Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, 1929–1932
Encyclopedia
This is a list of members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
The following are lists of members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly:* Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, 1856–1859* Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, 1859–1861* Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, 1861–1864...

from 1929 to 1932, as elected at the 1929 state election.

Several realignments took place during the period:
  • The Country Progressive Party re-merged with the Country Party in 1930. Harold Glowrey remained as an Independent.
  • The Nationalist Party
    Nationalist Party of Australia
    The Nationalist Party of Australia was an Australian political party. It was formed on 17 February 1917 from a merger between the conservative Commonwealth Liberal Party and the National Labor Party, the name given to the pro-conscription defectors from the Australian Labor Party led by Prime...

     was reformed as the United Australia Party
    United Australia Party
    The United Australia Party was an Australian political party that was founded in 1931 and dissolved in 1945. It was the political successor to the Nationalist Party of Australia and predecessor to the Liberal Party of Australia...

     in 1931.
  • During the 1932 election campaign, several Labor members including the Premier, Edmond Hogan
    Edmond Hogan
    Edmond John "Ned" Hogan , Australian politician, 30th Premier of Victoria, was born in Wallace, Victoria, where his Irish-born parents were small farmers...

    , were expelled from the Victorian Labor Party for supporting the Premiers' Plan
    Premiers' Plan
    The Premiers' Plan was a deflationary economic policy agreed by a meeting of the State Premiers of Australia in June 1931 to combat the Great Depression.-Background:...

    .

Name Party Electorate
Electoral districts of Victoria
The Victorian Legislative Assembly, from the Australian State, is elected from 88 single-member electorates called districts.-Current districts:This is a list of districts .* Electoral district of Albert Park* Electoral district of Altona...

Term in office
John Allan
John Allan (Australian politician)
John Allan , Australian politician, was the 29th Premier of Victoria. He was born near Lancefield, where his father was a farmer of Scottish origin, and educated at state schools. He took up wheat and dairy farming at Wyuna and was director of a butter factory at Kyabram...

 
Country
National Party of Australia
The National Party of Australia is an Australian political party.Traditionally representing graziers, farmers and rural voters generally, it began as the The Country Party, but adopted the name The National Country Party in 1975, changed to The National Party of Australia in 1982. The party is...

 
Rodney
Electoral district of Rodney
The Electoral district of Rodney is a Victorian Legislative Assembly electorate in Northern Victoria.The Rodney District covers an area of 7,808 square kilometres, including the towns of Echuca, Rochester, Nathalia, Cohuna, Heathcote, Gunbower, Kyabram, Rushworth and Stanhope.The district...

 
1917–1936
Albert Allnutt  Country Progressive/Country Mildura
Electoral district of Mildura
Mildura is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria. It is a 27,162 km² rural electorate in the far-north-west of the state, encompassing the regional towns of Hopetoun, Mildura, Ouyen, Red Cliffs and Robinvale...

 
1927–1945
Hon Henry Angus  Nationalist
Nationalist Party of Australia
The Nationalist Party of Australia was an Australian political party. It was formed on 17 February 1917 from a merger between the conservative Commonwealth Liberal Party and the National Labor Party, the name given to the pro-conscription defectors from the Australian Labor Party led by Prime...

 
Gunbower
Electoral district of Gunbower
The Electoral district of Gunbower was an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly.-Members for Gunbower:-See also:*Parliaments of the Australian states and territories*List of members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly...

 
1911–1934
Hon Sir Stanley Argyle
Stanley Argyle
Sir Stanley Seymour Argyle KBE , Australian politician, was the 32nd Premier of Victoria. He was born in Kyneton, Victoria, the son of a grazier, and was educated at Brighton Grammar School and the University of Melbourne, where he graduated in medicine...

 
Nationalist Toorak  1920–1940
Hon Henry Bailey
Henry Bailey (Australian politician)
Henry Stephen Bailey was an Australian politician.Born in Ballarat East to stoker Thomas William Bailey and Margaret Kemple, he attended state school and St Patrick's College before becoming a law clerk at Ballarat and Port Fairy...

 
Labor
Australian Labor Party
The Australian Labor Party is an Australian political party. It has been the governing party of the Commonwealth of Australia since the 2007 federal election. Julia Gillard is the party's federal parliamentary leader and Prime Minister of Australia...

/Independent
Warrnambool
Electoral district of Warrnambool
The Electoral district of Warrnambool was an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly.-Members for Warrnambool:-See also:*Parliaments of the Australian states and territories*List of members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly...

