystle Stewart, Miss Texas USA, was crowned the winner by outgoing titleholder, Rachel Smith of Tennessee...

Monica Day
Monica Day
Monica Day is a Columbus, Ohio broadcaster who competed in the Miss USA pageant in 2008.Day won the Miss Ohio USA title after previously placing as a semi-finalist in the pageant in 2003, 2004 and 2006 and making the top five at Miss Ohio Teen USA 2000...

Columbus
Columbus, Ohio
Columbus is the capital of and the largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio. The broader metropolitan area encompasses several counties and is the third largest in Ohio behind those of Cleveland and Cincinnati. Columbus is the third largest city in the American Midwest, and the fifteenth largest city...

25 Miss Congeniality
2007
Miss USA 2007
Miss USA 2007, the 56th Miss USA pageant, was held in Hollywood, California, on March 23, 2007, after two weeks of events and preliminary competition. The winner of the pageant was Rachel Smith, of Tennessee....

Anna Melomud
Anna Melomud
Anna Melomud is a beauty queen from Richmond Heights, Ohio who competed for the Miss USA title in 2007.Melomud was born in Odessa, Ukraine. She came to the United States when she was 10 years old and speaks fluent Russian....

Richmond Heights
Richmond Heights, Ohio
-External links:*...

22
2006
Miss USA 2006
Miss USA 2006, the 55th Miss USA pageant, was held at the 1st Mariner Arena in Baltimore, Maryland on April 21, 2006. Fifty-one state titleholders competed for the title, which was won by Tara Conner of Kentucky...

Stacy Offenberger
Stacy Offenberger
Stacy Nicole Offenberger is a beauty queen from Vincent, Ohio who has competed in the Miss Teen USA and Miss USA pageants.Offenberger won her first USA pageant title in 1997 when she became Miss Ohio Teen USA 1998. She later competed in the...

Vincent
Vincent, Ohio
Vincent is an unincorporated community in southern Barlow Township, Washington County, Ohio, United States. Although it is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 45784...

26 Third runner-up Previously Miss Ohio Teen USA
Miss Ohio Teen USA
The Miss Ohio Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Ohio in the Miss Teen USA pageant.Ohio is one of the least successful states at Miss Teen USA, and has only placed three times. Most importantly, Allie LaForce won the Miss Teen USA crown in 2005,...

 1998
2005
Miss USA 2005
Miss USA 2005, the 54th Miss USA pageant, was held in Baltimore, Maryland in April 11, 2005. It was won by Chelsea Cooley of North Carolina.Fifty-one state titleholders competed for the title of Miss USA in the Hippodrome Theatre on April 11, 2005...

Aisha Berry
Aisha Berry
Aisha Berry is a beauty queen from Cincinnati, Ohio who has competed in the Miss USA pageant.Berry won the Miss Ohio USA 2005 title in a state pageant held in late 2004...

Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cincinnati is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio. Cincinnati is the county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located to north of the Ohio River at the Ohio-Kentucky border, near Indiana. The population within city limits is 296,943 according to the 2010 census, making it Ohio's...

25
2004
Miss USA 2004
The Miss USA 2004 pageant was held at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, California on April 12, 2004. The winner of the beauty pageant was Shandi Finnessey, who became the first winner from the state of Missouri...

Lauren Kelsey Hall
Lauren Kelsey Hall
Lauren Kelsey Hall is a beauty queen from Wellston, Ohio, who has competed in the Miss USA pageant.Hall won the Miss Ohio USA 2004 title in a state pageant held in November 2003. It was her second attempt at the title, as she made the finals in the 2003 event won by Candace Smith. Hall won the...

Wellston
Wellston, Ohio
Wellston is a city in Jackson County, Ohio, United States, in the southeastern part of the state. Founded in 1873 as an iron and coal producing center, the city was named after founder Harvey Wells, a member of the Ohio Constitutional Convention. The city was incorporated in 1876. The population...

20
2003
Miss USA 2003
The Miss USA 2003 pageant was held in San Antonio, Texas March 24, 2003, the first time it had been held in this state since 1996 when the pageant was held in South Padre Island...

Candace Smith
Candace Smith
Candace Smith is an American, lawyer, actress, model, and beauty queen fromDayton, Ohio.- Miss USA :Candace won the title of Miss Ohio USA 2003 in Portsmouth, Ohio. Smith went on to represent Ohio in the Miss USA 2003 in San Antonio, Texas. As Miss Ohio USA 2003, Candace dedicated her time to...

Dayton
Dayton, Ohio
Dayton is the 6th largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Montgomery County, the fifth most populous county in the state. The population was 141,527 at the 2010 census. The Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 841,502 in the 2010 census...