 
1914–1932; 1935–1950
Henry Beardmore  Nationalist Benambra
Electoral district of Benambra
The Electoral district of Benambra is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It is located in north-east Victoria and includes the towns of Chiltern, Wodonga, Yackandandah, Beechworth, Tallangatta, and Corryong...

 
1917–1932
Matthew Bennett  Country Gippsland West
Electoral district of Gippsland West
ĦThe electoral district of Gippsland West was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria.-Members for Gippsland West:-External links:...

 
1929–1950
Maurice Blackburn  Labor Clifton Hill
Electoral district of Clifton Hill
Electoral district of Clifton Hill was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria.-Members for Clifton Hill:...

 
1914–1917; 1927–1934
Ernie Bond
Ernie Bond
James Ernest "Ernie" Bond is an English former professional footballer who played as an outside left in the Football League for Manchester United and Carlisle United and in the Scottish League for Queen of the South....

 
Labor/Independent Port Fairy and Glenelg  1924–1943
Hon Murray Bourchier
Murray William James Bourchier
Brigadier Sir Murray William James Bourchier CMG DSO VD MLA was an Australian soldier and former Deputy Premier of Victoria from April 1935 until June 1936.-Early life:...

 
Country Goulburn Valley
Electoral district of Goulburn Valley
The Electoral district of Goulburn Valley was an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly.-Members for Goulburn Valley:-See also:*Parliaments of the Australian states and territories*List of members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly...

 
1920–1936
William Brownbill
William Brownbill
William Brownbill was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly on two occasions from 1920 to 1932, then from 1935 until his death in 1938. He represented the electoral district of Geelong for the Australian Labor Party...

 
Labor Geelong
Electoral district of Geelong
The Electoral district of Geelong is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It is based around inner metropolitan Geelong and includes the suburbs of Bell Park, Drumcondra, East Geelong, Geelong, Geelong West, Newtown and South Geelong and parts of Highton, and North Geelong...

 
1920–1932; 1935–1938
Hon John Cain
John Cain (senior)
John Cain was an Australian politician, who became the 34th premier of Victoria, and was the first Australian Labor Party leader to win a majority in the Victorian Legislative Assembly. He was the only premier of Victoria whose son also served as premier.-Early life:Cain was born, one of 18...

 
Labor Northcote
Electoral district of Northcote
The Electoral district of Northcote is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It currently covers the suburbs of Alphington, Fairfield, Northcote, Thornbury, and part of Preston. It lies on the northern bank of the Yarra River between the Merri and Darebin creeks.The seat...

 
1917–1957
Edward Cleary  Country Progressive/Country Benalla
Electoral district of Benalla
Benalla is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria. The electorate covers a rural area of 17,120 km², and includes the towns of Benalla, Bright, Eildon, Euroa, Mansfield, Mount Beauty, Murchison, Myrtleford, Nagambie and Violet Town...

 
1927–1936
Arthur Cook  Labor Bendigo  1924–1945
Ned Cotter  Labor Richmond  1908–1945
Ernest Coyle  Nationalist Waranga  1927–1943
Herbert Cremean  Labor Dandenong
Electoral district of Dandenong
The Electoral district of Dandenong is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It was first proclaimed in 1904 when the district of Dandenong and Berwick was abolished....

 
1929–1932; 1934–1945
Lot Diffey  Country Wangaratta and Ovens  1929–1945
Herbert Downward  Country Mornington
Electoral district of Mornington
The Electoral district of Mornington is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly.-Members for Mornington:-Election results:-See also:* Parliaments of the Australian states and territories...

 
1929–1932
Arthur Drakeford
Arthur Drakeford
Arthur Samuel Drakeford was an Australian politician and was the minister responsible for the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II...

 
Labor Essendon
Electoral district of Essendon
The Electoral district of Essendon is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It lies just north of Melbourne and covers the suburbs of Essendon, Moonee Ponds and Ascot Vale...

 
1927–1932
Albert Dunstan
Albert Dunstan
Sir Albert Arthur Dunstan, KCMG was an Australian politician. A member of the Country Party , Dunstan was the 33rd Premier of Victoria. His term as Premier was the second-longest in the state's history, behind Sir Henry Bolte...

 
Country Progressive/Country Korong and Eaglehawk
Electoral district of Korong and Eaglehawk
Electoral district of Korong and Eaglehawk was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria.-Members for Korong and Eaglehawk:...

 
1920–1950
William Everard
William Everard (Australian politician)
William Hugh Everard , Australian politician, was a Member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for the Electoral district of Evelyn from 1917 until his retirement in 1950...

 
Nationalist Evelyn
Electoral district of Evelyn
The Electoral district of Evelyn is an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Assembly covering the urban fringe north east of Melbourne. It was first proclaimed in 1859.The seat has shrunk considerably in size as the eastern suburbs of Melbourne grew...

 
1917–1950
Frederick Forrest Aust. Liberal Caulfield
Electoral district of Caulfield
-See also:* Parliaments of the Australian states and territories* List of members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly-External links:*...

 
1927–1930
George Frost  Labor Maryborough and Daylesford
Electoral district of Maryborough and Daylesford
The Electoral district of Maryborough and Daylesford was an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly.-Members for Maryborough and Daylesford:-See also:*Parliaments of the Australian states and territories...

 
1920–1942
Harold Glowrey  Country Progressive/Ind. Ouyen
Electoral district of Ouyen
The Electoral district of Ouyen was an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly.-Members for Ouyens:-See also:*Parliaments of the Australian states and territories*List of members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly...

 
1927–1932
Burnett Gray  Aust. Liberal St Kilda
Electoral district of St Kilda
The Electoral district of St. Kilda was an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly.-Members of St Kilda:-See also:*Parliaments of the Australian states and territories*List of members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly...

 
1927–1932
John Austin Gray Nationalist Hawthorn
Electoral district of Hawthorn
The Electoral district of Hawthorn is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It was first proclaimed in 1889 and has usually been a safe seat for the Liberal Party and its predecessors....

 
1930–1939
Tom Hayes  Labor Melbourne
Electoral district of Melbourne
The Electoral district of Melbourne is an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It is currently based around the localities of Carlton, North Carlton, Melbourne, East Melbourne, West Melbourne, North Melbourne, Parkville, Newmarket, Kensington and Flemington, and includes Melbourne...

 
1924–1955
Ralph Hjorth  Labor Grant  1924–1932
Hon Edmond Hogan
Edmond Hogan
Edmond John "Ned" Hogan , Australian politician, 30th Premier of Victoria, was born in Wallace, Victoria, where his Irish-born parents were small farmers...

 
Labor/Independent Warrenheip and Grenville  1913–1943
Jack Holland  Labor Flemington
Electoral district of Flemington
Flemington was an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It was created in 1904 with the abolition of Essendon and Flemington, when it was won by Edward Warde, formerly the Labor member for that seat. It was briefly abolished in 1945 and recreated in 1955 before being abolished...

 
1925–1955
Col. Wilfrid Kent Hughes
Wilfrid Kent Hughes
Sir Wilfrid Selwyn Kent Hughes KBE, MVO, MC was an Australian soldier, Olympian and Olympic Games organiser, author and federal and state government minister.Kent Hughes was born in Melbourne to an upper middle-class family...

 
Nationalist Kew
Electoral district of Kew
The Electoral district of Kew is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It lies a few kilometres east of Melbourne and is centred around the suburb of Kew and also contains parts of Balwyn and Canterbury....

 
1927–1949
Hon Herbert Hyland
Herbert Hyland
Sir Herbert John Thornhill Hyland , storekeeper, investor, and politician, was born on 15 March 1884 at Prahran, Melbourne, second son of George Hyland, a Victorian-born painter, and his wife Mary, née Thornhill, from Ireland...

 
Country Gippsland South
Electoral district of Gippsland South
The Electoral district of Gippsland South is a Lower House electoral district of the Victorian Parliament. It is located within the Eastern Victoria Region of the Legislative Council ....

 
1929–1970
Arthur Jackson  Labor/Independent Prahran
Electoral district of Prahran
Prahran is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria. It is a 12km² electorate in the inner south-east of Melbourne, taking in the suburbs of South Yarra, Prahran and Windsor, as well as parts of Balaclava, St Kilda, St Kilda East and Toorak...

 
1924–1932
Jim Jewell  Labor Brunswick
Electoral district of Brunswick
The Electoral district of Brunswick is an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It is located in the northern suburbs of Melbourne and is based around the suburb of Brunswick....

 
1910–1949
Frank Keane  Labor Coburg
Electoral district of Coburg
Electoral district of Coburg was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria.-Members for Coburg:...

 
1924–1940
Brig. George Knox  Nationalist Upper Yarra  1927–1960
Hon John Lemmon  Labor Williamstown
Electoral district of Williamstown
Williamstown is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria. It is a 33 km² urban electorate in the inner south-western suburbs of Melbourne, encompassing the suburbs of Brooklyn, Newport, Spotswood, Williamstown and Yarraville...

 
1904–1955
Albert Lind  Country Gippsland East
Electoral district of Gippsland East
The Electoral district of Gippsland East is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It covers most of eastern Victoria and includes the towns of Bairnsdale, Lakes Entrance, Orbost, Omeo, Maffra and Heyfield....