26 Contestant on Survivor: Tocantins
2002
Miss USA 2002
The Miss USA 2002 pageant was held in Gary, Indiana on March 2, 2002. The event was won by Shauntay Hinton of the District of Columbia, who was crowned by outgoing queen Kandace Krueger of Texas....

Kimberly Mullen
Kim Mullen
Kimberly Danelle Mullen is a former beauty queen who has competed in the Miss USA pageant...

Huber Heights
Huber Heights, Ohio
Huber Heights is a city in Montgomery, Miami, and Greene Counties in the U.S. state of Ohio. Huber Heights's motto is "America's largest community of brick homes." The city is named for Charles Huber, the developer who constructed a number of the houses that would later comprise the city. Suburban...

23 Contestant on Survivor: Palau
Survivor: Palau
Survivor: Palau is the tenth season of the United States reality show Survivor. Its preview appeared during the final episode of Survivor: Vanuatu. Survivor: Palau premiered on February 17, 2005. The complete season, including the Live Reunion Show, was released on DVD by CBS Home Video on August...

2001
Miss USA 2001
Miss USA 2001, the 50th edition of the Miss USA pageant was held at the Genesis Convention Center, Gary, Indiana on March 2, 2001. The event was won by Kandace Krueger of Texas, who was crowned by outgoing queen Lynnette Cole of Tennessee....

Amanda Canary Columbus
Columbus, Ohio
Columbus is the capital of and the largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio. The broader metropolitan area encompasses several counties and is the third largest in Ohio behind those of Cleveland and Cincinnati. Columbus is the third largest city in the American Midwest, and the fifteenth largest city...

2000
Miss USA 2000
Miss USA 2000, the forty-ninth Miss USA pageant, was held in Branson, Missouri at The Grand Palace on February 4, 2000.At the conclusion of the final competition, Lynnette Cole of Tennessee was crowned by outgoing titleholder Kimberly Pressler of New York....

Cheya Watkins Cincinnati 26 Previously Miss Ohio
Miss Ohio
The Miss Ohio Scholarship Program selects the representative for the U.S. state of Ohio to compete for the title of Miss America...

 1998
1999
Miss USA 1999
Miss USA 1999, the forty-eighth Miss USA pageant, was held at the Grande Palace Theatre in Branson, Missouri on February 4, 1999.At the conclusion of the final competition, Kimberly Pressler of New York, was crowned by outgoing titleholder Shawnae Jebbia of Massachusetts...

Melinda Miller Ottoville 25 Semi-finalist
1998
Miss USA 1998
Miss USA 1998, the 47th Miss USA pageant, was held in Shreveport, Louisiana in March, 1998. The preliminary competition was held on 6 March 1998 and the final competition on 10 March 1998...

Cynthia Madden Anderson Township
1997
Miss USA 1997
Miss USA 1997, the forty-sixth Miss USA pageant, was held at Shreveport, Louisiana in January and February, 1997. Delegates arrived in the city on January 19, the preliminary competition was held on February 2, 1997 and the final competition on February 5, 1997...

Michelle Mouser
Michelle Mouser
Michelle Mouser is a former beauty queen from Huber Heights, Ohio who has competed in the Miss Teen USA and Miss USA pageants....

Columbus 23 Previously Miss Ohio Teen USA
Miss Ohio Teen USA
The Miss Ohio Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Ohio in the Miss Teen USA pageant.Ohio is one of the least successful states at Miss Teen USA, and has only placed three times. Most importantly, Allie LaForce won the Miss Teen USA crown in 2005,...

 1991
1996
Miss USA 1996
Miss USA 1996, the forty-fifth Miss USA pageant, was held at South Padre Island, Texas culminating in the final competition and crowning on February 2, 1996....

Melissa Boyd Massillon
Massillon, Ohio
Massillon is a city located in Stark County in the U.S. state of Ohio, approximately 8 miles to the west of Canton, Ohio, 20 miles south of Akron, Ohio, and 50 miles south of Cleveland, Ohio. The population was 32,149 at the 2010 census....

22
1995
Miss USA 1995
Miss USA 1995, the forty-fourth Miss USA pageant, was held at South Padre Island, Texas culminating in the final competition and crowning on February 10, 1995....

Julia Hughes Grove City
Grove City, Ohio
As of the census of 2000, there were 27,075 people, 10,265 households, and 7,544 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,941.2 people per square mile . There were 10,712 housing units at an average density of 768.0 per square mile...

22
1994
Miss USA 1994
Miss USA 1994, the 43rd Miss USA pageant, was televised live from the South Padre Island Convention Centre on South Padre Island, Texas on 11 February 1994...