 
1920–1961
Richard Linton
Richard Linton
Richard Linton, ASMA, is an internationally renowned Australian artist. His paintings are primarily of maritime subjects.-Early life:...

 
Nationalist Boroondara  1927–1933
Harold Daniel Luxton Nationalist Caulfield
Electoral district of Caulfield
-See also:* Parliaments of the Australian states and territories* List of members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly-External links:*...

 
1930–1935
William McAdam
William McAdam (Australian politician)
William James McAdam was an Australian politician.Born in Emerald Hill to blacksmith Alexander McAdam and Mary Ann Vigar, he attended state schools in Ballarat before becoming a bread carter. He became an organiser of the Bread Carters Union in 1904, rising to become secretary in 1924...

 
Labor Ballarat  1924–1932
James McDonald  Nationalist Polwarth
Electoral district of Polwarth
The Electoral district of Polwarth is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It covers much of the rural territory west of Geelong and includes the towns of Anglesea, Lorne, Lismore, Colac, Camperdown, Terang and Mortlake....

 
1917–1933
Hon Ian MacFarlan
Ian MacFarlan
Ian MacFarlan was the Deputy Leader of the Australian Liberal Party in the Australian state of Victoria during 1945...

 
Nationalist Brighton
Electoral district of Brighton
The Electoral district of Brighton is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly.-Members for Brighton:-Election results:-See also:* Parliaments of the Australian states and territories...

 
1928–1945
William McKenzie  Labor Wonthaggi
Electoral district of Wonthaggi
The Electoral district of Wonthaggi was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria.-Members for Wonthaggi:...

 
1927–1947
Hon Edwin Mackrell  Country Upper Goulburn  1920–1945
James Weir McLachlan  Independent Gippsland North  1908–1938
Hon William Murray McPherson
William Murray McPherson
Sir William Murray McPherson, KBE was an Australian philanthropist and politician. He was the 31st Premier of Victoria....

Nationalist Hawthorn
Electoral district of Hawthorn
The Electoral district of Hawthorn is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It was first proclaimed in 1889 and has usually been a safe seat for the Liberal Party and its predecessors....

 
1913–1930
Thomas Maltby  Nationalist Barwon  1929–1961
Chester Manifold
Chester Manifold
James Chester Manifold was an Australian politician and philanthropist.-Early life:Manifold attended Geelong Grammar School, and went to England with his family in 1881; however, the northern climate did not agree with his health, so the family returned...

 
Nationalist Hampden
Electoral district of Hampden
Hampden was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria from 1904 until its abolision on 1976. Most of the territory located in the old division of Hampden was transferred into the re-created electorate of Ripon. Hampden's most notable member was the...

 
1929–1935
Robert Menzies
Robert Menzies
Sir Robert Gordon Menzies, , Australian politician, was the 12th and longest-serving Prime Minister of Australia....

 
Nationalist Nunawading
Electoral district of Nunawading
The electoral district of Nunawading was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria.-Members for Nunawading:...

 
1929–1934
William Moncur  Country Walhalla
Electoral district of Walhalla
The Electoral district of Walhalla was an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly.-Members of Walhalla:-See also:*Parliaments of the Australian states and territories*List of members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly...

 
1927–1945
James Murphy  Labor Port Melbourne
Electoral district of Port Melbourne
Electoral district of Port Melbourne was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria.-Members for Port Melbourne:...

 
1917–1942
Francis Old  Country Swan Hill
Electoral district of Swan Hill
The Electoral district of Swan Hill is a rural Lower House electoral district of the Victorian Parliament. It is located within the Northern Victoria Region of the Legislative Council ....

 
1919–1945
Hon Sir Alexander Peacock
Alexander Peacock
Sir Alexander James Peacock, KCMG , Australian politician, was the 20th Premier of Victoria.Peacock was born of Scottish descent at Creswick, the first Victorian Premier born after the gold rush of the 1850s and the attainment of self-government in Victoria. He was distantly related to the family...

 
Nationalist Allandale
Electoral district of Allandale
The electoral district of Allandale was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria.-Members for Allandale:...

 
1889–1933
Hon John Pennington  Nationalist Kara Kara and Borung
Electoral district of Kara Kara and Borung
The Electoral district of Kara Kara and Borung was an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly.-Members for Kara Kara and Borung:-See also:*Parliaments of the Australian states and territories...