Lisa Allison Columbus
1993
Miss USA 1993
Miss USA 1993, the 42nd Miss USA pageant, was televised live from the Century II Convention Center in Wichita, Kansas on 19 February 1993.At the conclusion of the final competition, Kenya Moore of Michigan was crowned by outgoing titleholder Shannon Marketic of California...

Andrea Pacione Cleveland
Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. The city is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately west of the Pennsylvania border...

1992
Miss USA 1992
Miss USA 1992, the 41st Miss USA pageant, was televised live from the Century II Convention Center in Wichita, Kansas on 7 February 1992.At the conclusion of the final competition, Shannon Marketic of California was crowned by outgoing titleholder Kelli McCarty of Kansas...

Courtney Baber
1991
Miss USA 1991
Miss USA 1991, the 40th Miss USA pageant, was televised live from the Century II Convention Center in Wichita, Kansas on 22 February 1991.At the conclusion of the final competition, Kelli McCarty of Kansas was crowned by outgoing titleholder Carole Gist of Michigan...

Amy Glaze Lucasville
Lucasville, Ohio
Lucasville is a census-designated place in Scioto County, Ohio, United States. The population was 1,588 at the 2000 census. The village of Lucasville was laid out by Captain John Lucas in June 1819 and recorded August 7, 1819. Captain Lucas built the first tavern in the village and kept it until...

1990
Miss USA 1990
Miss USA 1990, the 39th Miss USA pageant, was televised live from the Century II Convention Center in Wichita, Kansas on March 2, 1990.At the conclusion of the final competition, Carole Gist of Michigan was crowned by outgoing titleholder Gretchen Polhemus of Texas...

Melissa Proctor West Chester
West Chester Township, Butler County, Ohio
West Chester Township, formerly known as Union Township, is a township located in the southeast corner of Butler County in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Ohio, one of thirteen townships in the county. It is situated between Sharonville and Monroe, about 18 miles north of Cincinnati, and...

Semi-finalist Current director of the Miss Michigan USA
Miss Michigan USA
The Miss Michigan USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Michigan in the Miss USA pageant.Michigan is recognized by as being within the top 15 states in terms of Miss USA success. Their first Miss USA victory was in 1990, and notable because Carole Gist...

, Miss Michigan Teen USA
Miss Michigan Teen USA
The Miss Michigan Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Michigan in the Miss Teen USA pageant. This pageant is produced by Proctor Productions, including Melissa Pitchford who was Miss Ohio USA 1990....

, Miss Ohio USA, and Miss Ohio Teen USA
Miss Ohio Teen USA
The Miss Ohio Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Ohio in the Miss Teen USA pageant.Ohio is one of the least successful states at Miss Teen USA, and has only placed three times. Most importantly, Allie LaForce won the Miss Teen USA crown in 2005,...

 pageants under her married name, Melissa Proctor-Pitchford
1989 Lisa Thompson Marion
Marion, Ohio
Marion is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Marion County. The municipality is located in north-central Ohio, approximately north of Columbus....

1988 Gina West Pickerington
Pickerington, Ohio
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,792 people, 3,468 households, and 2,687 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,317.4 people per square mile . There were 3,573 housing units at an average density of 480.7 per square mile...

1987 Hallie Bonnell Akron
Akron, Ohio
Akron , is the fifth largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Summit County. It is located in the Great Lakes region approximately south of Lake Erie along the Little Cuyahoga River. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 199,110. The Akron Metropolitan...

Later Mrs. Illinois America 2007 and Mrs. Photogenic winner at Mrs. America
Mrs. America
Mrs. America Pageant honors married women throughout the United States of America. Each of the 51 contestants , ranging in age from the 20s to 50s, earns the right to participate in the national event by winning her state competition. These state events are under the direction of Mrs. America state...

 2007 under her married name, Hallie Thompson.
1986 Halle Berry
Halle Berry
Halle Berry is an American actress and a former fashion model. Berry received an Emmy, Golden Globe, SAG, and an NAACP Image Award for Introducing Dorothy Dandridge and won an Academy Award for Best Actress and was nominated for a BAFTA Award in 2001 for her performance in Monster's Ball, becoming...

Cleveland 19 First runner-up 5th Runner-up at Miss World 1986
Miss World 1986
The 36th Miss World Pageant was held on November 13, 1986 in the Royal Albert Hall, London, UK. The winner was Giselle Jeanne-Marie Laronde from Trinidad & Tobago. Runner up was Pia Rosenberg Larsen representing Denmark and third was Chantal Schreiber from Austria.-Placements:-Order of...