 
1913–1917; 1918–1935
Reg Pollard
Reg Pollard
Reginald Thomas Pollard was an Australian politician.Pollard was born in Castlemaine, Victoria and educated at Woodend State School, West Melbourne Technical School and Workingmen's College. He worked as an agricultural labourer near Werribee and from 1912 to 1915 as a fitter in Melbourne...

 
Labor Bulla and Dalhousie  1924–1932
Hon George Prendergast
George Prendergast
George Michael Prendergast , Australian politician, was the 28th Premier of Victoria. He was born to Irish emigrant parents in Adelaide, but he grew up in Stawell in the Wimmera district of Victoria...

 
Labor Footscray
Electoral district of Footscray
The Electoral district of Footscray is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It lies just north of Melbourne and covers the suburbs of Footscray, Maribyrnong and Seddon....

 
1894–1897; 1900–1926;
1927–1937
Squire Reid  Labor Oakleigh
Electoral district of Oakleigh
The Electoral district of Oakleigh is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It covers the suburbs of Carnegie, Murrumbeena, Hughesdale, Oakleigh East, Oakleigh and parts of Chadstone, Glen Waverley, Mount Waverley, Glen Huntly and Ormond.The seat is Labor Party...

 
1927–1932; 1937–1947
Jessie Satchell  Labor Castlemaine and Kyneton  1929–1932
Hon William Slater
Bill Slater (politician)
-Early life:Slater is believed to have been born in 1890. He was born to parents of Irish background. His father left his family when he was four years old. He and two siblings were brought up by his mother in Prahran. After briefly attending Armadale State School Slater left school early to sell...

 
Labor Dundas  1917–1947
Robert Solly
Robert Solly
Robert Henry Solly was an Australian politician.Born in Ramsgate, New South Wales, to Stephen Solly and Eliza Sage, he received no formal education and worked on a farm and a rope factory; he moved to Newcastle to work in the boot trade at the age of ten and travelled to South Australia when he...

 
Labor Carlton  1904–1906; 1908–1932
Richard Toutcher  Nationalist Stawell and Ararat
Electoral district of Stawell and Ararat
The Electoral district of Stawell and Ararat was an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly.-Members for Stawell and Ararat:-See also:*Parliaments of the Australian states and territories...

 
1897–1935
Hon Tom Tunnecliffe  Labor Collingwood  1903–1904; 1907–1920;
1921–1947
Arthur Wallace
Arthur Wallace
Arthur Wallace, born January 4, 1919 in Bear River City, Utah died on October 11, 2008 in Santa Monica, California at age 89, was a soil scientist.-Schooling:Wallace received a B.S. from Utah State University in 1943 and at Ph.D...

 
Labor/Independent Albert Park
Electoral district of Albert Park
The Electoral district of Albert Park is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It covers the inner city suburbs of South Melbourne, Albert Park, Port Melbourne and St Kilda...

 
1919–1927; 1929–1932
Gordon Webber  Labor Heidelberg
Electoral district of Heidelberg
Electoral district of Heidelberg was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria.-Members for Heidelberg:...

 
1912–1932
Marcus Wettenhall
Marcus Wettenhall
Marcus Edwy Wettenhall was an Australian politician.Born at Carrs Plains to grazier Holford Highlord Wettenhall and Mary Burgess Dennis, he attended local state schools before attending Toorak College and Geelong College, becoming an orchardist, wheat farmer and grazier...

 
Country Lowan
Electoral district of Lowan
The Electoral district of Lowan is a rural Lower House electoral district of the Victorian Parliament. It is located within the Western Victoria Region of the Legislative Council ....

 
1920–1935

In August 1930, the Nationalist member for Hawthorn
Electoral district of Hawthorn
The Electoral district of Hawthorn is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It was first proclaimed in 1889 and has usually been a safe seat for the Liberal Party and its predecessors....

, former Premier William Murray McPherson
William Murray McPherson
Sir William Murray McPherson, KBE was an Australian philanthropist and politician. He was the 31st Premier of Victoria....

, resigned. Nationalist candidate John Austin Gray won the resulting by-election in September 1930.
In October 1930, the Australian Liberal member for Caulfield
Electoral district of Caulfield
-See also:* Parliaments of the Australian states and territories* List of members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly-External links:*...

, Frederick Forrest, died. Nationalist candidate and Lord Mayor of Melbourne, Harold Daniel Luxton, won the resulting by-election in November 1930.

Sources

  • Re-member (a database of all Victorian MPs since 1851). Parliament of Victoria
    Parliament of Victoria
    The Parliament of Victoria is the bicameral legislature of the Australian state of Victoria. It follows a Westminster-derived parliamentary system and consists of The Queen, represented by the Governor of Victoria; the Legislative Council ; and the Legislative Assembly...

    .
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