, actress and Academy Award winner, Miss Teen All American 1985
1985 Lisa Barlow Vandalia
Vandalia, Ohio
Vandalia is a city in Montgomery County, Ohio, United States, and a suburb of Dayton. Its population was 15,246 during the 2010 census. The James M. Cox Dayton International Airport is located in the city...

1984 Roxi Erwin Pickerington
1983 Gina Gangale Youngstown
Youngstown, Ohio
Youngstown is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Mahoning County; it also extends into Trumbull County. The municipality is situated on the Mahoning River, approximately southeast of Cleveland and northwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania...

1982 Lori Johnson Dayton Third runner-up
1981 Kim Seelbrede
Kim Seelbrede
Kimberly 'Kim' Seelbrede is a beauty queen from Ohio who held the title Miss USA 1981. Kimberly Seelbrede is a licensed psychotherapist in the state of New York. Kim holds a Master's degree from New York University and an undergraduate BA in Psychology.Following the pageant, Kim embarked on a...

Germantown
Germantown, Ohio
Germantown is a city in Montgomery County, Ohio, United States. The population was 5,547 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area.-Geography:Germantown is located at ....

Winner Semi-finalist at Miss Universe 1981
Miss Universe 1981
Miss Universe 1981, the 30th Miss Universe pageant, was held at Minskoff Theater, New York City, New York, USA on July 20, 1981. 19-year-old Irene Sáez of Venezuela was crowned as Miss Universe 1981. There were 77 contestants competing for the crown, but Miss Mauritius got homesick and withdrew....

1980 Kim Thomas Circleville 20 Miss Photogenic, Best State Costume Winner 1st runner up at Miss Oktoberfest 1980 as Miss Cincinnati
1979 Carolyn Houlihan
Carolyn Houlihan
Carolyn Houlihan is an American actress who starred in the 1981 horror film The Burning as Karen, appearing totally nude right before her death scene. She also appeared in the 1982 comedy A Little Sex as "Bathing suit model"....

Youngstown
1978 Sheila Anderson Cincinnati
1977 Lesa Rummell Paris
Paris, Ohio
Paris is an unincorporated community in northwestern Paris Township, Stark County, Ohio. Although it is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 44669. It lies along State Route 172 between East Canton and Lisbon. The community is part of the Canton–Massillon Metropolitan...

Mother of Miss Teen USA
Miss Teen USA
Miss Teen USA is a beauty pageant run by the Miss Universe Organization for girls aged 14–19. The reigning titleholder is Danielle Doty of Texas....

 2005 Allie LaForce
Allie LaForce
Alexandra Leigh "Allie" LaForce is a beauty queen from Vermilion, Ohio who held the Miss Teen USA 2005 title who now works as a broadcast sports reporter....

1976 Karen Myers
1975 Sandra Kurdas
1974 Cheryl Youkvitch
1973 Jackie Urbanek was Miss Ohio-World in the 1974 Miss World-USA pageant
1972 Kathleen Kehlmier Fourth runner-up
1971 Karen Haus
1970 Jane Harrison
Jayne Kennedy
Jayne Kennedy is an NAACP Image Award-winning American actress, model and sportscaster.-Miss Ohio USA:...

Semi-finalist Actress, model and sportscaster.
1969 Marilyn Singleton
1968 Linda Pignatelli Toledo 20 assumed title when winner resigned
1968 Linda Hoyle
Linda Hoyle
Linda Hoyle was the vocalist of English jazz-rock band Affinity. Her singing style combines rock, blues, soul and jazz. Her brief musical career, and the fact of non-commercial play, caused her music to be obscure....

Semi-finalist resigned
1967 Phyllis Smith
1966 Karen Dietz Semi-finalist
1965 Sue Downey
Sue Downey
Sue Ann Downey is a former model and beauty queen from Columbus, Ohio who has held the Miss USA title and competed in the Miss Universe pageant.Downey won the Miss Ohio USA title and then the Miss USA 1965 title...

Winner Second runner-up at Miss Universe 1965
1964 Gail Krielow Semi-finalist Miss American Beauty 1965, title of usa rep to Miss International pageant, 1st runner up at Miss International 1965
1963 Gloria McBride
1962 Joan Colucy
1961 Alice Lou-Englemann
1960 Corrine Huff Semi-finalist
Cathy Justice resigned
1959 Marie Dicarlo
1958 Cindy Garrison
1957 Kathryn Gabriel Fourth runner-up
1956 Eleanor Wood Semi-finalist
1955 Carol Hagerman
1954 Barbara Randa Semi-finalist
1953 Eleanore Mack Semi-finalist
1952 Margie Broering

1 Age at the time of the Miss USA pageant

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK